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8 <title>D-Bus Specification</title>
9 <releaseinfo>Version 0.21</releaseinfo>
10 <date>(not yet released)</date>
13 <firstname>Havoc</firstname>
14 <surname>Pennington</surname>
16 <orgname>Red Hat, Inc.</orgname>
18 <email>hp@pobox.com</email>
23 <firstname>Anders</firstname>
24 <surname>Carlsson</surname>
26 <orgname>CodeFactory AB</orgname>
28 <email>andersca@codefactory.se</email>
33 <firstname>Alexander</firstname>
34 <surname>Larsson</surname>
36 <orgname>Red Hat, Inc.</orgname>
38 <email>alexl@redhat.com</email>
43 <firstname>Sven</firstname>
44 <surname>Herzberg</surname>
46 <orgname>Imendio AB</orgname>
48 <email>sven@imendio.com</email>
53 <firstname>Simon</firstname>
54 <surname>McVittie</surname>
56 <orgname>Collabora Ltd.</orgname>
58 <email>simon.mcvittie@collabora.co.uk</email>
63 <firstname>David</firstname>
64 <surname>Zeuthen</surname>
66 <orgname>Red Hat, Inc.</orgname>
68 <email>davidz@redhat.com</email>
75 <revnumber>0.21</revnumber>
76 <date>not yet released (<ulink url='http://cgit.freedesktop.org/dbus/dbus/log/doc/dbus-specification.xml'>commit log</ulink>)</date>
77 <authorinitials></authorinitials>
78 <revremark></revremark>
81 <revnumber>0.20</revnumber>
82 <date>22 February 2013</date>
83 <authorinitials>smcv, walters</authorinitials>
84 <revremark>reorganise for clarity, remove false claims about
85 basic types, mention /o/fd/DBus</revremark>
88 <revnumber>0.19</revnumber>
89 <date>20 February 2012</date>
90 <authorinitials>smcv/lp</authorinitials>
91 <revremark>formally define unique connection names and well-known
92 bus names; document best practices for interface, bus, member and
93 error names, and object paths; document the search path for session
94 and system services on Unix; document the systemd transport</revremark>
97 <revnumber>0.18</revnumber>
98 <date>29 July 2011</date>
99 <authorinitials>smcv</authorinitials>
100 <revremark>define eavesdropping, unicast, broadcast; add eavesdrop
101 match keyword; promote type system to a top-level section</revremark>
104 <revnumber>0.17</revnumber>
105 <date>1 June 2011</date>
106 <authorinitials>smcv/davidz</authorinitials>
107 <revremark>define ObjectManager; reserve extra pseudo-type-codes used
108 by GVariant</revremark>
111 <revnumber>0.16</revnumber>
112 <date>11 April 2011</date>
113 <authorinitials></authorinitials>
114 <revremark>add path_namespace, arg0namespace; argNpath matches object
118 <revnumber>0.15</revnumber>
119 <date>3 November 2010</date>
120 <authorinitials></authorinitials>
121 <revremark></revremark>
124 <revnumber>0.14</revnumber>
125 <date>12 May 2010</date>
126 <authorinitials></authorinitials>
127 <revremark></revremark>
130 <revnumber>0.13</revnumber>
131 <date>23 Dezember 2009</date>
132 <authorinitials></authorinitials>
133 <revremark></revremark>
136 <revnumber>0.12</revnumber>
137 <date>7 November, 2006</date>
138 <authorinitials></authorinitials>
139 <revremark></revremark>
142 <revnumber>0.11</revnumber>
143 <date>6 February 2005</date>
144 <authorinitials></authorinitials>
145 <revremark></revremark>
148 <revnumber>0.10</revnumber>
149 <date>28 January 2005</date>
150 <authorinitials></authorinitials>
151 <revremark></revremark>
154 <revnumber>0.9</revnumber>
155 <date>7 Januar 2005</date>
156 <authorinitials></authorinitials>
157 <revremark></revremark>
160 <revnumber>0.8</revnumber>
161 <date>06 September 2003</date>
162 <authorinitials></authorinitials>
163 <revremark>First released document.</revremark>
168 <sect1 id="introduction">
169 <title>Introduction</title>
171 D-Bus is a system for low-latency, low-overhead, easy to use
172 interprocess communication (IPC). In more detail:
176 D-Bus is <emphasis>low-latency</emphasis> because it is designed
177 to avoid round trips and allow asynchronous operation, much like
183 D-Bus is <emphasis>low-overhead</emphasis> because it uses a
184 binary protocol, and does not have to convert to and from a text
185 format such as XML. Because D-Bus is intended for potentially
186 high-resolution same-machine IPC, not primarily for Internet IPC,
187 this is an interesting optimization.
192 D-Bus is <emphasis>easy to use</emphasis> because it works in terms
193 of <firstterm>messages</firstterm> rather than byte streams, and
194 automatically handles a lot of the hard IPC issues. Also, the D-Bus
195 library is designed to be wrapped in a way that lets developers use
196 their framework's existing object/type system, rather than learning
197 a new one specifically for IPC.
204 The base D-Bus protocol is a one-to-one (peer-to-peer or client-server)
205 protocol, specified in <xref linkend="message-protocol"/>. That is, it is
206 a system for one application to talk to a single other
207 application. However, the primary intended application of the protocol is the
208 D-Bus <firstterm>message bus</firstterm>, specified in <xref
209 linkend="message-bus"/>. The message bus is a special application that
210 accepts connections from multiple other applications, and forwards
215 Uses of D-Bus include notification of system changes (notification of when
216 a camera is plugged in to a computer, or a new version of some software
217 has been installed), or desktop interoperability, for example a file
218 monitoring service or a configuration service.
222 D-Bus is designed for two specific use cases:
226 A "system bus" for notifications from the system to user sessions,
227 and to allow the system to request input from user sessions.
232 A "session bus" used to implement desktop environments such as
237 D-Bus is not intended to be a generic IPC system for any possible
238 application, and intentionally omits many features found in other
239 IPC systems for this reason.
243 At the same time, the bus daemons offer a number of features not found in
244 other IPC systems, such as single-owner "bus names" (similar to X
245 selections), on-demand startup of services, and security policies.
246 In many ways, these features are the primary motivation for developing
247 D-Bus; other systems would have sufficed if IPC were the only goal.
251 D-Bus may turn out to be useful in unanticipated applications, but future
252 versions of this spec and the reference implementation probably will not
253 incorporate features that interfere with the core use cases.
257 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
258 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
259 document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119. However, the
260 document could use a serious audit to be sure it makes sense to do
261 so. Also, they are not capitalized.
264 <sect2 id="stability">
265 <title>Protocol and Specification Stability</title>
267 The D-Bus protocol is frozen (only compatible extensions are allowed) as
268 of November 8, 2006. However, this specification could still use a fair
269 bit of work to make interoperable reimplementation possible without
270 reference to the D-Bus reference implementation. Thus, this
271 specification is not marked 1.0. To mark it 1.0, we'd like to see
272 someone invest significant effort in clarifying the specification
273 language, and growing the specification to cover more aspects of the
274 reference implementation's behavior.
277 Until this work is complete, any attempt to reimplement D-Bus will
278 probably require looking at the reference implementation and/or asking
279 questions on the D-Bus mailing list about intended behavior.
280 Questions on the list are very welcome.
283 Nonetheless, this document should be a useful starting point and is
284 to our knowledge accurate, though incomplete.
290 <sect1 id="type-system">
291 <title>Type System</title>
294 D-Bus has a type system, in which values of various types can be
295 serialized into a sequence of bytes referred to as the
296 <firstterm>wire format</firstterm> in a standard way.
297 Converting a value from some other representation into the wire
298 format is called <firstterm>marshaling</firstterm> and converting
299 it back from the wire format is <firstterm>unmarshaling</firstterm>.
303 The D-Bus protocol does not include type tags in the marshaled data; a
304 block of marshaled values must have a known <firstterm>type
305 signature</firstterm>. The type signature is made up of zero or more
306 <firstterm id="term-single-complete-type">single complete
307 types</firstterm>, each made up of one or more
308 <firstterm>type codes</firstterm>.
312 A type code is an ASCII character representing the
313 type of a value. Because ASCII characters are used, the type signature
314 will always form a valid ASCII string. A simple string compare
315 determines whether two type signatures are equivalent.
319 A single complete type is a sequence of type codes that fully describes
320 one type: either a basic type, or a single fully-described container type.
321 A single complete type is a basic type code, a variant type code,
322 an array with its element type, or a struct with its fields (all of which
323 are defined below). So the following signatures are not single complete
334 And the following signatures contain multiple complete types:
344 Note however that a single complete type may <emphasis>contain</emphasis>
345 multiple other single complete types, by containing a struct or dict
349 <sect2 id="basic-types">
350 <title>Basic types</title>
353 The simplest type codes are the <firstterm id="term-basic-type">basic
354 types</firstterm>, which are the types whose structure is entirely
355 defined by their 1-character type code. Basic types consist of
356 fixed types and string-like types.
360 The <firstterm id="term-fixed-type">fixed types</firstterm>
361 are basic types whose values have a fixed length, namely BYTE,
362 BOOLEAN, DOUBLE, UNIX_FD, and signed or unsigned integers of length
367 As a simple example, the type code for 32-bit integer (<literal>INT32</literal>) is
368 the ASCII character 'i'. So the signature for a block of values
369 containing a single <literal>INT32</literal> would be:
373 A block of values containing two <literal>INT32</literal> would have this signature:
380 The characteristics of the fixed types are listed in this table.
386 <entry>Conventional name</entry>
387 <entry>ASCII type-code</entry>
388 <entry>Encoding</entry>
393 <entry><literal>BYTE</literal></entry>
394 <entry><literal>y</literal> (121)</entry>
395 <entry>Unsigned 8-bit integer</entry>
398 <entry><literal>BOOLEAN</literal></entry>
399 <entry><literal>b</literal> (98)</entry>
400 <entry>Boolean value: 0 is false, 1 is true, any other value
401 allowed by the marshalling format is invalid</entry>
404 <entry><literal>INT16</literal></entry>
405 <entry><literal>n</literal> (110)</entry>
406 <entry>Signed (two's complement) 16-bit integer</entry>
409 <entry><literal>UINT16</literal></entry>
410 <entry><literal>q</literal> (113)</entry>
411 <entry>Unsigned 16-bit integer</entry>
414 <entry><literal>INT32</literal></entry>
415 <entry><literal>i</literal> (105)</entry>
416 <entry>Signed (two's complement) 32-bit integer</entry>
419 <entry><literal>UINT32</literal></entry>
420 <entry><literal>u</literal> (117)</entry>
421 <entry>Unsigned 32-bit integer</entry>
424 <entry><literal>INT64</literal></entry>
425 <entry><literal>x</literal> (120)</entry>
426 <entry>Signed (two's complement) 64-bit integer
427 (mnemonic: x and t are the first characters in "sixty" not
428 already used for something more common)</entry>
431 <entry><literal>UINT64</literal></entry>
432 <entry><literal>t</literal> (116)</entry>
433 <entry>Unsigned 64-bit integer</entry>
436 <entry><literal>DOUBLE</literal></entry>
437 <entry><literal>d</literal> (100)</entry>
438 <entry>IEEE 754 double-precision floating point</entry>
441 <entry><literal>UNIX_FD</literal></entry>
442 <entry><literal>h</literal> (104)</entry>
443 <entry>Unsigned 32-bit integer representing an index into an
444 out-of-band array of file descriptors, transferred via some
445 platform-specific mechanism (mnemonic: h for handle)</entry>
453 The <firstterm id="term-string-like-type">string-like types</firstterm>
454 are basic types with a variable length. The value of any string-like
455 type is conceptually 0 or more Unicode codepoints encoded in UTF-8,
456 none of which may be U+0000. The UTF-8 text must be validated
457 strictly: in particular, it must not contain overlong sequences,
458 noncharacters such as U+FFFE, or codepoints above U+10FFFF.
462 The marshalling formats for the string-like types all end with a
463 single zero (NUL) byte, but that byte is not considered to be part of
468 The characteristics of the string-like types are listed in this table.
474 <entry>Conventional name</entry>
475 <entry>ASCII type-code</entry>
476 <entry>Validity constraints</entry>
481 <entry><literal>STRING</literal></entry>
482 <entry><literal>s</literal> (115)</entry>
483 <entry>No extra constraints</entry>
486 <entry><literal>OBJECT_PATH</literal></entry>
487 <entry><literal>o</literal> (111)</entry>
489 <link linkend="message-protocol-marshaling-object-path">a
490 syntactically valid object path</link></entry>
493 <entry><literal>SIGNATURE</literal></entry>
494 <entry><literal>g</literal> (103)</entry>
496 <firstterm linkend="term-single-complete-type">single
497 complete types</firstterm></entry>
504 <sect3 id="message-protocol-marshaling-object-path">
505 <title>Valid Object Paths</title>
508 An object path is a name used to refer to an object instance.
509 Conceptually, each participant in a D-Bus message exchange may have
510 any number of object instances (think of C++ or Java objects) and each
511 such instance will have a path. Like a filesystem, the object
512 instances in an application form a hierarchical tree.
516 Object paths are often namespaced by starting with a reversed
517 domain name and containing an interface version number, in the
519 <link linkend="message-protocol-names-interface">interface
521 <link linkend="message-protocol-names-bus">well-known
523 This makes it possible to implement more than one service, or
524 more than one version of a service, in the same process,
525 even if the services share a connection but cannot otherwise
526 co-operate (for instance, if they are implemented by different
531 For instance, if the owner of <literal>example.com</literal> is
532 developing a D-Bus API for a music player, they might use the
533 hierarchy of object paths that start with
534 <literal>/com/example/MusicPlayer1</literal> for its objects.
538 The following rules define a valid object path. Implementations must
539 not send or accept messages with invalid object paths.
543 The path may be of any length.
548 The path must begin with an ASCII '/' (integer 47) character,
549 and must consist of elements separated by slash characters.
554 Each element must only contain the ASCII characters
560 No element may be the empty string.
565 Multiple '/' characters cannot occur in sequence.
570 A trailing '/' character is not allowed unless the
571 path is the root path (a single '/' character).
579 <sect3 id="message-protocol-marshaling-signature">
580 <title>Valid Signatures</title>
582 An implementation must not send or accept invalid signatures.
583 Valid signatures will conform to the following rules:
587 The signature is a list of single complete types.
588 Arrays must have element types, and structs must
589 have both open and close parentheses.
594 Only type codes, open and close parentheses, and open and
595 close curly brackets are allowed in the signature. The
596 <literal>STRUCT</literal> type code
597 is not allowed in signatures, because parentheses
598 are used instead. Similarly, the
599 <literal>DICT_ENTRY</literal> type code is not allowed in
600 signatures, because curly brackets are used instead.
605 The maximum depth of container type nesting is 32 array type
606 codes and 32 open parentheses. This implies that the maximum
607 total depth of recursion is 64, for an "array of array of array
608 of ... struct of struct of struct of ..." where there are 32
614 The maximum length of a signature is 255.
621 When signatures appear in messages, the marshalling format
622 guarantees that they will be followed by a nul byte (which can
623 be interpreted as either C-style string termination or the INVALID
624 type-code), but this is not conceptually part of the signature.
630 <sect2 id="container-types">
631 <title>Container types</title>
634 In addition to basic types, there are four <firstterm>container</firstterm>
635 types: <literal>STRUCT</literal>, <literal>ARRAY</literal>, <literal>VARIANT</literal>,
636 and <literal>DICT_ENTRY</literal>.
640 <literal>STRUCT</literal> has a type code, ASCII character 'r', but this type
641 code does not appear in signatures. Instead, ASCII characters
642 '(' and ')' are used to mark the beginning and end of the struct.
643 So for example, a struct containing two integers would have this
648 Structs can be nested, so for example a struct containing
649 an integer and another struct:
653 The value block storing that struct would contain three integers; the
654 type signature allows you to distinguish "(i(ii))" from "((ii)i)" or
659 The <literal>STRUCT</literal> type code 'r' is not currently used in the D-Bus protocol,
660 but is useful in code that implements the protocol. This type code
661 is specified to allow such code to interoperate in non-protocol contexts.
665 Empty structures are not allowed; there must be at least one
666 type code between the parentheses.
670 <literal>ARRAY</literal> has ASCII character 'a' as type code. The array type code must be
671 followed by a <firstterm>single complete type</firstterm>. The single
672 complete type following the array is the type of each array element. So
673 the simple example is:
677 which is an array of 32-bit integers. But an array can be of any type,
678 such as this array-of-struct-with-two-int32-fields:
682 Or this array of array of integer:
689 <literal>VARIANT</literal> has ASCII character 'v' as its type code. A marshaled value of
690 type <literal>VARIANT</literal> will have the signature of a single complete type as part
691 of the <emphasis>value</emphasis>. This signature will be followed by a
692 marshaled value of that type.
696 Unlike a message signature, the variant signature can
697 contain only a single complete type. So "i", "ai"
698 or "(ii)" is OK, but "ii" is not. Use of variants may not
699 cause a total message depth to be larger than 64, including
700 other container types such as structures.
704 A <literal>DICT_ENTRY</literal> works exactly like a struct, but rather
705 than parentheses it uses curly braces, and it has more restrictions.
706 The restrictions are: it occurs only as an array element type; it has
707 exactly two single complete types inside the curly braces; the first
708 single complete type (the "key") must be a basic type rather than a
709 container type. Implementations must not accept dict entries outside of
710 arrays, must not accept dict entries with zero, one, or more than two
711 fields, and must not accept dict entries with non-basic-typed keys. A
712 dict entry is always a key-value pair.
716 The first field in the <literal>DICT_ENTRY</literal> is always the key.
717 A message is considered corrupt if the same key occurs twice in the same
718 array of <literal>DICT_ENTRY</literal>. However, for performance reasons
719 implementations are not required to reject dicts with duplicate keys.
723 In most languages, an array of dict entry would be represented as a
724 map, hash table, or dict object.
