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31 <h1>How To Use Google Logging Library (glog)</h1>
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40 <h2> <A NAME=intro>Introduction</A> </h2>
42 <p><b>Google glog</b> is a library that implements application-level
43 logging. This library provides logging APIs based on C++-style
44 streams and various helper macros.
45 You can log a message by simply streaming things to LOG(<a
46 particular <a href="#severity">severity level</a>>), e.g.
49 #include <glog/logging.h>
51 int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
52 // Initialize Google's logging library.
53 google::InitGoogleLogging(argv[0]);
56 LOG(INFO) << "Found " << num_cookies << " cookies";
60 <p>Google glog defines a series of macros that simplify many common logging
61 tasks. You can log messages by severity level, control logging
62 behavior from the command line, log based on conditionals, abort the
63 program when expected conditions are not met, introduce your own
64 verbose logging levels, and more. This document describes the
65 functionality supported by glog. Please note that this document
66 doesn't describe all features in this library, but the most useful
67 ones. If you want to find less common features, please check
68 header files under <code>src/glog</code> directory.
70 <h2> <A NAME=severity>Severity Level</A> </h2>
73 You can specify one of the following severity levels (in
74 increasing order of severity): <code>INFO</code>, <code>WARNING</code>,
75 <code>ERROR</code>, and <code>FATAL</code>.
76 Logging a <code>FATAL</code> message terminates the program (after the
78 Note that messages of a given severity are logged not only in the
79 logfile for that severity, but also in all logfiles of lower severity.
80 E.g., a message of severity <code>FATAL</code> will be logged to the
81 logfiles of severity <code>FATAL</code>, <code>ERROR</code>,
82 <code>WARNING</code>, and <code>INFO</code>.
85 The <code>DFATAL</code> severity logs a <code>FATAL</code> error in
86 debug mode (i.e., there is no <code>NDEBUG</code> macro defined), but
87 avoids halting the program in production by automatically reducing the
88 severity to <code>ERROR</code>.
90 <p>Unless otherwise specified, glog writes to the filename
91 "/tmp/<program name>.<hostname>.<user name>.log.<severity level>.<date>.<time>.<pid>"
92 (e.g., "/tmp/hello_world.example.com.hamaji.log.INFO.20080709-222411.10474").
93 By default, glog copies the log messages of severity level
94 <code>ERROR</code> or <code>FATAL</code> to standard error (stderr)
95 in addition to log files.
97 <h2><A NAME=flags>Setting Flags</A></h2>
99 <p>Several flags influence glog's output behavior.
100 If the <a href="http://code.google.com/p/google-gflags/">Google
101 gflags library</a> is installed on your machine, the
102 <code>configure</code> script (see the INSTALL file in the package for
103 detail of this script) will automatically detect and use it,
104 allowing you to pass flags on the command line. For example, if you
105 want to turn the flag <code>--logtostderr</code> on, you can start
106 your application with the following command line:
109 ./your_application --logtostderr=1
112 If the Google gflags library isn't installed, you set flags via
113 environment variables, prefixing the flag name with "GLOG_", e.g.
116 GLOG_logtostderr=1 ./your_application
119 <p>The following flags are most commonly used:
122 <dt><code>logtostderr</code> (<code>bool</code>, default=<code>false</code>)
123 <dd>Log messages to stderr instead of logfiles.<br>
124 Note: you can set binary flags to <code>true</code> by specifying
125 <code>1</code>, <code>true</code>, or <code>yes</code> (case
127 Also, you can set binary flags to <code>false</code> by specifying
128 <code>0</code>, <code>false</code>, or <code>no</code> (again, case
130 <dt><code>stderrthreshold</code> (<code>int</code>, default=2, which
131 is <code>ERROR</code>)
132 <dd>Copy log messages at or above this level to stderr in
133 addition to logfiles. The numbers of severity levels
134 <code>INFO</code>, <code>WARNING</code>, <code>ERROR</code>, and
135 <code>FATAL</code> are 0, 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
136 <dt><code>minloglevel</code> (<code>int</code>, default=0, which
137 is <code>INFO</code>)
138 <dd>Log messages at or above this level. Again, the numbers of
139 severity levels <code>INFO</code>, <code>WARNING</code>,
140 <code>ERROR</code>, and <code>FATAL</code> are 0, 1, 2, and 3,
142 <dt><code>log_dir</code> (<code>string</code>, default="")
143 <dd>If specified, logfiles are written into this directory instead
144 of the default logging directory.
145 <dt><code>v</code> (<code>int</code>, default=0)
146 <dd>Show all <code>VLOG(m)</code> messages for <code>m</code> less or
147 equal the value of this flag. Overridable by --vmodule.
