1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+:
3 U-Boot Design Principles
4 ========================
6 The 10 Golden Rules of U-Boot design
7 ------------------------------------
12 U-Boot is a Boot Loader, i.e. its primary purpose in the shipping
13 system is to load some operating system.
14 That means that U-Boot is
15 necessary to perform a certain task, but it's nothing you want to
16 throw any significant resources at. Typically U-Boot is stored in
17 relatively small NOR flash memory, which is expensive
18 compared to the much larger NAND devices often used to store the
19 operating system and the application.
21 At the moment, U-Boot supports boards with just 128 KiB ROM or with
22 256 KiB NOR flash. We should not easily ignore such configurations -
23 they may be the exception in among all the other supported boards,
24 but if a design uses such a resource-constrained hardware setup it is
25 usually because costs are critical, i. e. because the number of
26 manufactured boards might be tens or hundreds of thousands or even
29 A usable and useful configuration of U-Boot, including a basic
30 interactive command interpreter, support for download over Ethernet
31 and the capability to program the flash shall fit in no more than 128 KiB.
36 The end user is not interested in running U-Boot. In most embedded
37 systems they are not even aware that U-Boot exists. The user wants to
38 run some application code, and that as soon as possible after switching
41 It is therefore essential that U-Boot is as fast as possible,
42 especially that it loads and boots the operating system as fast as possible.
44 To achieve this, the following design principles shall be followed:
46 * Enable caches as soon and whenever possible
48 * Initialize devices only when they are needed within U-Boot, i.e. don't
49 initialize the Ethernet interface(s) unless U-Boot performs a download over
50 Ethernet; don't initialize any IDE or USB devices unless U-Boot actually
51 tries to load files from these, etc. (and don't forget to shut down these
52 devices after using them - otherwise nasty things may happen when you try to
55 Also, building of U-Boot shall be as fast as possible.
56 This makes it easier to run a build for all supported configurations
57 or at least for all configurations of a specific architecture,
58 which is essential for quality assurance.
59 If building is cumbersome and slow, most people will omit
65 U-Boot is a boot loader, but it is also a tool used for board
66 bring-up, for production testing, and for other activities.
71 U-Boot is a boot loader, but it is also a tool used for board
72 bring-up, for production testing, and for other activities that are
73 very closely related to hardware development. So far, it has been
74 ported to several hundreds of different boards on about 30 different
75 processor families - please make sure that any code you add can be
76 used on as many different platforms as possible.
78 Avoid assembly language whenever possible - only the reset code with
79 basic CPU initialization, maybe a static DRAM initialization and the C
80 stack setup should be in assembly.
81 All further initializations should be done in C using assembly/C
82 subroutines or inline macros. These functions represent some
83 kind of HAL functionality and should be defined consistently on all
84 architectures, e.g. basic MMU and cache control, stack pointer manipulation.
85 Non-existing functions should expand into empty macros or error codes.
87 Don't make assumptions about the environment where U-Boot is running.
88 It may be communicating with a human operator on directly attached
89 serial console, but it may be through a GSM modem as well, or driven
90 by some automatic test or control system. So don't output any fancy
91 control character sequences or similar.
96 Section "Keep it Small" already explains about the size restrictions
97 for U-Boot on one side. On the other side, U-Boot is a powerful tool
98 with many, many extremely useful features. The maintainer or user of
99 each board will have to decide which features are important to them and
100 what shall be included with their specific board configuration to meet
101 their current requirements and restrictions.
103 Please make sure that it is easy to add or remove features from a
104 board configuration, so everybody can make the best use of U-Boot on
107 If a feature is not included, it should not have any residual code
113 Of course debuggable code is a big benefit for all of us contributing
114 in one way or another to the development of the U-Boot project. But
115 as already mentioned in section "Keep it Portable" above, U-Boot is
116 not only a tool in itself, it is often also used for hardware
117 bring-up, so debugging U-Boot often means that we don't know if we are
118 tracking down a problem in the U-Boot software or in the hardware we
119 are running on. Code that is clean and easy to understand and to
120 debug is all the more important to many of us.
122 * One important feature of U-Boot is to enable output to the (usually serial)
123 console as soon as possible in the boot process, even if this causes
124 tradeoffs in other areas like memory footprint.
126 * All initialization steps shall print some "begin doing this" message before
127 they actually start, and some "done" message when they complete. For example,
128 RAM initialization and size detection may print a "RAM: " before they start,
129 and "256 MB\\n" when done. The purpose of this is that you can always see
130 which initialization step was running if there should be any problem. This
131 is important not only during software development, but also for the service
132 people dealing with broken hardware in the field.
134 * U-Boot should be debuggable with simple JTAG or BDM equipment. It shall use
135 a simple, single-threaded execution model. Avoid any magic, which could
136 prevent easy debugging even when only 1 or 2 hardware breakpoints are
142 Please always keep in mind that there are at least three different
143 groups of users for U-Boot, with completely different expectations
146 * The end user of an embedded device just wants to run some application; they
147 do not even want to know that U-Boot exists and only rarely interacts with
148 it (for example to perform a reset to factory default settings etc.)
150 * System designers and engineers working on the development of the application
151 and/or the operating system want a powerful tool that can boot from any boot
152 device they can imagine, they want it fast and scriptable and whatever - in
153 short, they want as many features supported as possible. And some more.
155 * The engineer who ports U-Boot to a new board and the board maintainer want
156 U-Boot to be as simple as possible so porting it to and maintaining it on
157 their hardware is easy for them.
159 * Make it easy to test. Add debug code (but don't re-invent the wheel - use
160 existing macros like log_debug() or debug() depending on context).
162 Please always keep in mind that U-Boot tries to meet all these
163 different requirements.
168 * Avoid ``#ifdefs`` where possible
170 * Use "weak" functions
172 * Always follow the :doc:`codingstyle` requirements.
177 * Keep the source code clean: strictly follow the :doc:`codingstyle`,
178 keep lists (target names in the Makefiles, board names, etc.)
179 alphabetically sorted, etc.
181 * Keep U-Boot console output clean: output only really necessary information,
182 be terse but precise, keep output vertically aligned, do not use control
183 character sequences (e.g. backspaces or \\r to do "spinning wheel" activity
189 Contribute your work back to the whole community. Submit your changes
190 and extensions as patches to the U-Boot mailing list.
192 Lemmas from the golden rules
193 ----------------------------
195 Generic Code is Good Code
196 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
198 New code shall be as generic as possible and added to the U-Boot
199 abstraction hierarchy as high as possible. As few code as possible shall be
200 added in board directories as people usually do not expect re-usable code
201 there. Thus peripheral drivers should be put below
202 "drivers" even if they start out supporting only one specific
203 configuration. Note that it is not a requirement for such a first
204 instance to be generic as genericity generally cannot be extrapolated
205 from a single data point.