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8 <title>D-Bus Specification</title>
9 <releaseinfo>Version 0.23</releaseinfo>
10 <date>(not yet released)</date>
13 <firstname>Havoc</firstname>
14 <surname>Pennington</surname>
16 <orgname>Red Hat, Inc.</orgname>
18 <email>hp@pobox.com</email>
23 <firstname>Anders</firstname>
24 <surname>Carlsson</surname>
26 <orgname>CodeFactory AB</orgname>
28 <email>andersca@codefactory.se</email>
33 <firstname>Alexander</firstname>
34 <surname>Larsson</surname>
36 <orgname>Red Hat, Inc.</orgname>
38 <email>alexl@redhat.com</email>
43 <firstname>Sven</firstname>
44 <surname>Herzberg</surname>
46 <orgname>Imendio AB</orgname>
48 <email>sven@imendio.com</email>
53 <firstname>Simon</firstname>
54 <surname>McVittie</surname>
56 <orgname>Collabora Ltd.</orgname>
58 <email>simon.mcvittie@collabora.co.uk</email>
63 <firstname>David</firstname>
64 <surname>Zeuthen</surname>
66 <orgname>Red Hat, Inc.</orgname>
68 <email>davidz@redhat.com</email>
75 <revnumber>0.23</revnumber>
76 <date>not yet released</date>
77 <authorinitials></authorinitials>
79 see <ulink url='http://cgit.freedesktop.org/dbus/dbus/log/doc/dbus-specification.xml'>commit log</ulink>
83 <revnumber>0.22</revnumber>
84 <date>2013-10-09</date>
85 <authorinitials></authorinitials>
86 <revremark>add GetConnectionCredentials, document
87 GetAtdAuditSessionData, document GetConnectionSELinuxSecurityContext,
88 document and correct .service file syntax and naming
92 <revnumber>0.21</revnumber>
93 <date>2013-04-25</date>
94 <authorinitials>smcv</authorinitials>
95 <revremark>allow Unicode noncharacters in UTF-8 (Unicode
96 Corrigendum #9)</revremark>
99 <revnumber>0.20</revnumber>
100 <date>22 February 2013</date>
101 <authorinitials>smcv, walters</authorinitials>
102 <revremark>reorganise for clarity, remove false claims about
103 basic types, mention /o/fd/DBus</revremark>
106 <revnumber>0.19</revnumber>
107 <date>20 February 2012</date>
108 <authorinitials>smcv/lp</authorinitials>
109 <revremark>formally define unique connection names and well-known
110 bus names; document best practices for interface, bus, member and
111 error names, and object paths; document the search path for session
112 and system services on Unix; document the systemd transport</revremark>
115 <revnumber>0.18</revnumber>
116 <date>29 July 2011</date>
117 <authorinitials>smcv</authorinitials>
118 <revremark>define eavesdropping, unicast, broadcast; add eavesdrop
119 match keyword; promote type system to a top-level section</revremark>
122 <revnumber>0.17</revnumber>
123 <date>1 June 2011</date>
124 <authorinitials>smcv/davidz</authorinitials>
125 <revremark>define ObjectManager; reserve extra pseudo-type-codes used
126 by GVariant</revremark>
129 <revnumber>0.16</revnumber>
130 <date>11 April 2011</date>
131 <authorinitials></authorinitials>
132 <revremark>add path_namespace, arg0namespace; argNpath matches object
136 <revnumber>0.15</revnumber>
137 <date>3 November 2010</date>
138 <authorinitials></authorinitials>
139 <revremark></revremark>
142 <revnumber>0.14</revnumber>
143 <date>12 May 2010</date>
144 <authorinitials></authorinitials>
145 <revremark></revremark>
148 <revnumber>0.13</revnumber>
149 <date>23 Dezember 2009</date>
150 <authorinitials></authorinitials>
151 <revremark></revremark>
154 <revnumber>0.12</revnumber>
155 <date>7 November, 2006</date>
156 <authorinitials></authorinitials>
157 <revremark></revremark>
160 <revnumber>0.11</revnumber>
161 <date>6 February 2005</date>
162 <authorinitials></authorinitials>
163 <revremark></revremark>
166 <revnumber>0.10</revnumber>
167 <date>28 January 2005</date>
168 <authorinitials></authorinitials>
169 <revremark></revremark>
172 <revnumber>0.9</revnumber>
173 <date>7 Januar 2005</date>
174 <authorinitials></authorinitials>
175 <revremark></revremark>
178 <revnumber>0.8</revnumber>
179 <date>06 September 2003</date>
180 <authorinitials></authorinitials>
181 <revremark>First released document.</revremark>
186 <sect1 id="introduction">
187 <title>Introduction</title>
189 D-Bus is a system for low-overhead, easy to use
190 interprocess communication (IPC). In more detail:
194 D-Bus is <emphasis>low-overhead</emphasis> because it uses a
195 binary protocol, and does not have to convert to and from a text
196 format such as XML. Because D-Bus is intended for potentially
197 high-resolution same-machine IPC, not primarily for Internet IPC,
198 this is an interesting optimization. D-Bus is also designed to
199 avoid round trips and allow asynchronous operation, much like
205 D-Bus is <emphasis>easy to use</emphasis> because it works in terms
206 of <firstterm>messages</firstterm> rather than byte streams, and
207 automatically handles a lot of the hard IPC issues. Also, the D-Bus
208 library is designed to be wrapped in a way that lets developers use
209 their framework's existing object/type system, rather than learning
210 a new one specifically for IPC.