729 <title>Summary of types</title>
732 The following table summarizes the D-Bus types.
737 <entry>Conventional Name</entry>
739 <entry>Description</entry>
744 <entry><literal>INVALID</literal></entry>
745 <entry>0 (ASCII NUL)</entry>
746 <entry>Not a valid type code, used to terminate signatures</entry>
748 <entry><literal>BYTE</literal></entry>
749 <entry>121 (ASCII 'y')</entry>
750 <entry>8-bit unsigned integer</entry>
752 <entry><literal>BOOLEAN</literal></entry>
753 <entry>98 (ASCII 'b')</entry>
754 <entry>Boolean value, 0 is <literal>FALSE</literal> and 1 is <literal>TRUE</literal>. Everything else is invalid.</entry>
756 <entry><literal>INT16</literal></entry>
757 <entry>110 (ASCII 'n')</entry>
758 <entry>16-bit signed integer</entry>
760 <entry><literal>UINT16</literal></entry>
761 <entry>113 (ASCII 'q')</entry>
762 <entry>16-bit unsigned integer</entry>
764 <entry><literal>INT32</literal></entry>
765 <entry>105 (ASCII 'i')</entry>
766 <entry>32-bit signed integer</entry>
768 <entry><literal>UINT32</literal></entry>
769 <entry>117 (ASCII 'u')</entry>
770 <entry>32-bit unsigned integer</entry>
772 <entry><literal>INT64</literal></entry>
773 <entry>120 (ASCII 'x')</entry>
774 <entry>64-bit signed integer</entry>
776 <entry><literal>UINT64</literal></entry>
777 <entry>116 (ASCII 't')</entry>
778 <entry>64-bit unsigned integer</entry>
780 <entry><literal>DOUBLE</literal></entry>
781 <entry>100 (ASCII 'd')</entry>
782 <entry>IEEE 754 double</entry>
784 <entry><literal>STRING</literal></entry>
785 <entry>115 (ASCII 's')</entry>
786 <entry>UTF-8 string (<emphasis>must</emphasis> be valid UTF-8). Must be nul terminated and contain no other nul bytes.</entry>
788 <entry><literal>OBJECT_PATH</literal></entry>
789 <entry>111 (ASCII 'o')</entry>
790 <entry>Name of an object instance</entry>
792 <entry><literal>SIGNATURE</literal></entry>
793 <entry>103 (ASCII 'g')</entry>
794 <entry>A type signature</entry>
796 <entry><literal>ARRAY</literal></entry>
797 <entry>97 (ASCII 'a')</entry>
800 <entry><literal>STRUCT</literal></entry>
801 <entry>114 (ASCII 'r'), 40 (ASCII '('), 41 (ASCII ')')</entry>
802 <entry>Struct; type code 114 'r' is reserved for use in
803 bindings and implementations to represent the general
804 concept of a struct, and must not appear in signatures
805 used on D-Bus.</entry>
807 <entry><literal>VARIANT</literal></entry>
808 <entry>118 (ASCII 'v') </entry>
809 <entry>Variant type (the type of the value is part of the value itself)</entry>
811 <entry><literal>DICT_ENTRY</literal></entry>
812 <entry>101 (ASCII 'e'), 123 (ASCII '{'), 125 (ASCII '}') </entry>
813 <entry>Entry in a dict or map (array of key-value pairs).
814 Type code 101 'e' is reserved for use in bindings and
815 implementations to represent the general concept of a
816 dict or dict-entry, and must not appear in signatures
817 used on D-Bus.</entry>
819 <entry><literal>UNIX_FD</literal></entry>
820 <entry>104 (ASCII 'h')</entry>
821 <entry>Unix file descriptor</entry>
824 <entry>(reserved)</entry>
825 <entry>109 (ASCII 'm')</entry>
826 <entry>Reserved for <ulink
827 url="https://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=27857">a
828 'maybe' type compatible with the one in GVariant</ulink>,
829 and must not appear in signatures used on D-Bus until
830 specified here</entry>
833 <entry>(reserved)</entry>
834 <entry>42 (ASCII '*')</entry>
835 <entry>Reserved for use in bindings/implementations to
836 represent any <firstterm>single complete type</firstterm>,
837 and must not appear in signatures used on D-Bus.</entry>
840 <entry>(reserved)</entry>
841 <entry>63 (ASCII '?')</entry>
842 <entry>Reserved for use in bindings/implementations to
843 represent any <firstterm>basic type</firstterm>, and must
844 not appear in signatures used on D-Bus.</entry>
847 <entry>(reserved)</entry>
848 <entry>64 (ASCII '@'), 38 (ASCII '&'),
849 94 (ASCII '^')</entry>
850 <entry>Reserved for internal use by bindings/implementations,
851 and must not appear in signatures used on D-Bus.
852 GVariant uses these type-codes to encode calling
863 <sect1 id="message-protocol-marshaling">
864 <title>Marshaling (Wire Format)</title>
867 D-Bus defines a marshalling format for its type system, which is
868 used in D-Bus messages. This is not the only possible marshalling
869 format for the type system: for instance, GVariant (part of GLib)
870 re-uses the D-Bus type system but implements an alternative marshalling
875 <title>Byte order and alignment</title>
878 Given a type signature, a block of bytes can be converted into typed
879 values. This section describes the format of the block of bytes. Byte
880 order and alignment issues are handled uniformly for all D-Bus types.
884 A block of bytes has an associated byte order. The byte order
885 has to be discovered in some way; for D-Bus messages, the
886 byte order is part of the message header as described in
887 <xref linkend="message-protocol-messages"/>. For now, assume
888 that the byte order is known to be either little endian or big
893 Each value in a block of bytes is aligned "naturally," for example
894 4-byte values are aligned to a 4-byte boundary, and 8-byte values to an
895 8-byte boundary. To properly align a value, <firstterm>alignment
896 padding</firstterm> may be necessary. The alignment padding must always
897 be the minimum required padding to properly align the following value;
898 and it must always be made up of nul bytes. The alignment padding must
899 not be left uninitialized (it can't contain garbage), and more padding
900 than required must not be used.
904 As an exception to natural alignment, <literal>STRUCT</literal> and
905 <literal>DICT_ENTRY</literal> values are always aligned to an 8-byte
906 boundary, regardless of the alignments of their contents.
911 <title>Marshalling basic types</title>
914 To marshal and unmarshal fixed types, you simply read one value
915 from the data block corresponding to each type code in the signature.
916 All signed integer values are encoded in two's complement, DOUBLE
917 values are IEEE 754 double-precision floating-point, and BOOLEAN
918 values are encoded in 32 bits (of which only the least significant
923 The string-like types are all marshalled as a
924 fixed-length unsigned integer <varname>n</varname> giving the
925 length of the variable part, followed by <varname>n</varname>
926 nonzero bytes of UTF-8 text, followed by a single zero (nul) byte
927 which is not considered to be part of the text. The alignment
928 of the string-like type is the same as the alignment of
929 <varname>n</varname>.
933 For the STRING and OBJECT_PATH types, <varname>n</varname> is
934 encoded in 4 bytes, leading to 4-byte alignment.
935 For the SIGNATURE type, <varname>n</varname> is encoded as a single
936 byte. As a result, alignment padding is never required before a
942 <title>Marshalling containers</title>
945 Arrays are marshalled as a <literal>UINT32</literal>
946 <varname>n</varname> giving the length of the array data in bytes,
947 followed by alignment padding to the alignment boundary of the array
948 element type, followed by the <varname>n</varname> bytes of the
949 array elements marshalled in sequence. <varname>n</varname> does not
950 include the padding after the length, or any padding after the
955 For instance, if the current position in the message is a multiple
956 of 8 bytes and the byte-order is big-endian, an array containing only
957 the 64-bit integer 5 would be marshalled as:
960 00 00 00 08 <lineannotation>8 bytes of data</lineannotation>
961 00 00 00 00 <lineannotation>padding to 8-byte boundary</lineannotation>
962 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 05 <lineannotation>first element = 5</lineannotation>
967 Arrays have a maximum length defined to be 2 to the 26th power or
968 67108864. Implementations must not send or accept arrays exceeding this
973 Structs and dict entries are marshalled in the same way as their
974 contents, but their alignment is always to an 8-byte boundary,
975 even if their contents would normally be less strictly aligned.
979 Variants are marshalled as the <literal>SIGNATURE</literal> of
980 the contents (which must be a single complete type), followed by a
981 marshalled value with the type given by that signature. The
982 variant has the same 1-byte alignment as the signature, which means
983 that alignment padding before a variant is never needed.
984 Use of variants may not cause a total message depth to be larger
985 than 64, including other container types such as structures.
990 <title>Summary of D-Bus marshalling</title>
993 Given all this, the types are marshaled on the wire as follows:
998 <entry>Conventional Name</entry>
999 <entry>Encoding</entry>
1000 <entry>Alignment</entry>
1005 <entry><literal>INVALID</literal></entry>
1006 <entry>Not applicable; cannot be marshaled.</entry>
1009 <entry><literal>BYTE</literal></entry>
1010 <entry>A single 8-bit byte.</entry>
1013 <entry><literal>BOOLEAN</literal></entry>
1014 <entry>As for <literal>UINT32</literal>, but only 0 and 1 are valid values.</entry>
1017 <entry><literal>INT16</literal></entry>
1018 <entry>16-bit signed integer in the message's byte order.</entry>
1021 <entry><literal>UINT16</literal></entry>
1022 <entry>16-bit unsigned integer in the message's byte order.</entry>
1025 <entry><literal>INT32</literal></entry>
1026 <entry>32-bit signed integer in the message's byte order.</entry>
1029 <entry><literal>UINT32</literal></entry>
1030 <entry>32-bit unsigned integer in the message's byte order.</entry>
1033 <entry><literal>INT64</literal></entry>
1034 <entry>64-bit signed integer in the message's byte order.</entry>
1037 <entry><literal>UINT64</literal></entry>
1038 <entry>64-bit unsigned integer in the message's byte order.</entry>
1041 <entry><literal>DOUBLE</literal></entry>
1042 <entry>64-bit IEEE 754 double in the message's byte order.</entry>
1045 <entry><literal>STRING</literal></entry>
1046 <entry>A <literal>UINT32</literal> indicating the string's
1047 length in bytes excluding its terminating nul, followed by
1048 non-nul string data of the given length, followed by a terminating nul
1055 <entry><literal>OBJECT_PATH</literal></entry>
1056 <entry>Exactly the same as <literal>STRING</literal> except the
1057 content must be a valid object path (see above).
1063 <entry><literal>SIGNATURE</literal></entry>
1064 <entry>The same as <literal>STRING</literal> except the length is a single
1065 byte (thus signatures have a maximum length of 255)
1066 and the content must be a valid signature (see above).
1072 <entry><literal>ARRAY</literal></entry>
1074 A <literal>UINT32</literal> giving the length of the array data in bytes, followed by
1075 alignment padding to the alignment boundary of the array element type,
1076 followed by each array element.
1082 <entry><literal>STRUCT</literal></entry>
1084 A struct must start on an 8-byte boundary regardless of the
1085 type of the struct fields. The struct value consists of each
1086 field marshaled in sequence starting from that 8-byte
1093 <entry><literal>VARIANT</literal></entry>
1095 The marshaled <literal>SIGNATURE</literal> of a single
1096 complete type, followed by a marshaled value with the type
1097 given in the signature.
1100 1 (alignment of the signature)
1103 <entry><literal>DICT_ENTRY</literal></entry>
1105 Identical to STRUCT.
1111 <entry><literal>UNIX_FD</literal></entry>
1112 <entry>32-bit unsigned integer in the message's byte
1113 order. The actual file descriptors need to be
1114 transferred out-of-band via some platform specific
1115 mechanism. On the wire, values of this type store the index to the
1116 file descriptor in the array of file descriptors that
1117 accompany the message.</entry>
1129 <sect1 id="message-protocol">
1130 <title>Message Protocol</title>
1133 A <firstterm>message</firstterm> consists of a
1134 <firstterm>header</firstterm> and a <firstterm>body</firstterm>. If you
1135 think of a message as a package, the header is the address, and the body
1136 contains the package contents. The message delivery system uses the header
1137 information to figure out where to send the message and how to interpret
1138 it; the recipient interprets the body of the message.
1142 The body of the message is made up of zero or more
1143 <firstterm>arguments</firstterm>, which are typed values, such as an
1144 integer or a byte array.
1148 Both header and body use the D-Bus <link linkend="type-system">type
1149 system</link> and format for serializing data.
1152 <sect2 id="message-protocol-messages">
1153 <title>Message Format</title>
1156 A message consists of a header and a body. The header is a block of
1157 values with a fixed signature and meaning. The body is a separate block
1158 of values, with a signature specified in the header.
1162 The length of the header must be a multiple of 8, allowing the body to
1163 begin on an 8-byte boundary when storing the entire message in a single
1164 buffer. If the header does not naturally end on an 8-byte boundary
1165 up to 7 bytes of nul-initialized alignment padding must be added.
1169 The message body need not end on an 8-byte boundary.
1173 The maximum length of a message, including header, header alignment padding,
1174 and body is 2 to the 27th power or 134217728. Implementations must not
1175 send or accept messages exceeding this size.
1179 The signature of the header is:
1183 Written out more readably, this is:
1185 BYTE, BYTE, BYTE, BYTE, UINT32, UINT32, ARRAY of STRUCT of (BYTE,VARIANT)
1190 These values have the following meanings:
1195 <entry>Value</entry>
1196 <entry>Description</entry>
1201 <entry>1st <literal>BYTE</literal></entry>
1202 <entry>Endianness flag; ASCII 'l' for little-endian
1203 or ASCII 'B' for big-endian. Both header and body are
1204 in this endianness.</entry>
1207 <entry>2nd <literal>BYTE</literal></entry>
1208 <entry><firstterm>Message type</firstterm>. Unknown types must be ignored.
1209 Currently-defined types are described below.
1213 <entry>3rd <literal>BYTE</literal></entry>
1214 <entry>Bitwise OR of flags. Unknown flags
1215 must be ignored. Currently-defined flags are described below.
1219 <entry>4th <literal>BYTE</literal></entry>
1220 <entry>Major protocol version of the sending application. If
1221 the major protocol version of the receiving application does not
1222 match, the applications will not be able to communicate and the
1223 D-Bus connection must be disconnected. The major protocol
1224 version for this version of the specification is 1.
1228 <entry>1st <literal>UINT32</literal></entry>
1229 <entry>Length in bytes of the message body, starting
1230 from the end of the header. The header ends after
1231 its alignment padding to an 8-boundary.
1235 <entry>2nd <literal>UINT32</literal></entry>
1236 <entry>The serial of this message, used as a cookie
1237 by the sender to identify the reply corresponding
1238 to this request. This must not be zero.
1242 <entry><literal>ARRAY</literal> of <literal>STRUCT</literal> of (<literal>BYTE</literal>,<literal>VARIANT</literal>)</entry>
1243 <entry>An array of zero or more <firstterm>header
1244 fields</firstterm> where the byte is the field code, and the
1245 variant is the field value. The message type determines
1246 which fields are required.
1254 <firstterm>Message types</firstterm> that can appear in the second byte
1260 <entry>Conventional name</entry>
1261 <entry>Decimal value</entry>
1262 <entry>Description</entry>
1267 <entry><literal>INVALID</literal></entry>
1269 <entry>This is an invalid type.</entry>
1272 <entry><literal>METHOD_CALL</literal></entry>
1274 <entry>Method call.</entry>
1277 <entry><literal>METHOD_RETURN</literal></entry>
1279 <entry>Method reply with returned data.</entry>
1282 <entry><literal>ERROR</literal></entry>
1284 <entry>Error reply. If the first argument exists and is a
1285 string, it is an error message.</entry>
1288 <entry><literal>SIGNAL</literal></entry>
1290 <entry>Signal emission.</entry>
1297 Flags that can appear in the third byte of the header:
1302 <entry>Conventional name</entry>
1303 <entry>Hex value</entry>
1304 <entry>Description</entry>
1309 <entry><literal>NO_REPLY_EXPECTED</literal></entry>
1311 <entry>This message does not expect method return replies or
1312 error replies; the reply can be omitted as an
1313 optimization. However, it is compliant with this specification
1314 to return the reply despite this flag and the only harm
1315 from doing so is extra network traffic.
1319 <entry><literal>NO_AUTO_START</literal></entry>
1321 <entry>The bus must not launch an owner
1322 for the destination name in response to this message.
1330 <sect3 id="message-protocol-header-fields">
1331 <title>Header Fields</title>
1334 The array at the end of the header contains <firstterm>header
1335 fields</firstterm>, where each field is a 1-byte field code followed
1336 by a field value. A header must contain the required header fields for
1337 its message type, and zero or more of any optional header
1338 fields. Future versions of this protocol specification may add new
1339 fields. Implementations must ignore fields they do not
1340 understand. Implementations must not invent their own header fields;
1341 only changes to this specification may introduce new header fields.
1345 Again, if an implementation sees a header field code that it does not
1346 expect, it must ignore that field, as it will be part of a new
1347 (but compatible) version of this specification. This also applies
1348 to known header fields appearing in unexpected messages, for
1349 example: if a signal has a reply serial it must be ignored
1350 even though it has no meaning as of this version of the spec.
1354 However, implementations must not send or accept known header fields
1355 with the wrong type stored in the field value. So for example a
1356 message with an <literal>INTERFACE</literal> field of type
1357 <literal>UINT32</literal> would be considered corrupt.
1361 Here are the currently-defined header fields:
1366 <entry>Conventional Name</entry>
1367 <entry>Decimal Code</entry>
1369 <entry>Required In</entry>
1370 <entry>Description</entry>
1375 <entry><literal>INVALID</literal></entry>
1378 <entry>not allowed</entry>
1379 <entry>Not a valid field name (error if it appears in a message)</entry>
1382 <entry><literal>PATH</literal></entry>
1384 <entry><literal>OBJECT_PATH</literal></entry>
1385 <entry><literal>METHOD_CALL</literal>, <literal>SIGNAL</literal></entry>
1386 <entry>The object to send a call to,
1387 or the object a signal is emitted from.
1389 <literal>/org/freedesktop/DBus/Local</literal> is reserved;
1390 implementations should not send messages with this path,
1391 and the reference implementation of the bus daemon will
1392 disconnect any application that attempts to do so.
1396 <entry><literal>INTERFACE</literal></entry>
1398 <entry><literal>STRING</literal></entry>
1399 <entry><literal>SIGNAL</literal></entry>
1401 The interface to invoke a method call on, or
1402 that a signal is emitted from. Optional for
1403 method calls, required for signals.
1404 The special interface
1405 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Local</literal> is reserved;
1406 implementations should not send messages with this
1407 interface, and the reference implementation of the bus
1408 daemon will disconnect any application that attempts to
1413 <entry><literal>MEMBER</literal></entry>
1415 <entry><literal>STRING</literal></entry>
1416 <entry><literal>METHOD_CALL</literal>, <literal>SIGNAL</literal></entry>
1417 <entry>The member, either the method name or signal name.</entry>
1420 <entry><literal>ERROR_NAME</literal></entry>
1422 <entry><literal>STRING</literal></entry>
1423 <entry><literal>ERROR</literal></entry>
1424 <entry>The name of the error that occurred, for errors</entry>
1427 <entry><literal>REPLY_SERIAL</literal></entry>
1429 <entry><literal>UINT32</literal></entry>
1430 <entry><literal>ERROR</literal>, <literal>METHOD_RETURN</literal></entry>
1431 <entry>The serial number of the message this message is a reply
1432 to. (The serial number is the second <literal>UINT32</literal> in the header.)</entry>
1435 <entry><literal>DESTINATION</literal></entry>
1437 <entry><literal>STRING</literal></entry>
1438 <entry>optional</entry>
1439 <entry>The name of the connection this message is intended for.
1440 Only used in combination with the message bus, see
1441 <xref linkend="message-bus"/>.</entry>
1444 <entry><literal>SENDER</literal></entry>
1446 <entry><literal>STRING</literal></entry>
1447 <entry>optional</entry>
1448 <entry>Unique name of the sending connection.