148 See <a href="#verbose">the section about verbose logging</a> for more
150 <dt><code>vmodule</code> (<code>string</code>, default="")
151 <dd>Per-module verbose level. The argument has to contain a
152 comma-separated list of <module name>=<log level>.
154 is a glob pattern (e.g., <code>gfs*</code> for all modules whose name
155 starts with "gfs"), matched against the filename base
156 (that is, name ignoring .cc/.h./-inl.h).
157 <log level> overrides any value given by --v.
158 See also <a href="#verbose">the section about verbose logging</a>.
161 <p>There are some other flags defined in logging.cc. Please grep the
162 source code for "DEFINE_" to see a complete list of all flags.
164 <h2><A NAME=conditional>Conditional / Occasional Logging</A></h2>
166 <p>Sometimes, you may only want to log a message under certain
167 conditions. You can use the following macros to perform conditional
171 LOG_IF(INFO, num_cookies > 10) << "Got lots of cookies";
174 The "Got lots of cookies" message is logged only when the variable
175 <code>num_cookies</code> exceeds 10.
177 If a line of code is executed many times, it may be useful to only log
178 a message at certain intervals. This kind of logging is most useful
179 for informational messages.
182 LOG_EVERY_N(INFO, 10) << "Got the " << COUNTER << "th cookie";
185 <p>The above line outputs a log messages on the 1st, 11th,
186 21st, ... times it is executed. Note that the special
187 <code>COUNTER</code> value is used to identify which repetition is
190 <p>You can combine conditional and occasional logging with the
194 LOG_IF_EVERY_N(INFO, (size > 1024), 10) << "Got the " << COUNTER
195 << "th big cookie";
198 <p>Instead of outputting a message every nth time, you can also limit
199 the output to the first n occurrences:
202 LOG_FIRST_N(INFO, 20) << "Got the " << COUNTER << "th cookie";
205 <p>Outputs log messages for the first 20 times it is executed. Again,
206 the <code>COUNTER</code> identifier indicates which repetition is
209 <h2><A NAME=debug>Debug Mode Support</A></h2>
211 <p>Special "debug mode" logging macros only have an effect in debug
212 mode and are compiled away to nothing for non-debug mode
213 compiles. Use these macros to avoid slowing down your production
214 application due to excessive logging.
217 DLOG(INFO) << "Found cookies";
219 DLOG_IF(INFO, num_cookies > 10) << "Got lots of cookies";
221 DLOG_EVERY_N(INFO, 10) << "Got the " << COUNTER << "th cookie";
224 <h2><A NAME=check>CHECK Macros</A></h2>
226 <p>It is a good practice to check expected conditions in your program
227 frequently to detect errors as early as possible. The
228 <code>CHECK</code> macro provides the ability to abort the application
229 when a condition is not met, similar to the <code>assert</code> macro
230 defined in the standard C library.
232 <p><code>CHECK</code> aborts the application if a condition is not
233 true. Unlike <code>assert</code>, it is *not* controlled by
234 <code>NDEBUG</code>, so the check will be executed regardless of
235 compilation mode. Therefore, <code>fp->Write(x)</code> in the
236 following example is always executed:
239 CHECK(fp->Write(x) == 4) << "Write failed!";
242 <p>There are various helper macros for
243 equality/inequality checks - <code>CHECK_EQ</code>,
244 <code>CHECK_NE</code>, <code>CHECK_LE</code>, <code>CHECK_LT</code>,
245 <code>CHECK_GE</code>, and <code>CHECK_GT</code>.
246 They compare two values, and log a
247 <code>FATAL</code> message including the two values when the result is
248 not as expected. The values must have <code>operator<<(ostream,
251 <p>You may append to the error message like so:
254 CHECK_NE(1, 2) << ": The world must be ending!";
257 <p>We are very careful to ensure that each argument is evaluated exactly
258 once, and that anything which is legal to pass as a function argument is
259 legal here. In particular, the arguments may be temporary expressions
260 which will end up being destroyed at the end of the apparent statement,
264 CHECK_EQ(string("abc")[1], 'b');
267 <p>The compiler reports an error if one of the arguments is a
268 pointer and the other is NULL. To work around this, simply static_cast
269 NULL to the type of the desired pointer.
272 CHECK_EQ(some_ptr, static_cast<SomeType*>(NULL));
275 <p>Better yet, use the CHECK_NOTNULL macro:
278 CHECK_NOTNULL(some_ptr);
279 some_ptr->DoSomething();
282 <p>Since this macro returns the given pointer, this is very useful in
283 constructor initializer lists.