217 The base D-Bus protocol is a one-to-one (peer-to-peer or client-server)
218 protocol, specified in <xref linkend="message-protocol"/>. That is, it is
219 a system for one application to talk to a single other
220 application. However, the primary intended application of the protocol is the
221 D-Bus <firstterm>message bus</firstterm>, specified in <xref
222 linkend="message-bus"/>. The message bus is a special application that
223 accepts connections from multiple other applications, and forwards
228 Uses of D-Bus include notification of system changes (notification of when
229 a camera is plugged in to a computer, or a new version of some software
230 has been installed), or desktop interoperability, for example a file
231 monitoring service or a configuration service.
235 D-Bus is designed for two specific use cases:
239 A "system bus" for notifications from the system to user sessions,
240 and to allow the system to request input from user sessions.
245 A "session bus" used to implement desktop environments such as
250 D-Bus is not intended to be a generic IPC system for any possible
251 application, and intentionally omits many features found in other
252 IPC systems for this reason.
256 At the same time, the bus daemons offer a number of features not found in
257 other IPC systems, such as single-owner "bus names" (similar to X
258 selections), on-demand startup of services, and security policies.
259 In many ways, these features are the primary motivation for developing
260 D-Bus; other systems would have sufficed if IPC were the only goal.
264 D-Bus may turn out to be useful in unanticipated applications, but future
265 versions of this spec and the reference implementation probably will not
266 incorporate features that interfere with the core use cases.
270 The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
271 "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
272 document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119. However, the
273 document could use a serious audit to be sure it makes sense to do
274 so. Also, they are not capitalized.
277 <sect2 id="stability">
278 <title>Protocol and Specification Stability</title>
280 The D-Bus protocol is frozen (only compatible extensions are allowed) as
281 of November 8, 2006. However, this specification could still use a fair
282 bit of work to make interoperable reimplementation possible without
283 reference to the D-Bus reference implementation. Thus, this
284 specification is not marked 1.0. To mark it 1.0, we'd like to see
285 someone invest significant effort in clarifying the specification
286 language, and growing the specification to cover more aspects of the
287 reference implementation's behavior.
290 Until this work is complete, any attempt to reimplement D-Bus will
291 probably require looking at the reference implementation and/or asking
292 questions on the D-Bus mailing list about intended behavior.
293 Questions on the list are very welcome.
296 Nonetheless, this document should be a useful starting point and is
297 to our knowledge accurate, though incomplete.
303 <sect1 id="type-system">
304 <title>Type System</title>
307 D-Bus has a type system, in which values of various types can be
308 serialized into a sequence of bytes referred to as the
309 <firstterm>wire format</firstterm> in a standard way.
310 Converting a value from some other representation into the wire
311 format is called <firstterm>marshaling</firstterm> and converting
312 it back from the wire format is <firstterm>unmarshaling</firstterm>.
316 The D-Bus protocol does not include type tags in the marshaled data; a
317 block of marshaled values must have a known <firstterm>type
318 signature</firstterm>. The type signature is made up of zero or more
319 <firstterm id="term-single-complete-type">single complete
320 types</firstterm>, each made up of one or more
321 <firstterm>type codes</firstterm>.