1449 The message bus fills in this field so it is reliable; the field is
1450 only meaningful in combination with the message bus.</entry>
1453 <entry><literal>SIGNATURE</literal></entry>
1455 <entry><literal>SIGNATURE</literal></entry>
1456 <entry>optional</entry>
1457 <entry>The signature of the message body.
1458 If omitted, it is assumed to be the
1459 empty signature "" (i.e. the body must be 0-length).</entry>
1462 <entry><literal>UNIX_FDS</literal></entry>
1464 <entry><literal>UINT32</literal></entry>
1465 <entry>optional</entry>
1466 <entry>The number of Unix file descriptors that
1467 accompany the message. If omitted, it is assumed
1468 that no Unix file descriptors accompany the
1469 message. The actual file descriptors need to be
1470 transferred via platform specific mechanism
1471 out-of-band. They must be sent at the same time as
1472 part of the message itself. They may not be sent
1473 before the first byte of the message itself is
1474 transferred or after the last byte of the message
1484 <sect2 id="message-protocol-names">
1485 <title>Valid Names</title>
1487 The various names in D-Bus messages have some restrictions.
1490 There is a <firstterm>maximum name length</firstterm>
1491 of 255 which applies to bus names, interfaces, and members.
1493 <sect3 id="message-protocol-names-interface">
1494 <title>Interface names</title>
1496 Interfaces have names with type <literal>STRING</literal>, meaning that
1497 they must be valid UTF-8. However, there are also some
1498 additional restrictions that apply to interface names
1501 <listitem><para>Interface names are composed of 1 or more elements separated by
1502 a period ('.') character. All elements must contain at least
1506 <listitem><para>Each element must only contain the ASCII characters
1507 "[A-Z][a-z][0-9]_" and must not begin with a digit.
1511 <listitem><para>Interface names must contain at least one '.' (period)
1512 character (and thus at least two elements).
1515 <listitem><para>Interface names must not begin with a '.' (period) character.</para></listitem>
1516 <listitem><para>Interface names must not exceed the maximum name length.</para></listitem>
1521 Interface names should start with the reversed DNS domain name of
1522 the author of the interface (in lower-case), like interface names
1523 in Java. It is conventional for the rest of the interface name
1524 to consist of words run together, with initial capital letters
1525 on all words ("CamelCase"). Several levels of hierarchy can be used.
1526 It is also a good idea to include the major version of the interface
1527 in the name, and increment it if incompatible changes are made;
1528 this way, a single object can implement several versions of an
1529 interface in parallel, if necessary.
1533 For instance, if the owner of <literal>example.com</literal> is
1534 developing a D-Bus API for a music player, they might define
1535 interfaces called <literal>com.example.MusicPlayer1</literal>,
1536 <literal>com.example.MusicPlayer1.Track</literal> and
1537 <literal>com.example.MusicPlayer1.Seekable</literal>.
1541 D-Bus does not distinguish between the concepts that would be
1542 called classes and interfaces in Java: either can be identified on
1543 D-Bus by an interface name.
1546 <sect3 id="message-protocol-names-bus">
1547 <title>Bus names</title>
1549 Connections have one or more bus names associated with them.
1550 A connection has exactly one bus name that is a <firstterm>unique
1551 connection name</firstterm>. The unique connection name remains
1552 with the connection for its entire lifetime.
1553 A bus name is of type <literal>STRING</literal>,
1554 meaning that it must be valid UTF-8. However, there are also
1555 some additional restrictions that apply to bus names
1558 <listitem><para>Bus names that start with a colon (':')
1559 character are unique connection names. Other bus names
1560 are called <firstterm>well-known bus names</firstterm>.
1563 <listitem><para>Bus names are composed of 1 or more elements separated by
1564 a period ('.') character. All elements must contain at least
1568 <listitem><para>Each element must only contain the ASCII characters
1569 "[A-Z][a-z][0-9]_-". Only elements that are part of a unique
1570 connection name may begin with a digit, elements in
1571 other bus names must not begin with a digit.
1575 <listitem><para>Bus names must contain at least one '.' (period)
1576 character (and thus at least two elements).
1579 <listitem><para>Bus names must not begin with a '.' (period) character.</para></listitem>
1580 <listitem><para>Bus names must not exceed the maximum name length.</para></listitem>
1584 Note that the hyphen ('-') character is allowed in bus names but
1585 not in interface names.
1589 Like <link linkend="message-protocol-names-interface">interface
1590 names</link>, well-known bus names should start with the
1591 reversed DNS domain name of the author of the interface (in
1592 lower-case), and it is conventional for the rest of the well-known
1593 bus name to consist of words run together, with initial
1594 capital letters. As with interface names, including a version
1595 number in well-known bus names is a good idea; it's possible to
1596 have the well-known bus name for more than one version
1597 simultaneously if backwards compatibility is required.
1601 If a well-known bus name implies the presence of a "main" interface,
1602 that "main" interface is often given the same name as
1603 the well-known bus name, and situated at the corresponding object
1604 path. For instance, if the owner of <literal>example.com</literal>
1605 is developing a D-Bus API for a music player, they might define
1606 that any application that takes the well-known name
1607 <literal>com.example.MusicPlayer1</literal> should have an object
1608 at the object path <literal>/com/example/MusicPlayer1</literal>
1609 which implements the interface
1610 <literal>com.example.MusicPlayer1</literal>.
1613 <sect3 id="message-protocol-names-member">
1614 <title>Member names</title>
1616 Member (i.e. method or signal) names:
1618 <listitem><para>Must only contain the ASCII characters
1619 "[A-Z][a-z][0-9]_" and may not begin with a
1620 digit.</para></listitem>
1621 <listitem><para>Must not contain the '.' (period) character.</para></listitem>
1622 <listitem><para>Must not exceed the maximum name length.</para></listitem>
1623 <listitem><para>Must be at least 1 byte in length.</para></listitem>
1628 It is conventional for member names on D-Bus to consist of
1629 capitalized words with no punctuation ("camel-case").
1630 Method names should usually be verbs, such as
1631 <literal>GetItems</literal>, and signal names should usually be
1632 a description of an event, such as <literal>ItemsChanged</literal>.
1635 <sect3 id="message-protocol-names-error">
1636 <title>Error names</title>
1638 Error names have the same restrictions as interface names.
1642 Error names have the same naming conventions as interface
1643 names, and often contain <literal>.Error.</literal>; for instance,
1644 the owner of <literal>example.com</literal> might define the
1645 errors <literal>com.example.MusicPlayer.Error.FileNotFound</literal>
1646 and <literal>com.example.MusicPlayer.Error.OutOfMemory</literal>.
1647 The errors defined by D-Bus itself, such as
1648 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.Failed</literal>, follow a
1654 <sect2 id="message-protocol-types">
1655 <title>Message Types</title>
1657 Each of the message types (<literal>METHOD_CALL</literal>, <literal>METHOD_RETURN</literal>, <literal>ERROR</literal>, and
1658 <literal>SIGNAL</literal>) has its own expected usage conventions and header fields.
1659 This section describes these conventions.
1661 <sect3 id="message-protocol-types-method">
1662 <title>Method Calls</title>
1664 Some messages invoke an operation on a remote object. These are
1665 called method call messages and have the type tag <literal>METHOD_CALL</literal>. Such
1666 messages map naturally to methods on objects in a typical program.
1669 A method call message is required to have a <literal>MEMBER</literal> header field
1670 indicating the name of the method. Optionally, the message has an
1671 <literal>INTERFACE</literal> field giving the interface the method is a part of. In the
1672 absence of an <literal>INTERFACE</literal> field, if two interfaces on the same object have
1673 a method with the same name, it is undefined which of the two methods
1674 will be invoked. Implementations may also choose to return an error in
1675 this ambiguous case. However, if a method name is unique
1676 implementations must not require an interface field.
1679 Method call messages also include a <literal>PATH</literal> field
1680 indicating the object to invoke the method on. If the call is passing
1681 through a message bus, the message will also have a
1682 <literal>DESTINATION</literal> field giving the name of the connection
1683 to receive the message.
1686 When an application handles a method call message, it is required to
1687 return a reply. The reply is identified by a <literal>REPLY_SERIAL</literal> header field
1688 indicating the serial number of the <literal>METHOD_CALL</literal> being replied to. The
1689 reply can have one of two types; either <literal>METHOD_RETURN</literal> or <literal>ERROR</literal>.
1692 If the reply has type <literal>METHOD_RETURN</literal>, the arguments to the reply message
1693 are the return value(s) or "out parameters" of the method call.
1694 If the reply has type <literal>ERROR</literal>, then an "exception" has been thrown,
1695 and the call fails; no return value will be provided. It makes
1696 no sense to send multiple replies to the same method call.
1699 Even if a method call has no return values, a <literal>METHOD_RETURN</literal>
1700 reply is required, so the caller will know the method
1701 was successfully processed.
1704 The <literal>METHOD_RETURN</literal> or <literal>ERROR</literal> reply message must have the <literal>REPLY_SERIAL</literal>
1708 If a <literal>METHOD_CALL</literal> message has the flag <literal>NO_REPLY_EXPECTED</literal>,
1709 then as an optimization the application receiving the method
1710 call may choose to omit the reply message (regardless of
1711 whether the reply would have been <literal>METHOD_RETURN</literal> or <literal>ERROR</literal>).
1712 However, it is also acceptable to ignore the <literal>NO_REPLY_EXPECTED</literal>
1713 flag and reply anyway.
1716 Unless a message has the flag <literal>NO_AUTO_START</literal>, if the
1717 destination name does not exist then a program to own the destination
1718 name will be started before the message is delivered. The message
1719 will be held until the new program is successfully started or has
1720 failed to start; in case of failure, an error will be returned. This
1721 flag is only relevant in the context of a message bus, it is ignored
1722 during one-to-one communication with no intermediate bus.
1724 <sect4 id="message-protocol-types-method-apis">
1725 <title>Mapping method calls to native APIs</title>
1727 APIs for D-Bus may map method calls to a method call in a specific
1728 programming language, such as C++, or may map a method call written
1729 in an IDL to a D-Bus message.
1732 In APIs of this nature, arguments to a method are often termed "in"
1733 (which implies sent in the <literal>METHOD_CALL</literal>), or "out" (which implies
1734 returned in the <literal>METHOD_RETURN</literal>). Some APIs such as CORBA also have
1735 "inout" arguments, which are both sent and received, i.e. the caller
1736 passes in a value which is modified. Mapped to D-Bus, an "inout"
1737 argument is equivalent to an "in" argument, followed by an "out"
1738 argument. You can't pass things "by reference" over the wire, so
1739 "inout" is purely an illusion of the in-process API.
1742 Given a method with zero or one return values, followed by zero or more
1743 arguments, where each argument may be "in", "out", or "inout", the
1744 caller constructs a message by appending each "in" or "inout" argument,
1745 in order. "out" arguments are not represented in the caller's message.
1748 The recipient constructs a reply by appending first the return value
1749 if any, then each "out" or "inout" argument, in order.
1750 "in" arguments are not represented in the reply message.
1753 Error replies are normally mapped to exceptions in languages that have
1757 In converting from native APIs to D-Bus, it is perhaps nice to
1758 map D-Bus naming conventions ("FooBar") to native conventions
1759 such as "fooBar" or "foo_bar" automatically. This is OK
1760 as long as you can say that the native API is one that
1761 was specifically written for D-Bus. It makes the most sense
1762 when writing object implementations that will be exported
1763 over the bus. Object proxies used to invoke remote D-Bus
1764 objects probably need the ability to call any D-Bus method,
1765 and thus a magic name mapping like this could be a problem.
1768 This specification doesn't require anything of native API bindings;
1769 the preceding is only a suggested convention for consistency
1775 <sect3 id="message-protocol-types-signal">
1776 <title>Signal Emission</title>
1778 Unlike method calls, signal emissions have no replies.
1779 A signal emission is simply a single message of type <literal>SIGNAL</literal>.
1780 It must have three header fields: <literal>PATH</literal> giving the object
1781 the signal was emitted from, plus <literal>INTERFACE</literal> and <literal>MEMBER</literal> giving
1782 the fully-qualified name of the signal. The <literal>INTERFACE</literal> header is required
1783 for signals, though it is optional for method calls.
1787 <sect3 id="message-protocol-types-errors">
1788 <title>Errors</title>
1790 Messages of type <literal>ERROR</literal> are most commonly replies
1791 to a <literal>METHOD_CALL</literal>, but may be returned in reply
1792 to any kind of message. The message bus for example
1793 will return an <literal>ERROR</literal> in reply to a signal emission if
1794 the bus does not have enough memory to send the signal.
1797 An <literal>ERROR</literal> may have any arguments, but if the first
1798 argument is a <literal>STRING</literal>, it must be an error message.
1799 The error message may be logged or shown to the user
1804 <sect3 id="message-protocol-types-notation">
1805 <title>Notation in this document</title>
1807 This document uses a simple pseudo-IDL to describe particular method
1808 calls and signals. Here is an example of a method call:
1810 org.freedesktop.DBus.StartServiceByName (in STRING name, in UINT32 flags,
1811 out UINT32 resultcode)
1813 This means <literal>INTERFACE</literal> = org.freedesktop.DBus, <literal>MEMBER</literal> = StartServiceByName,
1814 <literal>METHOD_CALL</literal> arguments are <literal>STRING</literal> and <literal>UINT32</literal>, <literal>METHOD_RETURN</literal> argument
1815 is <literal>UINT32</literal>. Remember that the <literal>MEMBER</literal> field can't contain any '.' (period)
1816 characters so it's known that the last part of the name in
1817 the "IDL" is the member name.
1820 In C++ that might end up looking like this:
1822 unsigned int org::freedesktop::DBus::StartServiceByName (const char *name,
1823 unsigned int flags);
1825 or equally valid, the return value could be done as an argument:
1827 void org::freedesktop::DBus::StartServiceByName (const char *name,
1829 unsigned int *resultcode);
1831 It's really up to the API designer how they want to make
1832 this look. You could design an API where the namespace wasn't used
1833 in C++, using STL or Qt, using varargs, or whatever you wanted.
1836 Signals are written as follows:
1838 org.freedesktop.DBus.NameLost (STRING name)
1840 Signals don't specify "in" vs. "out" because only
1841 a single direction is possible.
1844 It isn't especially encouraged to use this lame pseudo-IDL in actual
1845 API implementations; you might use the native notation for the
1846 language you're using, or you might use COM or CORBA IDL, for example.
1851 <sect2 id="message-protocol-handling-invalid">
1852 <title>Invalid Protocol and Spec Extensions</title>
1855 For security reasons, the D-Bus protocol should be strictly parsed and
1856 validated, with the exception of defined extension points. Any invalid
1857 protocol or spec violations should result in immediately dropping the
1858 connection without notice to the other end. Exceptions should be
1859 carefully considered, e.g. an exception may be warranted for a
1860 well-understood idiosyncrasy of a widely-deployed implementation. In
1861 cases where the other end of a connection is 100% trusted and known to
1862 be friendly, skipping validation for performance reasons could also make
1863 sense in certain cases.
1867 Generally speaking violations of the "must" requirements in this spec
1868 should be considered possible attempts to exploit security, and violations
1869 of the "should" suggestions should be considered legitimate (though perhaps
1870 they should generate an error in some cases).
1874 The following extension points are built in to D-Bus on purpose and must
1875 not be treated as invalid protocol. The extension points are intended
1876 for use by future versions of this spec, they are not intended for third
1877 parties. At the moment, the only way a third party could extend D-Bus
1878 without breaking interoperability would be to introduce a way to negotiate new
1879 feature support as part of the auth protocol, using EXTENSION_-prefixed
1880 commands. There is not yet a standard way to negotiate features.
1884 In the authentication protocol (see <xref linkend="auth-protocol"/>) unknown
1885 commands result in an ERROR rather than a disconnect. This enables
1886 future extensions to the protocol. Commands starting with EXTENSION_ are
1887 reserved for third parties.
1892 The authentication protocol supports pluggable auth mechanisms.
1897 The address format (see <xref linkend="addresses"/>) supports new
1903 Messages with an unknown type (something other than
1904 <literal>METHOD_CALL</literal>, <literal>METHOD_RETURN</literal>,
1905 <literal>ERROR</literal>, <literal>SIGNAL</literal>) are ignored.
1906 Unknown-type messages must still be well-formed in the same way
1907 as the known messages, however. They still have the normal
1913 Header fields with an unknown or unexpected field code must be ignored,
1914 though again they must still be well-formed.
1919 New standard interfaces (with new methods and signals) can of course be added.
1929 <sect1 id="auth-protocol">
1930 <title>Authentication Protocol</title>
1932 Before the flow of messages begins, two applications must
1933 authenticate. A simple plain-text protocol is used for
1934 authentication; this protocol is a SASL profile, and maps fairly
1935 directly from the SASL specification. The message encoding is
1936 NOT used here, only plain text messages.
1939 In examples, "C:" and "S:" indicate lines sent by the client and
1940 server respectively.
1942 <sect2 id="auth-protocol-overview">
1943 <title>Protocol Overview</title>
1945 The protocol is a line-based protocol, where each line ends with
1946 \r\n. Each line begins with an all-caps ASCII command name containing
1947 only the character range [A-Z_], a space, then any arguments for the
1948 command, then the \r\n ending the line. The protocol is
1949 case-sensitive. All bytes must be in the ASCII character set.
1951 Commands from the client to the server are as follows:
1954 <listitem><para>AUTH [mechanism] [initial-response]</para></listitem>
1955 <listitem><para>CANCEL</para></listitem>
1956 <listitem><para>BEGIN</para></listitem>
1957 <listitem><para>DATA <data in hex encoding></para></listitem>
1958 <listitem><para>ERROR [human-readable error explanation]</para></listitem>
1959 <listitem><para>NEGOTIATE_UNIX_FD</para></listitem>
1962 From server to client are as follows:
1965 <listitem><para>REJECTED <space-separated list of mechanism names></para></listitem>
1966 <listitem><para>OK <GUID in hex></para></listitem>
1967 <listitem><para>DATA <data in hex encoding></para></listitem>
1968 <listitem><para>ERROR</para></listitem>
1969 <listitem><para>AGREE_UNIX_FD</para></listitem>
1973 Unofficial extensions to the command set must begin with the letters
1974 "EXTENSION_", to avoid conflicts with future official commands.
1975 For example, "EXTENSION_COM_MYDOMAIN_DO_STUFF".
1978 <sect2 id="auth-nul-byte">
1979 <title>Special credentials-passing nul byte</title>
1981 Immediately after connecting to the server, the client must send a
1982 single nul byte. This byte may be accompanied by credentials
1983 information on some operating systems that use sendmsg() with
1984 SCM_CREDS or SCM_CREDENTIALS to pass credentials over UNIX domain
1985 sockets. However, the nul byte must be sent even on other kinds of
1986 socket, and even on operating systems that do not require a byte to be
1987 sent in order to transmit credentials. The text protocol described in
1988 this document begins after the single nul byte. If the first byte
1989 received from the client is not a nul byte, the server may disconnect
1993 A nul byte in any context other than the initial byte is an error;
1994 the protocol is ASCII-only.