287 S(Something* ptr) : ptr_(CHECK_NOTNULL(ptr)) {}
292 <p>Note that you cannot use this macro as a C++ stream due to this
293 feature. Please use <code>CHECK_EQ</code> described above to log a
294 custom message before aborting the application.
296 <p>If you are comparing C strings (char *), a handy set of macros
297 performs case sensitive as well as case insensitive comparisons -
298 <code>CHECK_STREQ</code>, <code>CHECK_STRNE</code>,
299 <code>CHECK_STRCASEEQ</code>, and <code>CHECK_STRCASENE</code>. The
300 CASE versions are case-insensitive. You can safely pass <code>NULL</code>
301 pointers for this macro. They treat <code>NULL</code> and any
302 non-<code>NULL</code> string as not equal. Two <code>NULL</code>s are
305 <p>Note that both arguments may be temporary strings which are
306 destructed at the end of the current "full expression"
307 (e.g., <code>CHECK_STREQ(Foo().c_str(), Bar().c_str())</code> where
308 <code>Foo</code> and <code>Bar</code> return C++'s
309 <code>std::string</code>).
311 <p>The <code>CHECK_DOUBLE_EQ</code> macro checks the equality of two
312 floating point values, accepting a small error margin.
313 <code>CHECK_NEAR</code> accepts a third floating point argument, which
314 specifies the acceptable error margin.
316 <h2><A NAME=verbose>Verbose Logging</A></h2>
318 <p>When you are chasing difficult bugs, thorough log messages are very
319 useful. However, you may want to ignore too verbose messages in usual
320 development. For such verbose logging, glog provides the
321 <code>VLOG</code> macro, which allows you to define your own numeric
322 logging levels. The <code>--v</code> command line option controls
323 which verbose messages are logged:
326 VLOG(1) << "I'm printed when you run the program with --v=1 or higher";
327 VLOG(2) << "I'm printed when you run the program with --v=2 or higher";
330 <p>With <code>VLOG</code>, the lower the verbose level, the more
331 likely messages are to be logged. For example, if
332 <code>--v==1</code>, <code>VLOG(1)</code> will log, but
333 <code>VLOG(2)</code> will not log. This is opposite of the severity
334 level, where <code>INFO</code> is 0, and <code>ERROR</code> is 2.
335 <code>--minloglevel</code> of 1 will log <code>WARNING</code> and
336 above. Though you can specify any integers for both <code>VLOG</code>
337 macro and <code>--v</code> flag, the common values for them are small
338 positive integers. For example, if you write <code>VLOG(0)</code>,
339 you should specify <code>--v=-1</code> or lower to silence it. This
340 is less useful since we may not want verbose logs by default in most
341 cases. The <code>VLOG</code> macros always log at the
342 <code>INFO</code> log level (when they log at all).
344 <p>Verbose logging can be controlled from the command line on a
348 --vmodule=mapreduce=2,file=1,gfs*=3 --v=0
354 <li>a. Print VLOG(2) and lower messages from mapreduce.{h,cc}
355 <li>b. Print VLOG(1) and lower messages from file.{h,cc}
356 <li>c. Print VLOG(3) and lower messages from files prefixed with "gfs"
357 <li>d. Print VLOG(0) and lower messages from elsewhere
360 <p>The wildcarding functionality shown by (c) supports both '*'
361 (matches 0 or more characters) and '?' (matches any single character)
362 wildcards. Please also check the section about <a
363 href="#flags">command line flags</a>.
365 <p>There's also <code>VLOG_IS_ON(n)</code> "verbose level" condition
366 macro. This macro returns true when the <code>--v</code> is equal or
367 greater than <code>n</code>. To be used as
371 // do some logging preparation and logging
372 // that can't be accomplished with just VLOG(2) << ...;
376 <p>Verbose level condition macros <code>VLOG_IF</code>,
377 <code>VLOG_EVERY_N</code> and <code>VLOG_IF_EVERY_N</code> behave
378 analogous to <code>LOG_IF</code>, <code>LOG_EVERY_N</code>,
379 <code>LOF_IF_EVERY</code>, but accept a numeric verbosity level as
380 opposed to a severity level.
383 VLOG_IF(1, (size > 1024))
384 << "I'm printed when size is more than 1024 and when you run the "
385 "program with --v=1 or more";
387 << "I'm printed every 10th occurrence, and when you run the program "
388 "with --v=1 or more. Present occurence is " << COUNTER;
389 VLOG_IF_EVERY_N(1, (size > 1024), 10)
390 << "I'm printed on every 10th occurence of case when size is more "
391 " than 1024, when you run the program with --v=1 or more. ";
392 "Present occurence is " << COUNTER;
395 <h2> <A name="signal">Failure Signal Handler</A> </h2>
398 The library provides a convenient signal handler that will dump useful
399 information when the program crashes on certain signals such as SIGSEGV.