325 A type code is an ASCII character representing the
326 type of a value. Because ASCII characters are used, the type signature
327 will always form a valid ASCII string. A simple string compare
328 determines whether two type signatures are equivalent.
332 A single complete type is a sequence of type codes that fully describes
333 one type: either a basic type, or a single fully-described container type.
334 A single complete type is a basic type code, a variant type code,
335 an array with its element type, or a struct with its fields (all of which
336 are defined below). So the following signatures are not single complete
347 And the following signatures contain multiple complete types:
357 Note however that a single complete type may <emphasis>contain</emphasis>
358 multiple other single complete types, by containing a struct or dict
362 <sect2 id="basic-types">
363 <title>Basic types</title>
366 The simplest type codes are the <firstterm id="term-basic-type">basic
367 types</firstterm>, which are the types whose structure is entirely
368 defined by their 1-character type code. Basic types consist of
369 fixed types and string-like types.
373 The <firstterm id="term-fixed-type">fixed types</firstterm>
374 are basic types whose values have a fixed length, namely BYTE,
375 BOOLEAN, DOUBLE, UNIX_FD, and signed or unsigned integers of length
380 As a simple example, the type code for 32-bit integer (<literal>INT32</literal>) is
381 the ASCII character 'i'. So the signature for a block of values
382 containing a single <literal>INT32</literal> would be:
386 A block of values containing two <literal>INT32</literal> would have this signature:
393 The characteristics of the fixed types are listed in this table.
399 <entry>Conventional name</entry>
400 <entry>ASCII type-code</entry>
401 <entry>Encoding</entry>
406 <entry><literal>BYTE</literal></entry>
407 <entry><literal>y</literal> (121)</entry>
408 <entry>Unsigned 8-bit integer</entry>
411 <entry><literal>BOOLEAN</literal></entry>
412 <entry><literal>b</literal> (98)</entry>
413 <entry>Boolean value: 0 is false, 1 is true, any other value
414 allowed by the marshalling format is invalid</entry>
417 <entry><literal>INT16</literal></entry>
418 <entry><literal>n</literal> (110)</entry>
419 <entry>Signed (two's complement) 16-bit integer</entry>
422 <entry><literal>UINT16</literal></entry>
423 <entry><literal>q</literal> (113)</entry>
424 <entry>Unsigned 16-bit integer</entry>
427 <entry><literal>INT32</literal></entry>
428 <entry><literal>i</literal> (105)</entry>
429 <entry>Signed (two's complement) 32-bit integer</entry>
432 <entry><literal>UINT32</literal></entry>
433 <entry><literal>u</literal> (117)</entry>
434 <entry>Unsigned 32-bit integer</entry>
437 <entry><literal>INT64</literal></entry>
438 <entry><literal>x</literal> (120)</entry>
439 <entry>Signed (two's complement) 64-bit integer
440 (mnemonic: x and t are the first characters in "sixty" not
441 already used for something more common)</entry>
444 <entry><literal>UINT64</literal></entry>
445 <entry><literal>t</literal> (116)</entry>
446 <entry>Unsigned 64-bit integer</entry>
449 <entry><literal>DOUBLE</literal></entry>
450 <entry><literal>d</literal> (100)</entry>
451 <entry>IEEE 754 double-precision floating point</entry>
454 <entry><literal>UNIX_FD</literal></entry>
455 <entry><literal>h</literal> (104)</entry>
456 <entry>Unsigned 32-bit integer representing an index into an
457 out-of-band array of file descriptors, transferred via some
458 platform-specific mechanism (mnemonic: h for handle)</entry>
466 The <firstterm id="term-string-like-type">string-like types</firstterm>
467 are basic types with a variable length. The value of any string-like
468 type is conceptually 0 or more Unicode codepoints encoded in UTF-8,
469 none of which may be U+0000. The UTF-8 text must be validated
470 strictly: in particular, it must not contain overlong sequences
471 or codepoints above U+10FFFF.