1997 The credentials sent along with the nul byte may be used with the
1998 SASL mechanism EXTERNAL.
2001 <sect2 id="auth-command-auth">
2002 <title>AUTH command</title>
2004 If an AUTH command has no arguments, it is a request to list
2005 available mechanisms. The server must respond with a REJECTED
2006 command listing the mechanisms it understands, or with an error.
2009 If an AUTH command specifies a mechanism, and the server supports
2010 said mechanism, the server should begin exchanging SASL
2011 challenge-response data with the client using DATA commands.
2014 If the server does not support the mechanism given in the AUTH
2015 command, it must send either a REJECTED command listing the mechanisms
2016 it does support, or an error.
2019 If the [initial-response] argument is provided, it is intended for use
2020 with mechanisms that have no initial challenge (or an empty initial
2021 challenge), as if it were the argument to an initial DATA command. If
2022 the selected mechanism has an initial challenge and [initial-response]
2023 was provided, the server should reject authentication by sending
2027 If authentication succeeds after exchanging DATA commands,
2028 an OK command must be sent to the client.
2031 The first octet received by the server after the \r\n of the BEGIN
2032 command from the client must be the first octet of the
2033 authenticated/encrypted stream of D-Bus messages.
2036 If BEGIN is received by the server, the first octet received
2037 by the client after the \r\n of the OK command must be the
2038 first octet of the authenticated/encrypted stream of D-Bus
2042 <sect2 id="auth-command-cancel">
2043 <title>CANCEL Command</title>
2045 At any time up to sending the BEGIN command, the client may send a
2046 CANCEL command. On receiving the CANCEL command, the server must
2047 send a REJECTED command and abort the current authentication
2051 <sect2 id="auth-command-data">
2052 <title>DATA Command</title>
2054 The DATA command may come from either client or server, and simply
2055 contains a hex-encoded block of data to be interpreted
2056 according to the SASL mechanism in use.
2059 Some SASL mechanisms support sending an "empty string";
2060 FIXME we need some way to do this.
2063 <sect2 id="auth-command-begin">
2064 <title>BEGIN Command</title>
2066 The BEGIN command acknowledges that the client has received an
2067 OK command from the server, and that the stream of messages
2071 The first octet received by the server after the \r\n of the BEGIN
2072 command from the client must be the first octet of the
2073 authenticated/encrypted stream of D-Bus messages.
2076 <sect2 id="auth-command-rejected">
2077 <title>REJECTED Command</title>
2079 The REJECTED command indicates that the current authentication
2080 exchange has failed, and further exchange of DATA is inappropriate.
2081 The client would normally try another mechanism, or try providing
2082 different responses to challenges.
2084 Optionally, the REJECTED command has a space-separated list of
2085 available auth mechanisms as arguments. If a server ever provides
2086 a list of supported mechanisms, it must provide the same list
2087 each time it sends a REJECTED message. Clients are free to
2088 ignore all lists received after the first.
2091 <sect2 id="auth-command-ok">
2092 <title>OK Command</title>
2094 The OK command indicates that the client has been
2095 authenticated. The client may now proceed with negotiating
2096 Unix file descriptor passing. To do that it shall send
2097 NEGOTIATE_UNIX_FD to the server.
2100 Otherwise, the client must respond to the OK command by
2101 sending a BEGIN command, followed by its stream of messages,
2102 or by disconnecting. The server must not accept additional
2103 commands using this protocol after the BEGIN command has been
2104 received. Further communication will be a stream of D-Bus
2105 messages (optionally encrypted, as negotiated) rather than
2109 If a client sends BEGIN the first octet received by the client
2110 after the \r\n of the OK command must be the first octet of
2111 the authenticated/encrypted stream of D-Bus messages.
2114 The OK command has one argument, which is the GUID of the server.
2115 See <xref linkend="addresses"/> for more on server GUIDs.
2118 <sect2 id="auth-command-error">
2119 <title>ERROR Command</title>
2121 The ERROR command indicates that either server or client did not
2122 know a command, does not accept the given command in the current
2123 context, or did not understand the arguments to the command. This
2124 allows the protocol to be extended; a client or server can send a
2125 command present or permitted only in new protocol versions, and if
2126 an ERROR is received instead of an appropriate response, fall back
2127 to using some other technique.
2130 If an ERROR is sent, the server or client that sent the
2131 error must continue as if the command causing the ERROR had never been
2132 received. However, the the server or client receiving the error
2133 should try something other than whatever caused the error;
2134 if only canceling/rejecting the authentication.
2137 If the D-Bus protocol changes incompatibly at some future time,
2138 applications implementing the new protocol would probably be able to
2139 check for support of the new protocol by sending a new command and
2140 receiving an ERROR from applications that don't understand it. Thus the
2141 ERROR feature of the auth protocol is an escape hatch that lets us
2142 negotiate extensions or changes to the D-Bus protocol in the future.
2145 <sect2 id="auth-command-negotiate-unix-fd">
2146 <title>NEGOTIATE_UNIX_FD Command</title>
2148 The NEGOTIATE_UNIX_FD command indicates that the client
2149 supports Unix file descriptor passing. This command may only
2150 be sent after the connection is authenticated, i.e. after OK
2151 was received by the client. This command may only be sent on
2152 transports that support Unix file descriptor passing.
2155 On receiving NEGOTIATE_UNIX_FD the server must respond with
2156 either AGREE_UNIX_FD or ERROR. It shall respond the former if
2157 the transport chosen supports Unix file descriptor passing and
2158 the server supports this feature. It shall respond the latter
2159 if the transport does not support Unix file descriptor
2160 passing, the server does not support this feature, or the
2161 server decides not to enable file descriptor passing due to
2162 security or other reasons.
2165 <sect2 id="auth-command-agree-unix-fd">
2166 <title>AGREE_UNIX_FD Command</title>
2168 The AGREE_UNIX_FD command indicates that the server supports
2169 Unix file descriptor passing. This command may only be sent
2170 after the connection is authenticated, and the client sent
2171 NEGOTIATE_UNIX_FD to enable Unix file descriptor passing. This
2172 command may only be sent on transports that support Unix file
2176 On receiving AGREE_UNIX_FD the client must respond with BEGIN,
2177 followed by its stream of messages, or by disconnecting. The
2178 server must not accept additional commands using this protocol
2179 after the BEGIN command has been received. Further
2180 communication will be a stream of D-Bus messages (optionally
2181 encrypted, as negotiated) rather than this protocol.
2184 <sect2 id="auth-command-future">
2185 <title>Future Extensions</title>
2187 Future extensions to the authentication and negotiation
2188 protocol are possible. For that new commands may be
2189 introduced. If a client or server receives an unknown command
2190 it shall respond with ERROR and not consider this fatal. New
2191 commands may be introduced both before, and after
2192 authentication, i.e. both before and after the OK command.
2195 <sect2 id="auth-examples">
2196 <title>Authentication examples</title>
2200 <title>Example of successful magic cookie authentication</title>
2202 (MAGIC_COOKIE is a made up mechanism)
2204 C: AUTH MAGIC_COOKIE 3138363935333137393635383634
2210 <title>Example of finding out mechanisms then picking one</title>
2213 S: REJECTED KERBEROS_V4 SKEY
2214 C: AUTH SKEY 7ab83f32ee
2215 S: DATA 8799cabb2ea93e
2216 C: DATA 8ac876e8f68ee9809bfa876e6f9876g8fa8e76e98f
2222 <title>Example of client sends unknown command then falls back to regular auth</title>
2226 C: AUTH MAGIC_COOKIE 3736343435313230333039
2232 <title>Example of server doesn't support initial auth mechanism</title>
2234 C: AUTH MAGIC_COOKIE 3736343435313230333039
2235 S: REJECTED KERBEROS_V4 SKEY
2236 C: AUTH SKEY 7ab83f32ee
2237 S: DATA 8799cabb2ea93e
2238 C: DATA 8ac876e8f68ee9809bfa876e6f9876g8fa8e76e98f
2244 <title>Example of wrong password or the like followed by successful retry</title>
2246 C: AUTH MAGIC_COOKIE 3736343435313230333039
2247 S: REJECTED KERBEROS_V4 SKEY
2248 C: AUTH SKEY 7ab83f32ee
2249 S: DATA 8799cabb2ea93e
2250 C: DATA 8ac876e8f68ee9809bfa876e6f9876g8fa8e76e98f
2252 C: AUTH SKEY 7ab83f32ee
2253 S: DATA 8799cabb2ea93e
2254 C: DATA 8ac876e8f68ee9809bfa876e6f9876g8fa8e76e98f
2260 <title>Example of skey cancelled and restarted</title>
2262 C: AUTH MAGIC_COOKIE 3736343435313230333039
2263 S: REJECTED KERBEROS_V4 SKEY
2264 C: AUTH SKEY 7ab83f32ee
2265 S: DATA 8799cabb2ea93e
2268 C: AUTH SKEY 7ab83f32ee
2269 S: DATA 8799cabb2ea93e
2270 C: DATA 8ac876e8f68ee9809bfa876e6f9876g8fa8e76e98f
2276 <title>Example of successful magic cookie authentication with successful negotiation of Unix FD passing</title>
2278 (MAGIC_COOKIE is a made up mechanism)
2280 C: AUTH MAGIC_COOKIE 3138363935333137393635383634
2282 C: NEGOTIATE_UNIX_FD
2288 <title>Example of successful magic cookie authentication with unsuccessful negotiation of Unix FD passing</title>
2290 (MAGIC_COOKIE is a made up mechanism)
2292 C: AUTH MAGIC_COOKIE 3138363935333137393635383634
2294 C: NEGOTIATE_UNIX_FD
2301 <sect2 id="auth-states">
2302 <title>Authentication state diagrams</title>
2305 This section documents the auth protocol in terms of
2306 a state machine for the client and the server. This is
2307 probably the most robust way to implement the protocol.
2310 <sect3 id="auth-states-client">
2311 <title>Client states</title>
2314 To more precisely describe the interaction between the
2315 protocol state machine and the authentication mechanisms the
2316 following notation is used: MECH(CHALL) means that the
2317 server challenge CHALL was fed to the mechanism MECH, which
2323 CONTINUE(RESP) means continue the auth conversation
2324 and send RESP as the response to the server;
2330 OK(RESP) means that after sending RESP to the server
2331 the client side of the auth conversation is finished
2332 and the server should return "OK";
2338 ERROR means that CHALL was invalid and could not be
2344 Both RESP and CHALL may be empty.
2348 The Client starts by getting an initial response from the
2349 default mechanism and sends AUTH MECH RESP, or AUTH MECH if
2350 the mechanism did not provide an initial response. If the
2351 mechanism returns CONTINUE, the client starts in state
2352 <emphasis>WaitingForData</emphasis>, if the mechanism
2353 returns OK the client starts in state
2354 <emphasis>WaitingForOK</emphasis>.
2358 The client should keep track of available mechanisms and
2359 which it mechanisms it has already attempted. This list is
2360 used to decide which AUTH command to send. When the list is
2361 exhausted, the client should give up and close the
2366 <title><emphasis>WaitingForData</emphasis></title>
2374 MECH(CHALL) returns CONTINUE(RESP) → send
2376 <emphasis>WaitingForData</emphasis>
2380 MECH(CHALL) returns OK(RESP) → send DATA
2381 RESP, goto <emphasis>WaitingForOK</emphasis>
2385 MECH(CHALL) returns ERROR → send ERROR
2386 [msg], goto <emphasis>WaitingForData</emphasis>
2394 Receive REJECTED [mechs] →
2395 send AUTH [next mech], goto
2396 WaitingForData or <emphasis>WaitingForOK</emphasis>
2401 Receive ERROR → send
2403 <emphasis>WaitingForReject</emphasis>
2408 Receive OK → send
2409 BEGIN, terminate auth
2410 conversation, authenticated
2415 Receive anything else → send
2417 <emphasis>WaitingForData</emphasis>
2425 <title><emphasis>WaitingForOK</emphasis></title>
2430 Receive OK → send BEGIN, terminate auth
2431 conversation, <emphasis>authenticated</emphasis>
2436 Receive REJECTED [mechs] → send AUTH [next mech],
2437 goto <emphasis>WaitingForData</emphasis> or
2438 <emphasis>WaitingForOK</emphasis>
2444 Receive DATA → send CANCEL, goto
2445 <emphasis>WaitingForReject</emphasis>
2451 Receive ERROR → send CANCEL, goto
2452 <emphasis>WaitingForReject</emphasis>
2458 Receive anything else → send ERROR, goto
2459 <emphasis>WaitingForOK</emphasis>
2467 <title><emphasis>WaitingForReject</emphasis></title>
2472 Receive REJECTED [mechs] → send AUTH [next mech],
2473 goto <emphasis>WaitingForData</emphasis> or
2474 <emphasis>WaitingForOK</emphasis>
2480 Receive anything else → terminate auth
2481 conversation, disconnect
2490 <sect3 id="auth-states-server">
2491 <title>Server states</title>
2494 For the server MECH(RESP) means that the client response
2495 RESP was fed to the the mechanism MECH, which returns one of
2500 CONTINUE(CHALL) means continue the auth conversation and
2501 send CHALL as the challenge to the client;
2507 OK means that the client has been successfully
2514 REJECTED means that the client failed to authenticate or
2515 there was an error in RESP.
2520 The server starts out in state
2521 <emphasis>WaitingForAuth</emphasis>. If the client is
2522 rejected too many times the server must disconnect the
2527 <title><emphasis>WaitingForAuth</emphasis></title>
2533 Receive AUTH → send REJECTED [mechs], goto
2534 <emphasis>WaitingForAuth</emphasis>
2540 Receive AUTH MECH RESP
2544 MECH not valid mechanism → send REJECTED
2546 <emphasis>WaitingForAuth</emphasis>
2550 MECH(RESP) returns CONTINUE(CHALL) → send
2552 <emphasis>WaitingForData</emphasis>
2556 MECH(RESP) returns OK → send OK, goto
2557 <emphasis>WaitingForBegin</emphasis>
2561 MECH(RESP) returns REJECTED → send REJECTED
2563 <emphasis>WaitingForAuth</emphasis>
2571 Receive BEGIN → terminate
2572 auth conversation, disconnect
2578 Receive ERROR → send REJECTED [mechs], goto
2579 <emphasis>WaitingForAuth</emphasis>
2585 Receive anything else → send
2587 <emphasis>WaitingForAuth</emphasis>
2596 <title><emphasis>WaitingForData</emphasis></title>
2604 MECH(RESP) returns CONTINUE(CHALL) → send
2606 <emphasis>WaitingForData</emphasis>
2610 MECH(RESP) returns OK → send OK, goto
2611 <emphasis>WaitingForBegin</emphasis>
2615 MECH(RESP) returns REJECTED → send REJECTED
2617 <emphasis>WaitingForAuth</emphasis>
2625 Receive BEGIN → terminate auth conversation,
2632 Receive CANCEL → send REJECTED [mechs], goto
2633 <emphasis>WaitingForAuth</emphasis>
2639 Receive ERROR → send REJECTED [mechs], goto
2640 <emphasis>WaitingForAuth</emphasis>
2646 Receive anything else → send ERROR, goto
2647 <emphasis>WaitingForData</emphasis>
2655 <title><emphasis>WaitingForBegin</emphasis></title>
2660 Receive BEGIN → terminate auth conversation,
2661 client authenticated
2667 Receive CANCEL → send REJECTED [mechs], goto
2668 <emphasis>WaitingForAuth</emphasis>
2674 Receive ERROR → send REJECTED [mechs], goto
2675 <emphasis>WaitingForAuth</emphasis>
2681 Receive anything else → send ERROR, goto
2682 <emphasis>WaitingForBegin</emphasis>
2692 <sect2 id="auth-mechanisms">
2693 <title>Authentication mechanisms</title>
2695 This section describes some new authentication mechanisms.
2696 D-Bus also allows any standard SASL mechanism of course.
2698 <sect3 id="auth-mechanisms-sha">
2699 <title>DBUS_COOKIE_SHA1</title>
2701 The DBUS_COOKIE_SHA1 mechanism is designed to establish that a client
2702 has the ability to read a private file owned by the user being
2703 authenticated. If the client can prove that it has access to a secret
2704 cookie stored in this file, then the client is authenticated.
2705 Thus the security of DBUS_COOKIE_SHA1 depends on a secure home
2709 Throughout this description, "hex encoding" must output the digits
2710 from a to f in lower-case; the digits A to F must not be used
2711 in the DBUS_COOKIE_SHA1 mechanism.
2714 Authentication proceeds as follows:
2718 The client sends the username it would like to authenticate
2724 The server sends the name of its "cookie context" (see below); a
2725 space character; the integer ID of the secret cookie the client
2726 must demonstrate knowledge of; a space character; then a
2727 randomly-generated challenge string, all of this hex-encoded into
2733 The client locates the cookie and generates its own
2734 randomly-generated challenge string. The client then concatenates
2735 the server's decoded challenge, a ":" character, its own challenge,
2736 another ":" character, and the cookie. It computes the SHA-1 hash
2737 of this composite string as a hex digest. It concatenates the
2738 client's challenge string, a space character, and the SHA-1 hex
2739 digest, hex-encodes the result and sends it back to the server.
2744 The server generates the same concatenated string used by the
2745 client and computes its SHA-1 hash. It compares the hash with
2746 the hash received from the client; if the two hashes match, the
2747 client is authenticated.
2753 Each server has a "cookie context," which is a name that identifies a
2754 set of cookies that apply to that server. A sample context might be
2755 "org_freedesktop_session_bus". Context names must be valid ASCII,
2756 nonzero length, and may not contain the characters slash ("/"),
2757 backslash ("\"), space (" "), newline ("\n"), carriage return ("\r"),
2758 tab ("\t"), or period ("."). There is a default context,
2759 "org_freedesktop_general" that's used by servers that do not specify
2763 Cookies are stored in a user's home directory, in the directory
2764 <filename>~/.dbus-keyrings/</filename>. This directory must
2765 not be readable or writable by other users. If it is,
2766 clients and servers must ignore it. The directory
2767 contains cookie files named after the cookie context.
2770 A cookie file contains one cookie per line. Each line
2771 has three space-separated fields:
2775 The cookie ID number, which must be a non-negative integer and
2776 may not be used twice in the same file.
2781 The cookie's creation time, in UNIX seconds-since-the-epoch
2787 The cookie itself, a hex-encoded random block of bytes. The cookie
2788 may be of any length, though obviously security increases
2789 as the length increases.
2795 Only server processes modify the cookie file.
2796 They must do so with this procedure:
2800 Create a lockfile name by appending ".lock" to the name of the
2801 cookie file. The server should attempt to create this file
2802 using <literal>O_CREAT | O_EXCL</literal>. If file creation
2803 fails, the lock fails. Servers should retry for a reasonable
2804 period of time, then they may choose to delete an existing lock
2805 to keep users from having to manually delete a stale
2806 lock. <footnote><para>Lockfiles are used instead of real file
2807 locking <literal>fcntl()</literal> because real locking
2808 implementations are still flaky on network
2809 filesystems.</para></footnote>
2814 Once the lockfile has been created, the server loads the cookie
2815 file. It should then delete any cookies that are old (the
2816 timeout can be fairly short), or more than a reasonable
2817 time in the future (so that cookies never accidentally
2818 become permanent, if the clock was set far into the future
2819 at some point). If no recent keys remain, the
2820 server may generate a new key.