400 The signal handler can be installed by
401 google::InstallFailureSignalHandler(). The following is an example of output
402 from the signal handler.
405 *** Aborted at 1225095260 (unix time) try "date -d @1225095260" if you are using GNU date ***
406 *** SIGSEGV (@0x0) received by PID 17711 (TID 0x7f893090a6f0) from PID 0; stack trace: ***
407 PC: @ 0x412eb1 TestWaitingLogSink::send()
408 @ 0x7f892fb417d0 (unknown)
409 @ 0x412eb1 TestWaitingLogSink::send()
410 @ 0x7f89304f7f06 google::LogMessage::SendToLog()
411 @ 0x7f89304f35af google::LogMessage::Flush()
412 @ 0x7f89304f3739 google::LogMessage::~LogMessage()
413 @ 0x408cf4 TestLogSinkWaitTillSent()
415 @ 0x7f892f7ef1c4 (unknown)
420 By default, the signal handler writes the failure dump to the standard
421 error. You can customize the destination by InstallFailureWriter().
423 <h2> <A name="misc">Miscellaneous Notes</A> </h2>
425 <h3><A NAME=message>Performance of Messages</A></h3>
427 <p>The conditional logging macros provided by glog (e.g.,
428 <code>CHECK</code>, <code>LOG_IF</code>, <code>VLOG</code>, ...) are
429 carefully implemented and don't execute the right hand side
430 expressions when the conditions are false. So, the following check
431 may not sacrifice the performance of your application.
434 CHECK(obj.ok) << obj.CreatePrettyFormattedStringButVerySlow();
437 <h3><A NAME=failure>User-defined Failure Function</A></h3>
439 <p><code>FATAL</code> severity level messages or unsatisfied
440 <code>CHECK</code> condition terminate your program. You can change
441 the behavior of the termination by
442 <code>InstallFailureFunction</code>.
445 void YourFailureFunction() {
446 // Reports something...
450 int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
451 google::InstallFailureFunction(&YourFailureFunction);
455 <p>By default, glog tries to dump stacktrace and makes the program
456 exit with status 1. The stacktrace is produced only when you run the
457 program on an architecture for which glog supports stack tracing (as
458 of September 2008, glog supports stack tracing for x86 and x86_64).
460 <h3><A NAME=raw>Raw Logging</A></h3>
462 <p>The header file <code><glog/raw_logging.h></code> can be
463 used for thread-safe logging, which does not allocate any memory or
464 acquire any locks. Therefore, the macros defined in this
465 header file can be used by low-level memory allocation and
466 synchronization code.
467 Please check <code>src/glog/raw_logging.h.in</code> for detail.
470 <h3><A NAME=plog>Google Style perror()</A></h3>
472 <p><code>PLOG()</code> and <code>PLOG_IF()</code> and
473 <code>PCHECK()</code> behave exactly like their <code>LOG*</code> and
474 <code>CHECK</code> equivalents with the addition that they append a
475 description of the current state of errno to their output lines.
479 PCHECK(write(1, NULL, 2) >= 0) << "Write NULL failed";
482 <p>This check fails with the following error message.
485 F0825 185142 test.cc:22] Check failed: write(1, NULL, 2) >= 0 Write NULL failed: Bad address [14]
488 <h3><A NAME=syslog>Syslog</A></h3>
490 <p><code>SYSLOG</code>, <code>SYSLOG_IF</code>, and
491 <code>SYSLOG_EVERY_N</code> macros are available.
492 These log to syslog in addition to the normal logs. Be aware that
493 logging to syslog can drastically impact performance, especially if
494 syslog is configured for remote logging! Make sure you understand the
495 implications of outputting to syslog before you use these macros. In
496 general, it's wise to use these macros sparingly.
498 <h3><A NAME=strip>Strip Logging Messages</A></h3>
500 <p>Strings used in log messages can increase the size of your binary
501 and present a privacy concern. You can therefore instruct glog to
502 remove all strings which fall below a certain severity level by using
503 the GOOGLE_STRIP_LOG macro:
505 <p>If your application has code like this:
508 #define GOOGLE_STRIP_LOG 1 // this must go before the #include!
509 #include <glog/logging.h>
512 <p>The compiler will remove the log messages whose severities are less
513 than the specified integer value. Since
514 <code>VLOG</code> logs at the severity level <code>INFO</code>
515 (numeric value <code>0</code>),
516 setting <code>GOOGLE_STRIP_LOG</code> to 1 or greater removes
517 all log messages associated with <code>VLOG</code>s as well as
518 <code>INFO</code> log statements.
522 Shinichiro Hamaji<br>
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