1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
2 .. Copyright 2021 Google LLC
3 .. sectionauthor:: Simon Glass <sjg@chromium.org>
8 This describes how to write tests in U-Boot and describes the possible options.
13 There are two basic types of test in U-Boot:
15 - Python tests, in test/py/tests
16 - C tests, in test/ and its subdirectories
18 (there are also UEFI tests in lib/efi_selftest/ not considered here.)
20 Python tests talk to U-Boot via the command line. They support both sandbox and
21 real hardware. They typically do not require building test code into U-Boot
22 itself. They are fairly slow to run, due to the command-line interface and there
23 being two separate processes. Python tests are fairly easy to write. They can
24 be a little tricky to debug sometimes due to the voluminous output of pytest.
26 C tests are written directly in U-Boot. While they can be used on boards, they
27 are more commonly used with sandbox, as they obviously add to U-Boot code size.
28 C tests are easy to write so long as the required facilities exist. Where they
29 do not it can involve refactoring or adding new features to sandbox. They are
30 fast to run and easy to debug.
32 Regardless of which test type is used, all tests are collected and run by the
33 pytest framework, so there is typically no need to run them separately. This
34 means that C tests can be used when it makes sense, and Python tests when it
38 This table shows how to decide whether to write a C or Python test:
40 ===================== =========================== =============================
41 Attribute C test Python test
42 ===================== =========================== =============================
43 Fast to run? Yes No (two separate processes)
44 Easy to write? Yes, if required test Yes
45 features exist in sandbox
47 Needs code in U-Boot? Yes No, provided the test can be
48 executed and the result
49 determined using the command
51 Easy to debug? Yes No, since access to the U-Boot
52 state is not available and the
54 sometimes require a bit of
56 Can use gdb? Yes, directly Yes, with --gdbserver
57 Can run on boards? Some can, but only if Some
59 dependent on sandboxau
60 ===================== =========================== =============================
66 Typically in U-Boot we encourage C test using sandbox for all features. This
67 allows fast testing, easy development and allows contributors to make changes
68 without needing dozens of boards to test with.
70 When a test requires setup or interaction with the running host (such as to
71 generate images and then running U-Boot to check that they can be loaded), or
72 cannot be run on sandbox, Python tests should be used. These should typically
73 NOT rely on running with sandbox, but instead should function correctly on any
74 board supported by U-Boot.
77 How slow are Python tests?
78 --------------------------
80 Under the hood, when running on sandbox, Python tests work by starting a sandbox
81 test and connecting to it via a pipe. Each interaction with the U-Boot process
82 requires at least a context switch to handle the pipe interaction. The test
83 sends a command to U-Boot, which then reacts and shows some output, then the
84 test sees that and continues. Of course on real hardware, communications delays
85 (e.g. with a serial console) make this slower.
87 For comparison, consider a test that checks the 'md' (memory dump). All times
88 below are approximate, as measured on an AMD 2950X system. Here is is the test
91 @pytest.mark.buildconfigspec('cmd_memory')
92 def test_md(u_boot_console):
93 """Test that md reads memory as expected, and that memory can be modified
94 using the mw command."""
96 ram_base = u_boot_utils.find_ram_base(u_boot_console)
97 addr = '%08x' % ram_base
99 expected_response = addr + ': ' + val
100 u_boot_console.run_command('mw ' + addr + ' 0 10')
101 response = u_boot_console.run_command('md ' + addr + ' 10')
102 assert(not (expected_response in response))
103 u_boot_console.run_command('mw ' + addr + ' ' + val)
104 response = u_boot_console.run_command('md ' + addr + ' 10')
105 assert(expected_response in response)
107 This runs a few commands and checks the output. Note that it runs a command,
108 waits for the response and then checks it agains what is expected. If run by
109 itself it takes around 800ms, including test collection. For 1000 runs it takes
110 19 seconds, or 19ms per run. Of course 1000 runs it not that useful since we
111 only want to run it once.
113 There is no exactly equivalent C test, but here is a similar one that tests 'ms'
116 /* Test 'ms' command with bytes */
117 static int mem_test_ms_b(struct unit_test_state *uts)
121 buf = map_sysmem(0, BUF_SIZE + 1);
122 memset(buf, '\0', BUF_SIZE);
127 ut_assertok(console_record_reset_enable());
128 run_command("ms.b 1 ff 12", 0);
129 ut_assert_nextline("00000030: 00 12 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................");
130 ut_assert_nextline("--");
131 ut_assert_nextline("000000f0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 12 ................");
132 ut_assert_nextline("2 matches");
133 ut_assert_console_end();
135 ut_asserteq(2, env_get_hex("memmatches", 0));
136 ut_asserteq(0xff, env_get_hex("memaddr", 0));
137 ut_asserteq(0xfe, env_get_hex("mempos", 0));
143 MEM_TEST(mem_test_ms_b, UT_TESTF_CONSOLE_REC);
145 This runs the command directly in U-Boot, then checks the console output, also
146 directly in U-Boot. If run by itself this takes 100ms. For 1000 runs it takes
147 660ms, or 0.66ms per run.
149 So overall running a C test is perhaps 8 times faster individually and the
150 interactions are perhaps 25 times faster.
152 It should also be noted that the C test is fairly easy to debug. You can set a
153 breakpoint on do_mem_search(), which is what implements the 'ms' command,
154 single step to see what might be wrong, etc. That is also possible with the
155 pytest, but requires two terminals and --gdbserver.