2825 The pruned and possibly added-to cookie file
2826 must be resaved atomically (using a temporary
2827 file which is rename()'d).
2832 The lock must be dropped by deleting the lockfile.
2838 Clients need not lock the file in order to load it,
2839 because servers are required to save the file atomically.
2844 <sect1 id="addresses">
2845 <title>Server Addresses</title>
2847 Server addresses consist of a transport name followed by a colon, and
2848 then an optional, comma-separated list of keys and values in the form key=value.
2849 Each value is escaped.
2853 <programlisting>unix:path=/tmp/dbus-test</programlisting>
2854 Which is the address to a unix socket with the path /tmp/dbus-test.
2857 Value escaping is similar to URI escaping but simpler.
2861 The set of optionally-escaped bytes is:
2862 <literal>[0-9A-Za-z_-/.\]</literal>. To escape, each
2863 <emphasis>byte</emphasis> (note, not character) which is not in the
2864 set of optionally-escaped bytes must be replaced with an ASCII
2865 percent (<literal>%</literal>) and the value of the byte in hex.
2866 The hex value must always be two digits, even if the first digit is
2867 zero. The optionally-escaped bytes may be escaped if desired.
2872 To unescape, append each byte in the value; if a byte is an ASCII
2873 percent (<literal>%</literal>) character then append the following
2874 hex value instead. It is an error if a <literal>%</literal> byte
2875 does not have two hex digits following. It is an error if a
2876 non-optionally-escaped byte is seen unescaped.
2880 The set of optionally-escaped bytes is intended to preserve address
2881 readability and convenience.
2885 A server may specify a key-value pair with the key <literal>guid</literal>
2886 and the value a hex-encoded 16-byte sequence. <xref linkend="uuids"/>
2887 describes the format of the <literal>guid</literal> field. If present,
2888 this UUID may be used to distinguish one server address from another. A
2889 server should use a different UUID for each address it listens on. For
2890 example, if a message bus daemon offers both UNIX domain socket and TCP
2891 connections, but treats clients the same regardless of how they connect,
2892 those two connections are equivalent post-connection but should have
2893 distinct UUIDs to distinguish the kinds of connection.
2897 The intent of the address UUID feature is to allow a client to avoid
2898 opening multiple identical connections to the same server, by allowing the
2899 client to check whether an address corresponds to an already-existing
2900 connection. Comparing two addresses is insufficient, because addresses
2901 can be recycled by distinct servers, and equivalent addresses may look
2902 different if simply compared as strings (for example, the host in a TCP
2903 address can be given as an IP address or as a hostname).
2907 Note that the address key is <literal>guid</literal> even though the
2908 rest of the API and documentation says "UUID," for historical reasons.
2912 [FIXME clarify if attempting to connect to each is a requirement
2913 or just a suggestion]
2914 When connecting to a server, multiple server addresses can be
2915 separated by a semi-colon. The library will then try to connect
2916 to the first address and if that fails, it'll try to connect to
2917 the next one specified, and so forth. For example
2918 <programlisting>unix:path=/tmp/dbus-test;unix:path=/tmp/dbus-test2</programlisting>
2923 <sect1 id="transports">
2924 <title>Transports</title>
2926 [FIXME we need to specify in detail each transport and its possible arguments]
2928 Current transports include: unix domain sockets (including
2929 abstract namespace on linux), launchd, systemd, TCP/IP, an executed subprocess and a debug/testing transport
2930 using in-process pipes. Future possible transports include one that
2931 tunnels over X11 protocol.
2934 <sect2 id="transports-unix-domain-sockets">
2935 <title>Unix Domain Sockets</title>
2937 Unix domain sockets can be either paths in the file system or on Linux
2938 kernels, they can be abstract which are similar to paths but
2939 do not show up in the file system.
2943 When a socket is opened by the D-Bus library it truncates the path
2944 name right before the first trailing Nul byte. This is true for both
2945 normal paths and abstract paths. Note that this is a departure from
2946 previous versions of D-Bus that would create sockets with a fixed
2947 length path name. Names which were shorter than the fixed length
2948 would be padded by Nul bytes.
2951 Unix domain sockets are not available on Windows.
2953 <sect3 id="transports-unix-domain-sockets-addresses">
2954 <title>Server Address Format</title>
2956 Unix domain socket addresses are identified by the "unix:" prefix
2957 and support the following key/value pairs:
2964 <entry>Values</entry>
2965 <entry>Description</entry>
2971 <entry>(path)</entry>
2972 <entry>path of the unix domain socket. If set, the "tmpdir" and "abstract" key must not be set.</entry>
2975 <entry>tmpdir</entry>
2976 <entry>(path)</entry>
2977 <entry>temporary directory in which a socket file with a random file name starting with 'dbus-' will be created by the server. This key can only be used in server addresses, not in client addresses. If set, the "path" and "abstract" key must not be set.</entry>
2980 <entry>abstract</entry>
2981 <entry>(string)</entry>
2982 <entry>unique string (path) in the abstract namespace. If set, the "path" or "tempdir" key must not be set.</entry>
2989 <sect2 id="transports-launchd">
2990 <title>launchd</title>
2992 launchd is an open-source server management system that replaces init, inetd
2993 and cron on Apple Mac OS X versions 10.4 and above. It provides a common session
2994 bus address for each user and deprecates the X11-enabled D-Bus launcher on OSX.
2998 launchd allocates a socket and provides it with the unix path through the
2999 DBUS_LAUNCHD_SESSION_BUS_SOCKET variable in launchd's environment. Every process
3000 spawned by launchd (or dbus-daemon, if it was started by launchd) can access
3001 it through its environment.
3002 Other processes can query for the launchd socket by executing:
3003 $ launchctl getenv DBUS_LAUNCHD_SESSION_BUS_SOCKET
3004 This is normally done by the D-Bus client library so doesn't have to be done
3008 launchd is not available on Microsoft Windows.
3010 <sect3 id="transports-launchd-addresses">
3011 <title>Server Address Format</title>
3013 launchd addresses are identified by the "launchd:" prefix
3014 and support the following key/value pairs:
3021 <entry>Values</entry>
3022 <entry>Description</entry>
3028 <entry>(environment variable)</entry>
3029 <entry>path of the unix domain socket for the launchd created dbus-daemon.</entry>
3036 <sect2 id="transports-systemd">
3037 <title>systemd</title>
3039 systemd is an open-source server management system that
3040 replaces init and inetd on newer Linux systems. It supports
3041 socket activation. The D-Bus systemd transport is used to acquire
3042 socket activation file descriptors from systemd and use them
3043 as D-Bus transport when the current process is spawned by
3044 socket activation from it.
3047 The systemd transport accepts only one or more Unix domain or
3048 TCP streams sockets passed in via socket activation.
3051 The systemd transport is not available on non-Linux operating systems.
3054 The systemd transport defines no parameter keys.
3057 <sect2 id="transports-tcp-sockets">
3058 <title>TCP Sockets</title>
3060 The tcp transport provides TCP/IP based connections between clients
3061 located on the same or different hosts.
3064 Using tcp transport without any additional secure authentification mechanismus
3065 over a network is unsecure.
3068 Windows notes: Because of the tcp stack on Windows does not provide sending
3069 credentials over a tcp connection, the EXTERNAL authentification
3070 mechanismus does not work.
3072 <sect3 id="transports-tcp-sockets-addresses">
3073 <title>Server Address Format</title>
3075 TCP/IP socket addresses are identified by the "tcp:" prefix
3076 and support the following key/value pairs:
3083 <entry>Values</entry>
3084 <entry>Description</entry>
3090 <entry>(string)</entry>
3091 <entry>dns name or ip address</entry>
3095 <entry>(number)</entry>
3096 <entry>The tcp port the server will open. A zero value let the server
3097 choose a free port provided from the underlaying operating system.
3098 libdbus is able to retrieve the real used port from the server.
3102 <entry>family</entry>
3103 <entry>(string)</entry>
3104 <entry>If set, provide the type of socket family either "ipv4" or "ipv6". If unset, the family is unspecified.</entry>
3111 <sect2 id="transports-nonce-tcp-sockets">
3112 <title>Nonce-secured TCP Sockets</title>
3114 The nonce-tcp transport provides a secured TCP transport, using a
3115 simple authentication mechanism to ensure that only clients with read
3116 access to a certain location in the filesystem can connect to the server.
3117 The server writes a secret, the nonce, to a file and an incoming client
3118 connection is only accepted if the client sends the nonce right after
3119 the connect. The nonce mechanism requires no setup and is orthogonal to
3120 the higher-level authentication mechanisms described in the
3121 Authentication section.
3125 On start, the server generates a random 16 byte nonce and writes it
3126 to a file in the user's temporary directory. The nonce file location
3127 is published as part of the server's D-Bus address using the
3128 "noncefile" key-value pair.
3130 After an accept, the server reads 16 bytes from the socket. If the
3131 read bytes do not match the nonce stored in the nonce file, the
3132 server MUST immediately drop the connection.
3133 If the nonce match the received byte sequence, the client is accepted
3134 and the transport behaves like an unsecured tcp transport.
3137 After a successful connect to the server socket, the client MUST read
3138 the nonce from the file published by the server via the noncefile=
3139 key-value pair and send it over the socket. After that, the
3140 transport behaves like an unsecured tcp transport.
3142 <sect3 id="transports-nonce-tcp-sockets-addresses">
3143 <title>Server Address Format</title>
3145 Nonce TCP/IP socket addresses uses the "nonce-tcp:" prefix
3146 and support the following key/value pairs:
3153 <entry>Values</entry>
3154 <entry>Description</entry>
3160 <entry>(string)</entry>
3161 <entry>dns name or ip address</entry>
3165 <entry>(number)</entry>
3166 <entry>The tcp port the server will open. A zero value let the server
3167 choose a free port provided from the underlaying operating system.
3168 libdbus is able to retrieve the real used port from the server.
3172 <entry>family</entry>
3173 <entry>(string)</entry>
3174 <entry>If set, provide the type of socket family either "ipv4" or "ipv6". If unset, the family is unspecified.</entry>
3177 <entry>noncefile</entry>
3178 <entry>(path)</entry>
3179 <entry>file location containing the secret</entry>
3186 <sect2 id="transports-exec">
3187 <title>Executed Subprocesses on Unix</title>
3189 This transport forks off a process and connects its standard
3190 input and standard output with an anonymous Unix domain
3191 socket. This socket is then used for communication by the
3192 transport. This transport may be used to use out-of-process
3193 forwarder programs as basis for the D-Bus protocol.
3196 The forked process will inherit the standard error output and
3197 process group from the parent process.
3200 Executed subprocesses are not available on Windows.
3202 <sect3 id="transports-exec-addresses">
3203 <title>Server Address Format</title>
3205 Executed subprocess addresses are identified by the "unixexec:" prefix
3206 and support the following key/value pairs:
3213 <entry>Values</entry>
3214 <entry>Description</entry>
3220 <entry>(path)</entry>
3221 <entry>Path of the binary to execute, either an absolute
3222 path or a binary name that is searched for in the default
3223 search path of the OS. This corresponds to the first
3224 argument of execlp(). This key is mandatory.</entry>
3227 <entry>argv0</entry>
3228 <entry>(string)</entry>
3229 <entry>The program name to use when executing the
3230 binary. If omitted the same value as specified for path=
3231 will be used. This corresponds to the second argument of
3235 <entry>argv1, argv2, ...</entry>
3236 <entry>(string)</entry>
3237 <entry>Arguments to pass to the binary. This corresponds
3238 to the third and later arguments of execlp(). If a
3239 specific argvX is not specified no further argvY for Y > X
3240 are taken into account.</entry>
3248 <sect1 id="meta-transports">
3249 <title>Meta Transports</title>
3251 Meta transports are a kind of transport with special enhancements or
3252 behavior. Currently available meta transports include: autolaunch
3255 <sect2 id="meta-transports-autolaunch">
3256 <title>Autolaunch</title>
3257 <para>The autolaunch transport provides a way for dbus clients to autodetect
3258 a running dbus session bus and to autolaunch a session bus if not present.
3260 <sect3 id="meta-transports-autolaunch-addresses">
3261 <title>Server Address Format</title>
3263 Autolaunch addresses uses the "autolaunch:" prefix and support the
3264 following key/value pairs:
3271 <entry>Values</entry>
3272 <entry>Description</entry>
3277 <entry>scope</entry>
3278 <entry>(string)</entry>
3279 <entry>scope of autolaunch (Windows only)
3283 "*install-path" - limit session bus to dbus installation path.
3284 The dbus installation path is determined from the location of
3285 the shared dbus library. If the library is located in a 'bin'
3286 subdirectory the installation root is the directory above,
3287 otherwise the directory where the library lives is taken as
3290 <install-root>/bin/[lib]dbus-1.dll
3291 <install-root>/[lib]dbus-1.dll
3297 "*user" - limit session bus to the recent user.
3302 other values - specify dedicated session bus like "release",
3314 <sect3 id="meta-transports-autolaunch-windows-implementation">
3315 <title>Windows implementation</title>
3317 On start, the server opens a platform specific transport, creates a mutex
3318 and a shared memory section containing the related session bus address.
3319 This mutex will be inspected by the dbus client library to detect a
3320 running dbus session bus. The access to the mutex and the shared memory
3321 section are protected by global locks.
3324 In the recent implementation the autolaunch transport uses a tcp transport
3325 on localhost with a port choosen from the operating system. This detail may
3326 change in the future.
3329 Disclaimer: The recent implementation is in an early state and may not
3330 work in all cirumstances and/or may have security issues. Because of this
3331 the implementation is not documentated yet.
3338 <title>UUIDs</title>
3340 A working D-Bus implementation uses universally-unique IDs in two places.
3341 First, each server address has a UUID identifying the address,
3342 as described in <xref linkend="addresses"/>. Second, each operating
3343 system kernel instance running a D-Bus client or server has a UUID
3344 identifying that kernel, retrieved by invoking the method
3345 org.freedesktop.DBus.Peer.GetMachineId() (see <xref
3346 linkend="standard-interfaces-peer"/>).
3349 The term "UUID" in this document is intended literally, i.e. an
3350 identifier that is universally unique. It is not intended to refer to
3351 RFC4122, and in fact the D-Bus UUID is not compatible with that RFC.
3354 The UUID must contain 128 bits of data and be hex-encoded. The
3355 hex-encoded string may not contain hyphens or other non-hex-digit
3356 characters, and it must be exactly 32 characters long. To generate a
3357 UUID, the current reference implementation concatenates 96 bits of random
3358 data followed by the 32-bit time in seconds since the UNIX epoch (in big
3362 It would also be acceptable and probably better to simply generate 128
3363 bits of random data, as long as the random number generator is of high
3364 quality. The timestamp could conceivably help if the random bits are not
3365 very random. With a quality random number generator, collisions are
3366 extremely unlikely even with only 96 bits, so it's somewhat academic.
3369 Implementations should, however, stick to random data for the first 96 bits
3374 <sect1 id="standard-interfaces">
3375 <title>Standard Interfaces</title>
3377 See <xref linkend="message-protocol-types-notation"/> for details on
3378 the notation used in this section. There are some standard interfaces
3379 that may be useful across various D-Bus applications.
3381 <sect2 id="standard-interfaces-peer">
3382 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Peer</literal></title>
3384 The <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Peer</literal> interface
3387 org.freedesktop.DBus.Peer.Ping ()
3388 org.freedesktop.DBus.Peer.GetMachineId (out STRING machine_uuid)
3392 On receipt of the <literal>METHOD_CALL</literal> message
3393 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Peer.Ping</literal>, an application should do
3394 nothing other than reply with a <literal>METHOD_RETURN</literal> as
3395 usual. It does not matter which object path a ping is sent to. The
3396 reference implementation handles this method automatically.
3399 On receipt of the <literal>METHOD_CALL</literal> message
3400 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Peer.GetMachineId</literal>, an application should
3401 reply with a <literal>METHOD_RETURN</literal> containing a hex-encoded
3402 UUID representing the identity of the machine the process is running on.
3403 This UUID must be the same for all processes on a single system at least
3404 until that system next reboots. It should be the same across reboots
3405 if possible, but this is not always possible to implement and is not
3407 It does not matter which object path a GetMachineId is sent to. The
3408 reference implementation handles this method automatically.
3411 The UUID is intended to be per-instance-of-the-operating-system, so may represent
3412 a virtual machine running on a hypervisor, rather than a physical machine.
3413 Basically if two processes see the same UUID, they should also see the same
3414 shared memory, UNIX domain sockets, process IDs, and other features that require
3415 a running OS kernel in common between the processes.
3418 The UUID is often used where other programs might use a hostname. Hostnames
3419 can change without rebooting, however, or just be "localhost" - so the UUID
3423 <xref linkend="uuids"/> explains the format of the UUID.
3427 <sect2 id="standard-interfaces-introspectable">
3428 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectable</literal></title>
3430 This interface has one method:
3432 org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectable.Introspect (out STRING xml_data)
3436 Objects instances may implement
3437 <literal>Introspect</literal> which returns an XML description of
3438 the object, including its interfaces (with signals and methods), objects
3439 below it in the object path tree, and its properties.
3442 <xref linkend="introspection-format"/> describes the format of this XML string.
3445 <sect2 id="standard-interfaces-properties">
3446 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties</literal></title>
3448 Many native APIs will have a concept of object <firstterm>properties</firstterm>
3449 or <firstterm>attributes</firstterm>. These can be exposed via the
3450 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties</literal> interface.
3454 org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties.Get (in STRING interface_name,
3455 in STRING property_name,
3457 org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties.Set (in STRING interface_name,
3458 in STRING property_name,
3460 org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties.GetAll (in STRING interface_name,
3461 out DICT<STRING,VARIANT> props);
3465 It is conventional to give D-Bus properties names consisting of
3466 capitalized words without punctuation ("CamelCase"), like
3467 <link linkend="message-protocol-names-member">member names</link>.
3468 For instance, the GObject property
3469 <literal>connection-status</literal> or the Qt property
3470 <literal>connectionStatus</literal> could be represented on D-Bus
3471 as <literal>ConnectionStatus</literal>.
3474 Strictly speaking, D-Bus property names are not required to follow
3475 the same naming restrictions as member names, but D-Bus property
3476 names that would not be valid member names (in particular,
3477 GObject-style dash-separated property names) can cause interoperability
3478 problems and should be avoided.
3481 The available properties and whether they are writable can be determined
3482 by calling <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectable.Introspect</literal>,
3483 see <xref linkend="standard-interfaces-introspectable"/>.