475 Since D-Bus Specification version 0.21, in accordance with Unicode
476 Corrigendum #9, the "noncharacters" U+FDD0..U+FDEF, U+nFFFE and
477 U+nFFFF are allowed in UTF-8 strings (but note that older versions of
478 D-Bus rejected these noncharacters).
482 The marshalling formats for the string-like types all end with a
483 single zero (NUL) byte, but that byte is not considered to be part of
488 The characteristics of the string-like types are listed in this table.
494 <entry>Conventional name</entry>
495 <entry>ASCII type-code</entry>
496 <entry>Validity constraints</entry>
501 <entry><literal>STRING</literal></entry>
502 <entry><literal>s</literal> (115)</entry>
503 <entry>No extra constraints</entry>
506 <entry><literal>OBJECT_PATH</literal></entry>
507 <entry><literal>o</literal> (111)</entry>
509 <link linkend="message-protocol-marshaling-object-path">a
510 syntactically valid object path</link></entry>
513 <entry><literal>SIGNATURE</literal></entry>
514 <entry><literal>g</literal> (103)</entry>
516 <firstterm linkend="term-single-complete-type">single
517 complete types</firstterm></entry>
524 <sect3 id="message-protocol-marshaling-object-path">
525 <title>Valid Object Paths</title>
528 An object path is a name used to refer to an object instance.
529 Conceptually, each participant in a D-Bus message exchange may have
530 any number of object instances (think of C++ or Java objects) and each
531 such instance will have a path. Like a filesystem, the object
532 instances in an application form a hierarchical tree.
536 Object paths are often namespaced by starting with a reversed
537 domain name and containing an interface version number, in the
539 <link linkend="message-protocol-names-interface">interface
541 <link linkend="message-protocol-names-bus">well-known
543 This makes it possible to implement more than one service, or
544 more than one version of a service, in the same process,
545 even if the services share a connection but cannot otherwise
546 co-operate (for instance, if they are implemented by different
551 For instance, if the owner of <literal>example.com</literal> is
552 developing a D-Bus API for a music player, they might use the
553 hierarchy of object paths that start with
554 <literal>/com/example/MusicPlayer1</literal> for its objects.
558 The following rules define a valid object path. Implementations must
559 not send or accept messages with invalid object paths.
563 The path may be of any length.
568 The path must begin with an ASCII '/' (integer 47) character,
569 and must consist of elements separated by slash characters.
574 Each element must only contain the ASCII characters
580 No element may be the empty string.
585 Multiple '/' characters cannot occur in sequence.
590 A trailing '/' character is not allowed unless the
591 path is the root path (a single '/' character).
599 <sect3 id="message-protocol-marshaling-signature">
600 <title>Valid Signatures</title>
602 An implementation must not send or accept invalid signatures.
603 Valid signatures will conform to the following rules:
607 The signature is a list of single complete types.
608 Arrays must have element types, and structs must
609 have both open and close parentheses.
614 Only type codes, open and close parentheses, and open and
615 close curly brackets are allowed in the signature. The
616 <literal>STRUCT</literal> type code
617 is not allowed in signatures, because parentheses
618 are used instead. Similarly, the
619 <literal>DICT_ENTRY</literal> type code is not allowed in
620 signatures, because curly brackets are used instead.
625 The maximum depth of container type nesting is 32 array type
626 codes and 32 open parentheses. This implies that the maximum
627 total depth of recursion is 64, for an "array of array of array
628 of ... struct of struct of struct of ..." where there are 32
634 The maximum length of a signature is 255.
641 When signatures appear in messages, the marshalling format
642 guarantees that they will be followed by a nul byte (which can
643 be interpreted as either C-style string termination or the INVALID
644 type-code), but this is not conceptually part of the signature.
650 <sect2 id="container-types">
651 <title>Container types</title>
654 In addition to basic types, there are four <firstterm>container</firstterm>
655 types: <literal>STRUCT</literal>, <literal>ARRAY</literal>, <literal>VARIANT</literal>,
656 and <literal>DICT_ENTRY</literal>.
660 <literal>STRUCT</literal> has a type code, ASCII character 'r', but this type
661 code does not appear in signatures. Instead, ASCII characters
662 '(' and ')' are used to mark the beginning and end of the struct.
663 So for example, a struct containing two integers would have this
668 Structs can be nested, so for example a struct containing
669 an integer and another struct:
673 The value block storing that struct would contain three integers; the
674 type signature allows you to distinguish "(i(ii))" from "((ii)i)" or
679 The <literal>STRUCT</literal> type code 'r' is not currently used in the D-Bus protocol,
680 but is useful in code that implements the protocol. This type code
681 is specified to allow such code to interoperate in non-protocol contexts.