158 Why does speed matter?
159 ----------------------
161 Many development activities rely on running tests:
163 - 'git bisect run make qcheck' can be used to find a failing commit
164 - test-driven development relies on quick iteration of build/test
165 - U-Boot's continuous integration (CI) systems make use of tests. Running
166 all sandbox tests typically takes 90 seconds and running each qemu test
167 takes about 30 seconds. This is currently dwarfed by the time taken to
170 As U-Boot continues to grow its feature set, fast and reliable tests are a
171 critical factor factor in developer productivity and happiness.
177 C tests are arranged into suites which are typically executed by the 'ut'
178 command. Each suite is in its own file. This section describes how to accomplish
179 some common test tasks.
181 (there are also UEFI C tests in lib/efi_selftest/ not considered here.)
183 Add a new driver model test
184 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
186 Use this when adding a test for a new or existing uclass, adding new operations
187 or features to a uclass, adding new ofnode or dev_read_() functions, or anything
188 else related to driver model.
190 Find a suitable place for your test, perhaps near other test functions in
191 existing code, or in a new file. Each uclass should have its own test file.
193 Declare the test with::
196 static int dm_test_uclassname_what(struct unit_test_state *uts)
202 DM_TEST(dm_test_uclassname_what, UT_TESTF_SCAN_FDT);
204 Replace 'uclassname' with the name of your uclass, if applicable. Replace 'what'
205 with what you are testing.
207 The flags for DM_TEST() are defined in test/test.h and you typically want
208 UT_TESTF_SCAN_FDT so that the devicetree is scanned and all devices are bound
209 and ready for use. The DM_TEST macro adds UT_TESTF_DM automatically so that
210 the test runner knows it is a driver model test.
212 Driver model tests are special in that the entire driver model state is
213 recreated anew for each test. This ensures that if a previous test deletes a
214 device, for example, it does not affect subsequent tests. Driver model tests
215 also run both with livetree and flattree, to ensure that both devicetree
216 implementations work as expected.
218 Example commit: c48cb7ebfb4 ("sandbox: add ADC unit tests") [1]
220 [1] https://gitlab.denx.de/u-boot/u-boot/-/commit/c48cb7ebfb4
223 Add a C test to an existing suite
224 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
226 Use this when you are adding to or modifying an existing feature outside driver
227 model. An example is bloblist.
229 Add a new function in the same file as the rest of the suite and register it
230 with the suite. For example, to add a new mem_search test::
232 /* Test 'ms' command with 32-bit values */
233 static int mem_test_ms_new_thing(struct unit_test_state *uts)
239 MEM_TEST(mem_test_ms_new_thing, UT_TESTF_CONSOLE_REC);
241 Note that the MEM_TEST() macros is defined at the top of the file.
243 Example commit: 9fe064646d2 ("bloblist: Support relocating to a larger space") [1]
245 [1] https://gitlab.denx.de/u-boot/u-boot/-/commit/9fe064646d2
251 Each suite should focus on one feature or subsystem, so if you are writing a
252 new one of those, you should add a new suite.
254 Create a new file in test/ or a subdirectory and define a macro to register the
263 /* Declare a new wibble test */
264 #define WIBBLE_TEST(_name, _flags) UNIT_TEST(_name, _flags, wibble_test)
268 /* At the bottom of the file: */
270 int do_ut_wibble(struct cmd_tbl *cmdtp, int flag, int argc, char *const argv[])
272 struct unit_test *tests = UNIT_TEST_SUITE_START(wibble_test);
273 const int n_ents = UNIT_TEST_SUITE_COUNT(wibble_test);
275 return cmd_ut_category("cmd_wibble", "wibble_test_", tests, n_ents, argc, argv);
278 Then add new tests to it as above.
280 Register this new suite in test/cmd_ut.c by adding to cmd_ut_sub[]::
282 /* Within cmd_ut_sub[]... */
284 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(wibble, CONFIG_SYS_MAXARGS, 1, do_ut_wibble, "", ""),
286 and adding new help to ut_help_text[]::
288 "ut wibble - Test the wibble feature\n"
290 If your feature is conditional on a particular Kconfig, then you can use #ifdef
293 Finally, add the test to the build by adding to the Makefile in the same
296 obj-$(CONFIG_$(SPL_)CMDLINE) += wibble.o
298 Note that CMDLINE is never enabled in SPL, so this test will only be present in
299 U-Boot proper. See below for how to do SPL tests.
301 As before, you can add an extra Kconfig check if needed::
303 ifneq ($(CONFIG_$(SPL_)WIBBLE),)
304 obj-$(CONFIG_$(SPL_)CMDLINE) += wibble.o
308 Example commit: 919e7a8fb64 ("test: Add a simple test for bloblist") [1]
310 [1] https://gitlab.denx.de/u-boot/u-boot/-/commit/919e7a8fb64
313 Making the test run from pytest
314 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
316 All C tests must run from pytest. Typically this is automatic, since pytest
317 scans the U-Boot executable for available tests to run. So long as you have a
318 'ut' subcommand for your test suite, it will run. The same applies for driver
319 model tests since they use the 'ut dm' subcommand.
321 See test/py/tests/test_ut.py for how unit tests are run.
327 Note: C tests are only available for sandbox_spl at present. There is currently
328 no mechanism in other boards to existing SPL tests even if they are built into
331 SPL tests cannot be run from the 'ut' command since there are no commands
332 available in SPL. Instead, sandbox (only) calls ut_run_list() on start-up, when
333 the -u flag is given. This runs the available unit tests, no matter what suite
336 To create a new SPL test, follow the same rules as above, either adding to an
337 existing suite or creating a new one.
339 An example SPL test is spl_test_load().
345 See :doc:`py_testing` for brief notes how to write Python tests. You
346 should be able to use the existing tests in test/py/tests as examples.