3486 An empty string may be provided for the interface name; in this case,
3487 if there are multiple properties on an object with the same name,
3488 the results are undefined (picking one by according to an arbitrary
3489 deterministic rule, or returning an error, are the reasonable
3493 If one or more properties change on an object, the
3494 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties.PropertiesChanged</literal>
3495 signal may be emitted (this signal was added in 0.14):
3499 org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties.PropertiesChanged (STRING interface_name,
3500 DICT<STRING,VARIANT> changed_properties,
3501 ARRAY<STRING> invalidated_properties);
3505 where <literal>changed_properties</literal> is a dictionary
3506 containing the changed properties with the new values and
3507 <literal>invalidated_properties</literal> is an array of
3508 properties that changed but the value is not conveyed.
3511 Whether the <literal>PropertiesChanged</literal> signal is
3512 supported can be determined by calling
3513 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectable.Introspect</literal>. Note
3514 that the signal may be supported for an object but it may
3515 differ how whether and how it is used on a per-property basis
3516 (for e.g. performance or security reasons). Each property (or
3517 the parent interface) must be annotated with the
3518 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal</literal>
3519 annotation to convey this (usually the default value
3520 <literal>true</literal> is sufficient meaning that the
3521 annotation does not need to be used). See <xref
3522 linkend="introspection-format"/> for details on this
3527 <sect2 id="standard-interfaces-objectmanager">
3528 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.ObjectManager</literal></title>
3530 An API can optionally make use of this interface for one or
3531 more sub-trees of objects. The root of each sub-tree implements
3532 this interface so other applications can get all objects,
3533 interfaces and properties in a single method call. It is
3534 appropriate to use this interface if users of the tree of
3535 objects are expected to be interested in all interfaces of all
3536 objects in the tree; a more granular API should be used if
3537 users of the objects are expected to be interested in a small
3538 subset of the objects, a small subset of their interfaces, or
3542 The method that applications can use to get all objects and
3543 properties is <literal>GetManagedObjects</literal>:
3547 org.freedesktop.DBus.ObjectManager.GetManagedObjects (out DICT<OBJPATH,DICT<STRING,DICT<STRING,VARIANT>>> objpath_interfaces_and_properties);
3551 The return value of this method is a dict whose keys are
3552 object paths. All returned object paths are children of the
3553 object path implementing this interface, i.e. their object
3554 paths start with the ObjectManager's object path plus '/'.
3557 Each value is a dict whose keys are interfaces names. Each
3558 value in this inner dict is the same dict that would be
3559 returned by the <link
3560 linkend="standard-interfaces-properties">org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties.GetAll()</link>
3561 method for that combination of object path and interface. If
3562 an interface has no properties, the empty dict is returned.
3565 Changes are emitted using the following two signals:
3569 org.freedesktop.DBus.ObjectManager.InterfacesAdded (OBJPATH object_path,
3570 DICT<STRING,DICT<STRING,VARIANT>> interfaces_and_properties);
3571 org.freedesktop.DBus.ObjectManager.InterfacesRemoved (OBJPATH object_path,
3572 ARRAY<STRING> interfaces);
3576 The <literal>InterfacesAdded</literal> signal is emitted when
3577 either a new object is added or when an existing object gains
3578 one or more interfaces. The
3579 <literal>InterfacesRemoved</literal> signal is emitted
3580 whenever an object is removed or it loses one or more
3581 interfaces. The second parameter of the
3582 <literal>InterfacesAdded</literal> signal contains a dict with
3583 the interfaces and properties (if any) that have been added to
3584 the given object path. Similarly, the second parameter of the
3585 <literal>InterfacesRemoved</literal> signal contains an array
3586 of the interfaces that were removed. Note that changes on
3587 properties on existing interfaces are not reported using this
3588 interface - an application should also monitor the existing <link
3589 linkend="standard-interfaces-properties">PropertiesChanged</link>
3590 signal on each object.
3593 Applications SHOULD NOT export objects that are children of an
3594 object (directly or otherwise) implementing this interface but
3595 which are not returned in the reply from the
3596 <literal>GetManagedObjects()</literal> method of this
3597 interface on the given object.
3600 The intent of the <literal>ObjectManager</literal> interface
3601 is to make it easy to write a robust client
3602 implementation. The trivial client implementation only needs
3603 to make two method calls:
3607 org.freedesktop.DBus.AddMatch (bus_proxy,
3608 "type='signal',name='org.example.App',path_namespace='/org/example/App'");
3609 objects = org.freedesktop.DBus.ObjectManager.GetManagedObjects (app_proxy);
3613 on the message bus and the remote application's
3614 <literal>ObjectManager</literal>, respectively. Whenever a new
3615 remote object is created (or an existing object gains a new
3616 interface), the <literal>InterfacesAdded</literal> signal is
3617 emitted, and since this signal contains all properties for the
3618 interfaces, no calls to the
3619 <literal>org.freedesktop.Properties</literal> interface on the
3620 remote object are needed. Additionally, since the initial
3621 <literal>AddMatch()</literal> rule already includes signal
3622 messages from the newly created child object, no new
3623 <literal>AddMatch()</literal> call is needed.
3628 The <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.ObjectManager</literal>
3629 interface was added in version 0.17 of the D-Bus
3636 <sect1 id="introspection-format">
3637 <title>Introspection Data Format</title>
3639 As described in <xref linkend="standard-interfaces-introspectable"/>,
3640 objects may be introspected at runtime, returning an XML string
3641 that describes the object. The same XML format may be used in
3642 other contexts as well, for example as an "IDL" for generating
3643 static language bindings.
3646 Here is an example of introspection data:
3648 <!DOCTYPE node PUBLIC "-//freedesktop//DTD D-BUS Object Introspection 1.0//EN"
3649 "http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/dbus/1.0/introspect.dtd">
3650 <node name="/org/freedesktop/sample_object">
3651 <interface name="org.freedesktop.SampleInterface">
3652 <method name="Frobate">
3653 <arg name="foo" type="i" direction="in"/>
3654 <arg name="bar" type="s" direction="out"/>
3655 <arg name="baz" type="a{us}" direction="out"/>
3656 <annotation name="org.freedesktop.DBus.Deprecated" value="true"/>
3658 <method name="Bazify">
3659 <arg name="bar" type="(iiu)" direction="in"/>
3660 <arg name="bar" type="v" direction="out"/>
3662 <method name="Mogrify">
3663 <arg name="bar" type="(iiav)" direction="in"/>
3665 <signal name="Changed">
3666 <arg name="new_value" type="b"/>
3668 <property name="Bar" type="y" access="readwrite"/>
3670 <node name="child_of_sample_object"/>
3671 <node name="another_child_of_sample_object"/>
3676 A more formal DTD and spec needs writing, but here are some quick notes.
3680 Only the root <node> element can omit the node name, as it's
3681 known to be the object that was introspected. If the root
3682 <node> does have a name attribute, it must be an absolute
3683 object path. If child <node> have object paths, they must be
3689 If a child <node> has any sub-elements, then they
3690 must represent a complete introspection of the child.
3691 If a child <node> is empty, then it may or may
3692 not have sub-elements; the child must be introspected
3693 in order to find out. The intent is that if an object
3694 knows that its children are "fast" to introspect
3695 it can go ahead and return their information, but
3696 otherwise it can omit it.
3701 The direction element on <arg> may be omitted,
3702 in which case it defaults to "in" for method calls
3703 and "out" for signals. Signals only allow "out"
3704 so while direction may be specified, it's pointless.
3709 The possible directions are "in" and "out",
3710 unlike CORBA there is no "inout"
3715 The possible property access flags are
3716 "readwrite", "read", and "write"
3721 Multiple interfaces can of course be listed for
3727 The "name" attribute on arguments is optional.
3733 Method, interface, property, and signal elements may have
3734 "annotations", which are generic key/value pairs of metadata.
3735 They are similar conceptually to Java's annotations and C# attributes.
3736 Well-known annotations:
3743 <entry>Values (separated by ,)</entry>
3744 <entry>Description</entry>
3749 <entry>org.freedesktop.DBus.Deprecated</entry>
3750 <entry>true,false</entry>
3751 <entry>Whether or not the entity is deprecated; defaults to false</entry>
3754 <entry>org.freedesktop.DBus.GLib.CSymbol</entry>
3755 <entry>(string)</entry>
3756 <entry>The C symbol; may be used for methods and interfaces</entry>
3759 <entry>org.freedesktop.DBus.Method.NoReply</entry>
3760 <entry>true,false</entry>
3761 <entry>If set, don't expect a reply to the method call; defaults to false.</entry>
3764 <entry>org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal</entry>
3765 <entry>true,invalidates,false</entry>
3768 If set to <literal>false</literal>, the
3769 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties.PropertiesChanged</literal>
3771 linkend="standard-interfaces-properties"/> is not
3772 guaranteed to be emitted if the property changes.
3775 If set to <literal>invalidates</literal> the signal
3776 is emitted but the value is not included in the
3780 If set to <literal>true</literal> the signal is
3781 emitted with the value included.
3784 The value for the annotation defaults to
3785 <literal>true</literal> if the enclosing interface
3786 element does not specify the annotation. Otherwise it
3787 defaults to the value specified in the enclosing
3796 <sect1 id="message-bus">
3797 <title>Message Bus Specification</title>
3798 <sect2 id="message-bus-overview">
3799 <title>Message Bus Overview</title>
3801 The message bus accepts connections from one or more applications.
3802 Once connected, applications can exchange messages with other
3803 applications that are also connected to the bus.
3806 In order to route messages among connections, the message bus keeps a
3807 mapping from names to connections. Each connection has one
3808 unique-for-the-lifetime-of-the-bus name automatically assigned.
3809 Applications may request additional names for a connection. Additional
3810 names are usually "well-known names" such as
3811 "org.freedesktop.TextEditor". When a name is bound to a connection,
3812 that connection is said to <firstterm>own</firstterm> the name.
3815 The bus itself owns a special name,
3816 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus</literal>, with an object
3817 located at <literal>/org/freedesktop/DBus</literal> that
3818 implements the <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus</literal>
3819 interface. This service allows applications to make
3820 administrative requests of the bus itself. For example,
3821 applications can ask the bus to assign a name to a connection.
3824 Each name may have <firstterm>queued owners</firstterm>. When an
3825 application requests a name for a connection and the name is already in
3826 use, the bus will optionally add the connection to a queue waiting for
3827 the name. If the current owner of the name disconnects or releases
3828 the name, the next connection in the queue will become the new owner.
3832 This feature causes the right thing to happen if you start two text
3833 editors for example; the first one may request "org.freedesktop.TextEditor",
3834 and the second will be queued as a possible owner of that name. When
3835 the first exits, the second will take over.
3839 Applications may send <firstterm>unicast messages</firstterm> to
3840 a specific recipient or to the message bus itself, or
3841 <firstterm>broadcast messages</firstterm> to all interested recipients.
3842 See <xref linkend="message-bus-routing"/> for details.
3846 <sect2 id="message-bus-names">
3847 <title>Message Bus Names</title>
3849 Each connection has at least one name, assigned at connection time and
3850 returned in response to the
3851 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Hello</literal> method call. This
3852 automatically-assigned name is called the connection's <firstterm>unique
3853 name</firstterm>. Unique names are never reused for two different
3854 connections to the same bus.
3857 Ownership of a unique name is a prerequisite for interaction with
3858 the message bus. It logically follows that the unique name is always
3859 the first name that an application comes to own, and the last
3860 one that it loses ownership of.
3863 Unique connection names must begin with the character ':' (ASCII colon
3864 character); bus names that are not unique names must not begin
3865 with this character. (The bus must reject any attempt by an application
3866 to manually request a name beginning with ':'.) This restriction
3867 categorically prevents "spoofing"; messages sent to a unique name
3868 will always go to the expected connection.
3871 When a connection is closed, all the names that it owns are deleted (or
3872 transferred to the next connection in the queue if any).
3875 A connection can request additional names to be associated with it using
3876 the <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.RequestName</literal> message. <xref
3877 linkend="message-protocol-names-bus"/> describes the format of a valid
3878 name. These names can be released again using the
3879 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.ReleaseName</literal> message.
3882 <sect3 id="bus-messages-request-name">
3883 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.RequestName</literal></title>
3887 UINT32 RequestName (in STRING name, in UINT32 flags)
3894 <entry>Argument</entry>
3896 <entry>Description</entry>
3902 <entry>STRING</entry>
3903 <entry>Name to request</entry>
3907 <entry>UINT32</entry>
3908 <entry>Flags</entry>
3918 <entry>Argument</entry>
3920 <entry>Description</entry>
3926 <entry>UINT32</entry>
3927 <entry>Return value</entry>
3934 This method call should be sent to
3935 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus</literal> and asks the message bus to
3936 assign the given name to the method caller. Each name maintains a
3937 queue of possible owners, where the head of the queue is the primary
3938 or current owner of the name. Each potential owner in the queue
3939 maintains the DBUS_NAME_FLAG_ALLOW_REPLACEMENT and
3940 DBUS_NAME_FLAG_DO_NOT_QUEUE settings from its latest RequestName
3941 call. When RequestName is invoked the following occurs:
3945 If the method caller is currently the primary owner of the name,
3946 the DBUS_NAME_FLAG_ALLOW_REPLACEMENT and DBUS_NAME_FLAG_DO_NOT_QUEUE
3947 values are updated with the values from the new RequestName call,
3948 and nothing further happens.
3954 If the current primary owner (head of the queue) has
3955 DBUS_NAME_FLAG_ALLOW_REPLACEMENT set, and the RequestName
3956 invocation has the DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING flag, then
3957 the caller of RequestName replaces the current primary owner at
3958 the head of the queue and the current primary owner moves to the
3959 second position in the queue. If the caller of RequestName was
3960 in the queue previously its flags are updated with the values from
3961 the new RequestName in addition to moving it to the head of the queue.
3967 If replacement is not possible, and the method caller is
3968 currently in the queue but not the primary owner, its flags are
3969 updated with the values from the new RequestName call.
3975 If replacement is not possible, and the method caller is
3976 currently not in the queue, the method caller is appended to the
3983 If any connection in the queue has DBUS_NAME_FLAG_DO_NOT_QUEUE
3984 set and is not the primary owner, it is removed from the
3985 queue. This can apply to the previous primary owner (if it
3986 was replaced) or the method caller (if it updated the
3987 DBUS_NAME_FLAG_DO_NOT_QUEUE flag while still stuck in the
3988 queue, or if it was just added to the queue with that flag set).
3994 Note that DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING results in "jumping the
3995 queue," even if another application already in the queue had specified
3996 DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING. This comes up if a primary owner
3997 that does not allow replacement goes away, and the next primary owner
3998 does allow replacement. In this case, queued items that specified
3999 DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING <emphasis>do not</emphasis>
4000 automatically replace the new primary owner. In other words,
4001 DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING is not saved, it is only used at the
4002 time RequestName is called. This is deliberate to avoid an infinite loop
4003 anytime two applications are both DBUS_NAME_FLAG_ALLOW_REPLACEMENT
4004 and DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING.
4007 The flags argument contains any of the following values logically ORed
4014 <entry>Conventional Name</entry>
4015 <entry>Value</entry>
4016 <entry>Description</entry>
4021 <entry>DBUS_NAME_FLAG_ALLOW_REPLACEMENT</entry>
4025 If an application A specifies this flag and succeeds in
4026 becoming the owner of the name, and another application B
4027 later calls RequestName with the
4028 DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING flag, then application A
4029 will lose ownership and receive a
4030 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.NameLost</literal> signal, and
4031 application B will become the new owner. If DBUS_NAME_FLAG_ALLOW_REPLACEMENT
4032 is not specified by application A, or DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING
4033 is not specified by application B, then application B will not replace
4034 application A as the owner.
4039 <entry>DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING</entry>
4043 Try to replace the current owner if there is one. If this
4044 flag is not set the application will only become the owner of
4045 the name if there is no current owner. If this flag is set,
4046 the application will replace the current owner if
4047 the current owner specified DBUS_NAME_FLAG_ALLOW_REPLACEMENT.
4052 <entry>DBUS_NAME_FLAG_DO_NOT_QUEUE</entry>
4056 Without this flag, if an application requests a name that is
4057 already owned, the application will be placed in a queue to
4058 own the name when the current owner gives it up. If this
4059 flag is given, the application will not be placed in the
4060 queue, the request for the name will simply fail. This flag
4061 also affects behavior when an application is replaced as
4062 name owner; by default the application moves back into the
4063 waiting queue, unless this flag was provided when the application
4064 became the name owner.
4072 The return code can be one of the following values:
4078 <entry>Conventional Name</entry>
4079 <entry>Value</entry>
4080 <entry>Description</entry>
4085 <entry>DBUS_REQUEST_NAME_REPLY_PRIMARY_OWNER</entry>
4086 <entry>1</entry> <entry>The caller is now the primary owner of
4087 the name, replacing any previous owner. Either the name had no
4088 owner before, or the caller specified
4089 DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING and the current owner specified
4090 DBUS_NAME_FLAG_ALLOW_REPLACEMENT.</entry>
4093 <entry>DBUS_REQUEST_NAME_REPLY_IN_QUEUE</entry>
4096 <entry>The name already had an owner,
4097 DBUS_NAME_FLAG_DO_NOT_QUEUE was not specified, and either
4098 the current owner did not specify
4099 DBUS_NAME_FLAG_ALLOW_REPLACEMENT or the requesting
4100 application did not specify DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING.
4104 <entry>DBUS_REQUEST_NAME_REPLY_EXISTS</entry> <entry>3</entry>
4105 <entry>The name already has an owner,
4106 DBUS_NAME_FLAG_DO_NOT_QUEUE was specified, and either
4107 DBUS_NAME_FLAG_ALLOW_REPLACEMENT was not specified by the
4108 current owner, or DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING was not
4109 specified by the requesting application.</entry>
4112 <entry>DBUS_REQUEST_NAME_REPLY_ALREADY_OWNER</entry>
4114 <entry>The application trying to request ownership of a name is already the owner of it.</entry>
4122 <sect3 id="bus-messages-release-name">
4123 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.ReleaseName</literal></title>
4127 UINT32 ReleaseName (in STRING name)
4134 <entry>Argument</entry>
4136 <entry>Description</entry>
4142 <entry>STRING</entry>
4143 <entry>Name to release</entry>
4153 <entry>Argument</entry>
4155 <entry>Description</entry>
4161 <entry>UINT32</entry>
4162 <entry>Return value</entry>
4169 This method call should be sent to
4170 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus</literal> and asks the message bus to
4171 release the method caller's claim to the given name. If the caller is
4172 the primary owner, a new primary owner will be selected from the
4173 queue if any other owners are waiting. If the caller is waiting in
4174 the queue for the name, the caller will removed from the queue and
4175 will not be made an owner of the name if it later becomes available.
4176 If there are no other owners in the queue for the name, it will be
4177 removed from the bus entirely.
4179 The return code can be one of the following values:
4185 <entry>Conventional Name</entry>
4186 <entry>Value</entry>
4187 <entry>Description</entry>
4192 <entry>DBUS_RELEASE_NAME_REPLY_RELEASED</entry>
4193 <entry>1</entry> <entry>The caller has released his claim on
4194 the given name. Either the caller was the primary owner of
4195 the name, and the name is now unused or taken by somebody
4196 waiting in the queue for the name, or the caller was waiting
4197 in the queue for the name and has now been removed from the
4201 <entry>DBUS_RELEASE_NAME_REPLY_NON_EXISTENT</entry>
4203 <entry>The given name does not exist on this bus.</entry>
4206 <entry>DBUS_RELEASE_NAME_REPLY_NOT_OWNER</entry>
4208 <entry>The caller was not the primary owner of this name,
4209 and was also not waiting in the queue to own this name.</entry>
4217 <sect3 id="bus-messages-list-queued-owners">
4218 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.ListQueuedOwners</literal></title>
4222 ARRAY of STRING ListQueuedOwners (in STRING name)
4229 <entry>Argument</entry>
4231 <entry>Description</entry>
4237 <entry>STRING</entry>
4238 <entry>The well-known bus name to query, such as
4239 <literal>com.example.cappuccino</literal></entry>
4249 <entry>Argument</entry>
4251 <entry>Description</entry>
4257 <entry>ARRAY of STRING</entry>
4258 <entry>The unique bus names of connections currently queued
4259 for the name</entry>
4266 This method call should be sent to
4267 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus</literal> and lists the connections
4268 currently queued for a bus name (see
4269 <xref linkend="term-queued-owner"/>).
4274 <sect2 id="message-bus-routing">
4275 <title>Message Bus Message Routing</title>
4278 Messages may have a <literal>DESTINATION</literal> field (see <xref
4279 linkend="message-protocol-header-fields"/>), resulting in a
4280 <firstterm>unicast message</firstterm>. If the
4281 <literal>DESTINATION</literal> field is present, it specifies a message
4282 recipient by name. Method calls and replies normally specify this field.
4283 The message bus must send messages (of any type) with the
4284 <literal>DESTINATION</literal> field set to the specified recipient,
4285 regardless of whether the recipient has set up a match rule matching
4290 When the message bus receives a signal, if the
4291 <literal>DESTINATION</literal> field is absent, it is considered to
4292 be a <firstterm>broadcast signal</firstterm>, and is sent to all
4293 applications with <firstterm>message matching rules</firstterm> that
4294 match the message. Most signal messages are broadcasts.
4298 Unicast signal messages (those with a <literal>DESTINATION</literal>
4299 field) are not commonly used, but they are treated like any unicast
4300 message: they are delivered to the specified receipient,
4301 regardless of its match rules. One use for unicast signals is to
4302 avoid a race condition in which a signal is emitted before the intended
4303 recipient can call <xref linkend="bus-messages-add-match"/> to
4304 receive that signal: if the signal is sent directly to that recipient
4305 using a unicast message, it does not need to add a match rule at all,
4306 and there is no race condition. Another use for unicast signals,
4307 on message buses whose security policy prevents eavesdropping, is to
4308 send sensitive information which should only be visible to one
4313 When the message bus receives a method call, if the
4314 <literal>DESTINATION</literal> field is absent, the call is taken to be
4315 a standard one-to-one message and interpreted by the message bus
4316 itself. For example, sending an
4317 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Peer.Ping</literal> message with no
4318 <literal>DESTINATION</literal> will cause the message bus itself to
4319 reply to the ping immediately; the message bus will not make this
4320 message visible to other applications.
4324 Continuing the <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Peer.Ping</literal> example, if
4325 the ping message were sent with a <literal>DESTINATION</literal> name of
4326 <literal>com.yoyodyne.Screensaver</literal>, then the ping would be
4327 forwarded, and the Yoyodyne Corporation screensaver application would be
4328 expected to reply to the ping.
4332 Message bus implementations may impose a security policy which
4333 prevents certain messages from being sent or received.
4334 When a message cannot be sent or received due to a security
4335 policy, the message bus should send an error reply, unless the
4336 original message had the <literal>NO_REPLY</literal> flag.
4339 <sect3 id="message-bus-routing-eavesdropping">
4340 <title>Eavesdropping</title>
4342 Receiving a unicast message whose <literal>DESTINATION</literal>
4343 indicates a different recipient is called
4344 <firstterm>eavesdropping</firstterm>. On a message bus which acts as
4345 a security boundary (like the standard system bus), the security
4346 policy should usually prevent eavesdropping, since unicast messages
4347 are normally kept private and may contain security-sensitive
4352 Eavesdropping is mainly useful for debugging tools, such as
4353 the <literal>dbus-monitor</literal> tool in the reference
4354 implementation of D-Bus. Tools which eavesdrop on the message bus
4355 should be careful to avoid sending a reply or error in response to
4356 messages intended for a different client.
4360 Clients may attempt to eavesdrop by adding match rules
4361 (see <xref linkend="message-bus-routing-match-rules"/>) containing
4362 the <literal>eavesdrop='true'</literal> match. If the message bus'
4363 security policy does not allow eavesdropping, the match rule can
4364 still be added, but will not have any practical effect. For
4365 compatibility with older message bus implementations, if adding such
4366 a match rule results in an error reply, the client may fall back to
4367 adding the same rule with the <literal>eavesdrop</literal> match
4372 <sect3 id="message-bus-routing-match-rules">
4373 <title>Match Rules</title>
4375 An important part of the message bus routing protocol is match
4376 rules. Match rules describe the messages that should be sent to a
4377 client, based on the contents of the message. Broadcast signals
4378 are only sent to clients which have a suitable match rule: this
4379 avoids waking up client processes to deal with signals that are
4380 not relevant to that client.
4383 Messages that list a client as their <literal>DESTINATION</literal>
4384 do not need to match the client's match rules, and are sent to that
4385 client regardless. As a result, match rules are mainly used to
4386 receive a subset of broadcast signals.
4389 Match rules can also be used for eavesdropping
4390 (see <xref linkend="message-bus-routing-eavesdropping"/>),
4391 if the security policy of the message bus allows it.
4394 Match rules are added using the AddMatch bus method
4395 (see <xref linkend="bus-messages-add-match"/>). Rules are
4396 specified as a string of comma separated key/value pairs.
4397 Excluding a key from the rule indicates a wildcard match.
4398 For instance excluding the the member from a match rule but
4399 adding a sender would let all messages from that sender through.
4400 An example of a complete rule would be
4401 "type='signal',sender='org.freedesktop.DBus',interface='org.freedesktop.DBus',member='Foo',path='/bar/foo',destination=':452345.34',arg2='bar'"
4404 The following table describes the keys that can be used to create
4406 The following table summarizes the D-Bus types.
4412 <entry>Possible Values</entry>
4413 <entry>Description</entry>
4418 <entry><literal>type</literal></entry>
4419 <entry>'signal', 'method_call', 'method_return', 'error'</entry>
4420 <entry>Match on the message type. An example of a type match is type='signal'</entry>
4423 <entry><literal>sender</literal></entry>
4424 <entry>A bus or unique name (see <xref linkend="term-bus-name"/>
4425 and <xref linkend="term-unique-name"/> respectively)
4427 <entry>Match messages sent by a particular sender. An example of a sender match
4428 is sender='org.freedesktop.Hal'</entry>
4431 <entry><literal>interface</literal></entry>
4432 <entry>An interface name (see <xref linkend="message-protocol-names-interface"/>)</entry>
4433 <entry>Match messages sent over or to a particular interface. An example of an
4434 interface match is interface='org.freedesktop.Hal.Manager'.
4435 If a message omits the interface header, it must not match any rule
4436 that specifies this key.</entry>
4439 <entry><literal>member</literal></entry>
4440 <entry>Any valid method or signal name</entry>
4441 <entry>Matches messages which have the give method or signal name. An example of
4442 a member match is member='NameOwnerChanged'</entry>
4445 <entry><literal>path</literal></entry>
4446 <entry>An object path (see <xref linkend="message-protocol-marshaling-object-path"/>)</entry>
4447 <entry>Matches messages which are sent from or to the given object. An example of a
4448 path match is path='/org/freedesktop/Hal/Manager'</entry>
4451 <entry><literal>path_namespace</literal></entry>
4452 <entry>An object path</entry>
4455 Matches messages which are sent from or to an
4456 object for which the object path is either the
4457 given value, or that value followed by one or
4458 more path components.
4463 <literal>path_namespace='/com/example/foo'</literal>
4464 would match signals sent by
4465 <literal>/com/example/foo</literal>
4467 <literal>/com/example/foo/bar</literal>,
4469 <literal>/com/example/foobar</literal>.
4473 Using both <literal>path</literal> and
4474 <literal>path_namespace</literal> in the same match
4475 rule is not allowed.
4480 This match key was added in version 0.16 of the
4481 D-Bus specification and implemented by the bus
4482 daemon in dbus 1.5.0 and later.
4488 <entry><literal>destination</literal></entry>
4489 <entry>A unique name (see <xref linkend="term-unique-name"/>)</entry>
4490 <entry>Matches messages which are being sent to the given unique name. An
4491 example of a destination match is destination=':1.0'</entry>
4494 <entry><literal>arg[0, 1, 2, 3, ...]</literal></entry>
4495 <entry>Any string</entry>
4496 <entry>Arg matches are special and are used for further restricting the
4497 match based on the arguments in the body of a message. Only arguments of type
4498 STRING can be matched in this way. An example of an argument match
4499 would be arg3='Foo'. Only argument indexes from 0 to 63 should be
4503 <entry><literal>arg[0, 1, 2, 3, ...]path</literal></entry>
4504 <entry>Any string</entry>
4506 <para>Argument path matches provide a specialised form of wildcard matching for
4507 path-like namespaces. They can match arguments whose type is either STRING or
4508 OBJECT_PATH. As with normal argument matches,
4509 if the argument is exactly equal to the string given in the match
4510 rule then the rule is satisfied. Additionally, there is also a
4511 match when either the string given in the match rule or the
4512 appropriate message argument ends with '/' and is a prefix of the
4513 other. An example argument path match is arg0path='/aa/bb/'. This
4514 would match messages with first arguments of '/', '/aa/',
4515 '/aa/bb/', '/aa/bb/cc/' and '/aa/bb/cc'. It would not match
4516 messages with first arguments of '/aa/b', '/aa' or even '/aa/bb'.</para>
4518 <para>This is intended for monitoring “directories” in file system-like
4519 hierarchies, as used in the <citetitle>dconf</citetitle> configuration
4520 system. An application interested in all nodes in a particular hierarchy would
4521 monitor <literal>arg0path='/ca/example/foo/'</literal>. Then the service could
4522 emit a signal with zeroth argument <literal>"/ca/example/foo/bar"</literal> to
4523 represent a modification to the “bar” property, or a signal with zeroth
4524 argument <literal>"/ca/example/"</literal> to represent atomic modification of
4525 many properties within that directory, and the interested application would be
4526 notified in both cases.</para>
4529 This match key was added in version 0.12 of the
4530 D-Bus specification, implemented for STRING
4531 arguments by the bus daemon in dbus 1.2.0 and later,
4532 and implemented for OBJECT_PATH arguments in dbus 1.5.0
4539 <entry><literal>arg0namespace</literal></entry>
4540 <entry>Like a bus name, except that the string is not
4541 required to contain a '.' (period)</entry>
4543 <para>Match messages whose first argument is of type STRING, and is a bus name
4544 or interface name within the specified namespace. This is primarily intended
4545 for watching name owner changes for a group of related bus names, rather than
4546 for a single name or all name changes.</para>
4548 <para>Because every valid interface name is also a valid
4549 bus name, this can also be used for messages whose
4550 first argument is an interface name.</para>
4552 <para>For example, the match rule
4553 <literal>member='NameOwnerChanged',arg0namespace='com.example.backend'</literal>
4554 matches name owner changes for bus names such as
4555 <literal>com.example.backend.foo</literal>,
4556 <literal>com.example.backend.foo.bar</literal>, and
4557 <literal>com.example.backend</literal> itself.</para>
4559 <para>See also <xref linkend='bus-messages-name-owner-changed'/>.</para>
4562 This match key was added in version 0.16 of the
4563 D-Bus specification and implemented by the bus
4564 daemon in dbus 1.5.0 and later.
4570 <entry><literal>eavesdrop</literal></entry>
4571 <entry><literal>'true'</literal>, <literal>'false'</literal></entry>
4572 <entry>Since D-Bus 1.5.6, match rules do not
4573 match messages which have a <literal>DESTINATION</literal>
4574 field unless the match rule specifically
4576 (see <xref linkend="message-bus-routing-eavesdropping"/>)
4577 by specifying <literal>eavesdrop='true'</literal>
4578 in the match rule. <literal>eavesdrop='false'</literal>
4579 restores the default behaviour. Messages are
4580 delivered to their <literal>DESTINATION</literal>
4581 regardless of match rules, so this match does not
4582 affect normal delivery of unicast messages.
4583 If the message bus has a security policy which forbids
4584 eavesdropping, this match may still be used without error,
4585 but will not have any practical effect.
4586 In older versions of D-Bus, this match was not allowed
4587 in match rules, and all match rules behaved as if
4588 <literal>eavesdrop='true'</literal> had been used.
4597 <sect2 id="message-bus-starting-services">
4598 <title>Message Bus Starting Services</title>
4600 The message bus can start applications on behalf of other applications.
4601 In CORBA terms, this would be called <firstterm>activation</firstterm>.
4602 An application that can be started in this way is called a
4603 <firstterm>service</firstterm>.
4606 With D-Bus, starting a service is normally done by name. That is,
4607 applications ask the message bus to start some program that will own a
4608 well-known name, such as <literal>org.freedesktop.TextEditor</literal>.
4609 This implies a contract documented along with the name
4610 <literal>org.freedesktop.TextEditor</literal> for which objects
4611 the owner of that name will provide, and what interfaces those
4615 To find an executable corresponding to a particular name, the bus daemon
4616 looks for <firstterm>service description files</firstterm>. Service
4617 description files define a mapping from names to executables. Different
4618 kinds of message bus will look for these files in different places, see
4619 <xref linkend="message-bus-types"/>.
4622 Service description files have the ".service" file
4623 extension. The message bus will only load service description files
4624 ending with .service; all other files will be ignored. The file format
4625 is similar to that of <ulink
4626 url="http://standards.freedesktop.org/desktop-entry-spec/desktop-entry-spec-latest.html">desktop
4627 entries</ulink>. All service description files must be in UTF-8
4628 encoding. To ensure that there will be no name collisions, service files
4629 must be namespaced using the same mechanism as messages and service
4634 [FIXME the file format should be much better specified than "similar to
4635 .desktop entries" esp. since desktop entries are already
4636 badly-specified. ;-)]
4637 These sections from the specification apply to service files as well:
4640 <listitem><para>General syntax</para></listitem>
4641 <listitem><para>Comment format</para></listitem>
4645 <title>Example service description file</title>
4647 # Sample service description file
4649 Names=org.freedesktop.ConfigurationDatabase;org.gnome.GConf;
4650 Exec=/usr/libexec/gconfd-2
4655 When an application asks to start a service by name, the bus daemon tries to
4656 find a service that will own that name. It then tries to spawn the
4657 executable associated with it. If this fails, it will report an
4658 error. [FIXME what happens if two .service files offer the same service;
4659 what kind of error is reported, should we have a way for the client to
4663 The executable launched will have the environment variable
4664 <literal>DBUS_STARTER_ADDRESS</literal> set to the address of the
4665 message bus so it can connect and request the appropriate names.
4668 The executable being launched may want to know whether the message bus
4669 starting it is one of the well-known message buses (see <xref
4670 linkend="message-bus-types"/>). To facilitate this, the bus must also set
4671 the <literal>DBUS_STARTER_BUS_TYPE</literal> environment variable if it is one
4672 of the well-known buses. The currently-defined values for this variable
4673 are <literal>system</literal> for the systemwide message bus,
4674 and <literal>session</literal> for the per-login-session message
4675 bus. The new executable must still connect to the address given
4676 in <literal>DBUS_STARTER_ADDRESS</literal>, but may assume that the
4677 resulting connection is to the well-known bus.
4680 [FIXME there should be a timeout somewhere, either specified
4681 in the .service file, by the client, or just a global value
4682 and if the client being activated fails to connect within that
4683 timeout, an error should be sent back.]
4686 <sect3 id="message-bus-starting-services-scope">
4687 <title>Message Bus Service Scope</title>
4689 The "scope" of a service is its "per-", such as per-session,
4690 per-machine, per-home-directory, or per-display. The reference
4691 implementation doesn't yet support starting services in a different
4692 scope from the message bus itself. So e.g. if you start a service
4693 on the session bus its scope is per-session.
4696 We could add an optional scope to a bus name. For example, for
4697 per-(display,session pair), we could have a unique ID for each display
4698 generated automatically at login and set on screen 0 by executing a
4699 special "set display ID" binary. The ID would be stored in a
4700 <literal>_DBUS_DISPLAY_ID</literal> property and would be a string of
4701 random bytes. This ID would then be used to scope names.
4702 Starting/locating a service could be done by ID-name pair rather than
4706 Contrast this with a per-display scope. To achieve that, we would
4707 want a single bus spanning all sessions using a given display.
4708 So we might set a <literal>_DBUS_DISPLAY_BUS_ADDRESS</literal>
4709 property on screen 0 of the display, pointing to this bus.
4714 <sect2 id="message-bus-types">
4715 <title>Well-known Message Bus Instances</title>
4717 Two standard message bus instances are defined here, along with how
4718 to locate them and where their service files live.
4720 <sect3 id="message-bus-types-login">
4721 <title>Login session message bus</title>
4723 Each time a user logs in, a <firstterm>login session message
4724 bus</firstterm> may be started. All applications in the user's login
4725 session may interact with one another using this message bus.
4728 The address of the login session message bus is given
4729 in the <literal>DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS</literal> environment
4730 variable. If that variable is not set, applications may
4731 also try to read the address from the X Window System root
4732 window property <literal>_DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS</literal>.
4733 The root window property must have type <literal>STRING</literal>.
4734 The environment variable should have precedence over the
4735 root window property.
4737 <para>The address of the login session message bus is given in the
4738 <literal>DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS</literal> environment variable. If
4739 DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS is not set, or if it's set to the string
4740 "autolaunch:", the system should use platform-specific methods of
4741 locating a running D-Bus session server, or starting one if a running
4742 instance cannot be found. Note that this mechanism is not recommended
4743 for attempting to determine if a daemon is running. It is inherently
4744 racy to attempt to make this determination, since the bus daemon may
4745 be started just before or just after the determination is made.
4746 Therefore, it is recommended that applications do not try to make this
4747 determination for their functionality purposes, and instead they
4748 should attempt to start the server.</para>
4750 <sect4 id="message-bus-types-login-x-windows">
4751 <title>X Windowing System</title>
4753 For the X Windowing System, the application must locate the
4754 window owner of the selection represented by the atom formed by
4758 <para>the literal string "_DBUS_SESSION_BUS_SELECTION_"</para>
4762 <para>the current user's username</para>
4766 <para>the literal character '_' (underscore)</para>
4770 <para>the machine's ID</para>
4776 The following properties are defined for the window that owns
4778 <informaltable frame="all">
4787 <para>meaning</para>
4793 <para>_DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS</para>
4797 <para>the actual address of the server socket</para>
4803 <para>_DBUS_SESSION_BUS_PID</para>
4807 <para>the PID of the server process</para>
4816 At least the _DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS property MUST be
4817 present in this window.
4821 If the X selection cannot be located or if reading the
4822 properties from the window fails, the implementation MUST conclude
4823 that there is no D-Bus server running and proceed to start a new
4824 server. (See below on concurrency issues)
4828 Failure to connect to the D-Bus server address thus obtained
4829 MUST be treated as a fatal connection error and should be reported
4834 As an alternative, an implementation MAY find the information
4835 in the following file located in the current user's home directory,
4836 in subdirectory .dbus/session-bus/:
4839 <para>the machine's ID</para>
4843 <para>the literal character '-' (dash)</para>
4847 <para>the X display without the screen number, with the
4848 following prefixes removed, if present: ":", "localhost:"
4849 ."localhost.localdomain:". That is, a display of
4850 "localhost:10.0" produces just the number "10"</para>
4856 The contents of this file NAME=value assignment pairs and
4857 lines starting with # are comments (no comments are allowed
4858 otherwise). The following variable names are defined:
4865 <para>Variable</para>
4869 <para>meaning</para>
4875 <para>DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS</para>
4879 <para>the actual address of the server socket</para>
4885 <para>DBUS_SESSION_BUS_PID</para>
4889 <para>the PID of the server process</para>
4895 <para>DBUS_SESSION_BUS_WINDOWID</para>
4899 <para>the window ID</para>
4908 At least the DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS variable MUST be present
4913 Failure to open this file MUST be interpreted as absence of a
4914 running server. Therefore, the implementation MUST proceed to
4915 attempting to launch a new bus server if the file cannot be
4920 However, success in opening this file MUST NOT lead to the
4921 conclusion that the server is running. Thus, a failure to connect to
4922 the bus address obtained by the alternative method MUST NOT be
4923 considered a fatal error. If the connection cannot be established,
4924 the implementation MUST proceed to check the X selection settings or
4925 to start the server on its own.
4929 If the implementation concludes that the D-Bus server is not
4930 running it MUST attempt to start a new server and it MUST also
4931 ensure that the daemon started as an effect of the "autolaunch"
4932 mechanism provides the lookup mechanisms described above, so
4933 subsequent calls can locate the newly started server. The
4934 implementation MUST also ensure that if two or more concurrent
4935 initiations happen, only one server remains running and all other
4936 initiations are able to obtain the address of this server and
4937 connect to it. In other words, the implementation MUST ensure that
4938 the X selection is not present when it attempts to set it, without
4939 allowing another process to set the selection between the
4940 verification and the setting (e.g., by using XGrabServer /
4947 On Unix systems, the session bus should search for .service files
4948 in <literal>$XDG_DATA_DIRS/dbus-1/services</literal> as defined
4950 <ulink url="http://standards.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html">XDG Base Directory Specification</ulink>.
4951 Implementations may also search additional locations, which
4952 should be searched with lower priority than anything in
4953 XDG_DATA_HOME, XDG_DATA_DIRS or their respective defaults;
4954 for example, the reference implementation also
4955 looks in <literal>${datadir}/dbus-1/services</literal> as
4956 set at compile time.
4959 As described in the XDG Base Directory Specification, software
4960 packages should install their session .service files to their
4961 configured <literal>${datadir}/dbus-1/services</literal>,
4962 where <literal>${datadir}</literal> is as defined by the GNU
4963 coding standards. System administrators or users can arrange
4964 for these service files to be read by setting XDG_DATA_DIRS or by
4965 symlinking them into the default locations.
4969 <sect3 id="message-bus-types-system">
4970 <title>System message bus</title>
4972 A computer may have a <firstterm>system message bus</firstterm>,
4973 accessible to all applications on the system. This message bus may be
4974 used to broadcast system events, such as adding new hardware devices,
4975 changes in the printer queue, and so forth.
4978 The address of the system message bus is given
4979 in the <literal>DBUS_SYSTEM_BUS_ADDRESS</literal> environment
4980 variable. If that variable is not set, applications should try
4981 to connect to the well-known address
4982 <literal>unix:path=/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket</literal>.
4985 The D-Bus reference implementation actually honors the
4986 <literal>$(localstatedir)</literal> configure option
4987 for this address, on both client and server side.
4992 On Unix systems, the system bus should default to searching
4993 for .service files in
4994 <literal>/usr/local/share/dbus-1/system-services</literal>,
4995 <literal>/usr/share/dbus-1/system-services</literal> and
4996 <literal>/lib/dbus-1/system-services</literal>, with that order
4997 of precedence. It may also search other implementation-specific
4998 locations, but should not vary these locations based on environment
5002 The system bus is security-sensitive and is typically executed
5003 by an init system with a clean environment. Its launch helper
5004 process is particularly security-sensitive, and specifically
5005 clears its own environment.
5010 Software packages should install their system .service
5011 files to their configured
5012 <literal>${datadir}/dbus-1/system-services</literal>,
5013 where <literal>${datadir}</literal> is as defined by the GNU
5014 coding standards. System administrators can arrange
5015 for these service files to be read by editing the system bus'
5016 configuration file or by symlinking them into the default
5022 <sect2 id="message-bus-messages">
5023 <title>Message Bus Messages</title>
5025 The special message bus name <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus</literal>
5026 responds to a number of additional messages.
5029 <sect3 id="bus-messages-hello">
5030 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Hello</literal></title>
5041 <entry>Argument</entry>
5043 <entry>Description</entry>
5049 <entry>STRING</entry>
5050 <entry>Unique name assigned to the connection</entry>
5057 Before an application is able to send messages to other applications
5058 it must send the <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Hello</literal> message
5059 to the message bus to obtain a unique name. If an application without
5060 a unique name tries to send a message to another application, or a
5061 message to the message bus itself that isn't the
5062 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Hello</literal> message, it will be
5063 disconnected from the bus.
5066 There is no corresponding "disconnect" request; if a client wishes to
5067 disconnect from the bus, it simply closes the socket (or other
5068 communication channel).
5071 <sect3 id="bus-messages-list-names">
5072 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.ListNames</literal></title>
5076 ARRAY of STRING ListNames ()
5083 <entry>Argument</entry>
5085 <entry>Description</entry>
5091 <entry>ARRAY of STRING</entry>
5092 <entry>Array of strings where each string is a bus name</entry>
5099 Returns a list of all currently-owned names on the bus.
5102 <sect3 id="bus-messages-list-activatable-names">
5103 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.ListActivatableNames</literal></title>
5107 ARRAY of STRING ListActivatableNames ()
5114 <entry>Argument</entry>
5116 <entry>Description</entry>
5122 <entry>ARRAY of STRING</entry>
5123 <entry>Array of strings where each string is a bus name</entry>
5130 Returns a list of all names that can be activated on the bus.
5133 <sect3 id="bus-messages-name-exists">
5134 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.NameHasOwner</literal></title>
5138 BOOLEAN NameHasOwner (in STRING name)
5145 <entry>Argument</entry>
5147 <entry>Description</entry>
5153 <entry>STRING</entry>
5154 <entry>Name to check</entry>
5164 <entry>Argument</entry>
5166 <entry>Description</entry>
5172 <entry>BOOLEAN</entry>
5173 <entry>Return value, true if the name exists</entry>
5180 Checks if the specified name exists (currently has an owner).
5184 <sect3 id="bus-messages-name-owner-changed">
5185 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.NameOwnerChanged</literal></title>
5189 NameOwnerChanged (STRING name, STRING old_owner, STRING new_owner)
5196 <entry>Argument</entry>
5198 <entry>Description</entry>
5204 <entry>STRING</entry>
5205 <entry>Name with a new owner</entry>
5209 <entry>STRING</entry>
5210 <entry>Old owner or empty string if none</entry>
5214 <entry>STRING</entry>
5215 <entry>New owner or empty string if none</entry>
5222 This signal indicates that the owner of a name has changed.
5223 It's also the signal to use to detect the appearance of
5224 new names on the bus.
5227 <sect3 id="bus-messages-name-lost">
5228 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.NameLost</literal></title>
5232 NameLost (STRING name)
5239 <entry>Argument</entry>
5241 <entry>Description</entry>
5247 <entry>STRING</entry>
5248 <entry>Name which was lost</entry>
5255 This signal is sent to a specific application when it loses
5256 ownership of a name.
5260 <sect3 id="bus-messages-name-acquired">
5261 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.NameAcquired</literal></title>
5265 NameAcquired (STRING name)
5272 <entry>Argument</entry>
5274 <entry>Description</entry>
5280 <entry>STRING</entry>
5281 <entry>Name which was acquired</entry>
5288 This signal is sent to a specific application when it gains
5289 ownership of a name.
5293 <sect3 id="bus-messages-start-service-by-name">
5294 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.StartServiceByName</literal></title>
5298 UINT32 StartServiceByName (in STRING name, in UINT32 flags)
5305 <entry>Argument</entry>
5307 <entry>Description</entry>
5313 <entry>STRING</entry>
5314 <entry>Name of the service to start</entry>
5318 <entry>UINT32</entry>
5319 <entry>Flags (currently not used)</entry>
5329 <entry>Argument</entry>
5331 <entry>Description</entry>
5337 <entry>UINT32</entry>
5338 <entry>Return value</entry>
5343 Tries to launch the executable associated with a name. For more information, see <xref linkend="message-bus-starting-services"/>.
5347 The return value can be one of the following values:
5352 <entry>Identifier</entry>
5353 <entry>Value</entry>
5354 <entry>Description</entry>
5359 <entry>DBUS_START_REPLY_SUCCESS</entry>
5361 <entry>The service was successfully started.</entry>
5364 <entry>DBUS_START_REPLY_ALREADY_RUNNING</entry>
5366 <entry>A connection already owns the given name.</entry>
5375 <sect3 id="bus-messages-update-activation-environment">
5376 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.UpdateActivationEnvironment</literal></title>
5380 UpdateActivationEnvironment (in ARRAY of DICT<STRING,STRING> environment)
5387 <entry>Argument</entry>
5389 <entry>Description</entry>
5395 <entry>ARRAY of DICT<STRING,STRING></entry>
5396 <entry>Environment to add or update</entry>
5401 Normally, session bus activated services inherit the environment of the bus daemon. This method adds to or modifies that environment when activating services.
5404 Some bus instances, such as the standard system bus, may disable access to this method for some or all callers.
5407 Note, both the environment variable names and values must be valid UTF-8. There's no way to update the activation environment with data that is invalid UTF-8.
5412 <sect3 id="bus-messages-get-name-owner">
5413 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.GetNameOwner</literal></title>
5417 STRING GetNameOwner (in STRING name)
5424 <entry>Argument</entry>
5426 <entry>Description</entry>
5432 <entry>STRING</entry>
5433 <entry>Name to get the owner of</entry>
5443 <entry>Argument</entry>
5445 <entry>Description</entry>
5451 <entry>STRING</entry>
5452 <entry>Return value, a unique connection name</entry>
5457 Returns the unique connection name of the primary owner of the name
5458 given. If the requested name doesn't have an owner, returns a
5459 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.NameHasNoOwner</literal> error.
5463 <sect3 id="bus-messages-get-connection-unix-user">
5464 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.GetConnectionUnixUser</literal></title>
5468 UINT32 GetConnectionUnixUser (in STRING bus_name)
5475 <entry>Argument</entry>
5477 <entry>Description</entry>
5483 <entry>STRING</entry>
5484 <entry>Unique or well-known bus name of the connection to
5485 query, such as <literal>:12.34</literal> or
5486 <literal>com.example.tea</literal></entry>
5496 <entry>Argument</entry>
5498 <entry>Description</entry>
5504 <entry>UINT32</entry>
5505 <entry>Unix user ID</entry>
5510 Returns the Unix user ID of the process connected to the server. If
5511 unable to determine it (for instance, because the process is not on the
5512 same machine as the bus daemon), an error is returned.
5516 <sect3 id="bus-messages-get-connection-unix-process-id">
5517 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.GetConnectionUnixProcessID</literal></title>
5521 UINT32 GetConnectionUnixProcessID (in STRING bus_name)
5528 <entry>Argument</entry>
5530 <entry>Description</entry>
5536 <entry>STRING</entry>
5537 <entry>Unique or well-known bus name of the connection to
5538 query, such as <literal>:12.34</literal> or
5539 <literal>com.example.tea</literal></entry>
5549 <entry>Argument</entry>
5551 <entry>Description</entry>
5557 <entry>UINT32</entry>
5558 <entry>Unix process id</entry>
5563 Returns the Unix process ID of the process connected to the server. If
5564 unable to determine it (for instance, because the process is not on the
5565 same machine as the bus daemon), an error is returned.
5569 <sect3 id="bus-messages-add-match">
5570 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.AddMatch</literal></title>
5574 AddMatch (in STRING rule)
5581 <entry>Argument</entry>
5583 <entry>Description</entry>
5589 <entry>STRING</entry>
5590 <entry>Match rule to add to the connection</entry>
5595 Adds a match rule to match messages going through the message bus (see <xref linkend='message-bus-routing-match-rules'/>).
5596 If the bus does not have enough resources the <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.OOM</literal>
5600 <sect3 id="bus-messages-remove-match">
5601 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.RemoveMatch</literal></title>
5605 RemoveMatch (in STRING rule)
5612 <entry>Argument</entry>
5614 <entry>Description</entry>
5620 <entry>STRING</entry>
5621 <entry>Match rule to remove from the connection</entry>
5626 Removes the first rule that matches (see <xref linkend='message-bus-routing-match-rules'/>).
5627 If the rule is not found the <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.MatchRuleNotFound</literal>
5632 <sect3 id="bus-messages-get-id">
5633 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.GetId</literal></title>
5637 GetId (out STRING id)
5644 <entry>Argument</entry>
5646 <entry>Description</entry>
5652 <entry>STRING</entry>
5653 <entry>Unique ID identifying the bus daemon</entry>
5658 Gets the unique ID of the bus. The unique ID here is shared among all addresses the
5659 bus daemon is listening on (TCP, UNIX domain socket, etc.) and its format is described in
5660 <xref linkend="uuids"/>. Each address the bus is listening on also has its own unique
5661 ID, as described in <xref linkend="addresses"/>. The per-bus and per-address IDs are not related.
5662 There is also a per-machine ID, described in <xref linkend="standard-interfaces-peer"/> and returned
5663 by org.freedesktop.DBus.Peer.GetMachineId().
5664 For a desktop session bus, the bus ID can be used as a way to uniquely identify a user's session.
5672 <appendix id="implementation-notes">
5673 <title>Implementation notes</title>
5674 <sect1 id="implementation-notes-subsection">
5682 <glossary><title>Glossary</title>
5684 This glossary defines some of the terms used in this specification.
5687 <glossentry id="term-bus-name"><glossterm>Bus Name</glossterm>
5690 The message bus maintains an association between names and
5691 connections. (Normally, there's one connection per application.) A
5692 bus name is simply an identifier used to locate connections. For
5693 example, the hypothetical <literal>com.yoyodyne.Screensaver</literal>
5694 name might be used to send a message to a screensaver from Yoyodyne
5695 Corporation. An application is said to <firstterm>own</firstterm> a
5696 name if the message bus has associated the application's connection
5697 with the name. Names may also have <firstterm>queued
5698 owners</firstterm> (see <xref linkend="term-queued-owner"/>).
5699 The bus assigns a unique name to each connection,
5700 see <xref linkend="term-unique-name"/>. Other names
5701 can be thought of as "well-known names" and are
5702 used to find applications that offer specific functionality.
5706 See <xref linkend="message-protocol-names-bus"/> for details of
5707 the syntax and naming conventions for bus names.
5712 <glossentry id="term-message"><glossterm>Message</glossterm>
5715 A message is the atomic unit of communication via the D-Bus
5716 protocol. It consists of a <firstterm>header</firstterm> and a
5717 <firstterm>body</firstterm>; the body is made up of
5718 <firstterm>arguments</firstterm>.
5723 <glossentry id="term-message-bus"><glossterm>Message Bus</glossterm>
5726 The message bus is a special application that forwards
5727 or routes messages between a group of applications
5728 connected to the message bus. It also manages
5729 <firstterm>names</firstterm> used for routing
5735 <glossentry id="term-name"><glossterm>Name</glossterm>
5738 See <xref linkend="term-bus-name"/>. "Name" may
5739 also be used to refer to some of the other names
5740 in D-Bus, such as interface names.
5745 <glossentry id="namespace"><glossterm>Namespace</glossterm>
5748 Used to prevent collisions when defining new interfaces, bus names
5749 etc. The convention used is the same one Java uses for defining
5750 classes: a reversed domain name.
5751 See <xref linkend="message-protocol-names-bus"/>,
5752 <xref linkend="message-protocol-names-interface"/>,
5753 <xref linkend="message-protocol-names-error"/>,
5754 <xref linkend="message-protocol-marshaling-object-path"/>.
5759 <glossentry id="term-object"><glossterm>Object</glossterm>
5762 Each application contains <firstterm>objects</firstterm>, which have
5763 <firstterm>interfaces</firstterm> and
5764 <firstterm>methods</firstterm>. Objects are referred to by a name,
5765 called a <firstterm>path</firstterm>.
5770 <glossentry id="one-to-one"><glossterm>One-to-One</glossterm>
5773 An application talking directly to another application, without going
5774 through a message bus. One-to-one connections may be "peer to peer" or
5775 "client to server." The D-Bus protocol has no concept of client
5776 vs. server after a connection has authenticated; the flow of messages
5777 is symmetrical (full duplex).
5782 <glossentry id="term-path"><glossterm>Path</glossterm>
5785 Object references (object names) in D-Bus are organized into a
5786 filesystem-style hierarchy, so each object is named by a path. As in
5787 LDAP, there's no difference between "files" and "directories"; a path
5788 can refer to an object, while still having child objects below it.
5793 <glossentry id="term-queued-owner"><glossterm>Queued Name Owner</glossterm>
5796 Each bus name has a primary owner; messages sent to the name go to the
5797 primary owner. However, certain names also maintain a queue of
5798 secondary owners "waiting in the wings." If the primary owner releases
5799 the name, then the first secondary owner in the queue automatically
5800 becomes the new owner of the name.
5805 <glossentry id="term-service"><glossterm>Service</glossterm>
5808 A service is an executable that can be launched by the bus daemon.
5809 Services normally guarantee some particular features, for example they
5810 may guarantee that they will request a specific name such as
5811 "org.freedesktop.Screensaver", have a singleton object
5812 "/org/freedesktop/Application", and that object will implement the
5813 interface "org.freedesktop.ScreensaverControl".
5818 <glossentry id="term-service-description-files"><glossterm>Service Description Files</glossterm>
5821 ".service files" tell the bus about service applications that can be
5822 launched (see <xref linkend="term-service"/>). Most importantly they
5823 provide a mapping from bus names to services that will request those
5824 names when they start up.
5829 <glossentry id="term-unique-name"><glossterm>Unique Connection Name</glossterm>
5832 The special name automatically assigned to each connection by the
5833 message bus. This name will never change owner, and will be unique
5834 (never reused during the lifetime of the message bus).
5835 It will begin with a ':' character.