685 Empty structures are not allowed; there must be at least one
686 type code between the parentheses.
690 <literal>ARRAY</literal> has ASCII character 'a' as type code. The array type code must be
691 followed by a <firstterm>single complete type</firstterm>. The single
692 complete type following the array is the type of each array element. So
693 the simple example is:
697 which is an array of 32-bit integers. But an array can be of any type,
698 such as this array-of-struct-with-two-int32-fields:
702 Or this array of array of integer:
709 <literal>VARIANT</literal> has ASCII character 'v' as its type code. A marshaled value of
710 type <literal>VARIANT</literal> will have the signature of a single complete type as part
711 of the <emphasis>value</emphasis>. This signature will be followed by a
712 marshaled value of that type.
716 Unlike a message signature, the variant signature can
717 contain only a single complete type. So "i", "ai"
718 or "(ii)" is OK, but "ii" is not. Use of variants may not
719 cause a total message depth to be larger than 64, including
720 other container types such as structures.
724 A <literal>DICT_ENTRY</literal> works exactly like a struct, but rather
725 than parentheses it uses curly braces, and it has more restrictions.
726 The restrictions are: it occurs only as an array element type; it has
727 exactly two single complete types inside the curly braces; the first
728 single complete type (the "key") must be a basic type rather than a
729 container type. Implementations must not accept dict entries outside of
730 arrays, must not accept dict entries with zero, one, or more than two
731 fields, and must not accept dict entries with non-basic-typed keys. A
732 dict entry is always a key-value pair.
736 The first field in the <literal>DICT_ENTRY</literal> is always the key.
737 A message is considered corrupt if the same key occurs twice in the same
738 array of <literal>DICT_ENTRY</literal>. However, for performance reasons
739 implementations are not required to reject dicts with duplicate keys.
743 In most languages, an array of dict entry would be represented as a
744 map, hash table, or dict object.
749 <title>Summary of types</title>
752 The following table summarizes the D-Bus types.
757 <entry>Conventional Name</entry>
759 <entry>Description</entry>
764 <entry><literal>INVALID</literal></entry>
765 <entry>0 (ASCII NUL)</entry>
766 <entry>Not a valid type code, used to terminate signatures</entry>
768 <entry><literal>BYTE</literal></entry>
769 <entry>121 (ASCII 'y')</entry>
770 <entry>8-bit unsigned integer</entry>
772 <entry><literal>BOOLEAN</literal></entry>
773 <entry>98 (ASCII 'b')</entry>
774 <entry>Boolean value, 0 is <literal>FALSE</literal> and 1 is <literal>TRUE</literal>. Everything else is invalid.</entry>
776 <entry><literal>INT16</literal></entry>
777 <entry>110 (ASCII 'n')</entry>
778 <entry>16-bit signed integer</entry>
780 <entry><literal>UINT16</literal></entry>
781 <entry>113 (ASCII 'q')</entry>
782 <entry>16-bit unsigned integer</entry>
784 <entry><literal>INT32</literal></entry>
785 <entry>105 (ASCII 'i')</entry>
786 <entry>32-bit signed integer</entry>
788 <entry><literal>UINT32</literal></entry>
789 <entry>117 (ASCII 'u')</entry>
790 <entry>32-bit unsigned integer</entry>
792 <entry><literal>INT64</literal></entry>
793 <entry>120 (ASCII 'x')</entry>
794 <entry>64-bit signed integer</entry>
796 <entry><literal>UINT64</literal></entry>
797 <entry>116 (ASCII 't')</entry>
798 <entry>64-bit unsigned integer</entry>
800 <entry><literal>DOUBLE</literal></entry>
801 <entry>100 (ASCII 'd')</entry>
802 <entry>IEEE 754 double</entry>
804 <entry><literal>STRING</literal></entry>
805 <entry>115 (ASCII 's')</entry>
806 <entry>UTF-8 string (<emphasis>must</emphasis> be valid UTF-8). Must be nul terminated and contain no other nul bytes.</entry>
808 <entry><literal>OBJECT_PATH</literal></entry>
809 <entry>111 (ASCII 'o')</entry>
810 <entry>Name of an object instance</entry>
812 <entry><literal>SIGNATURE</literal></entry>
813 <entry>103 (ASCII 'g')</entry>
814 <entry>A type signature</entry>
816 <entry><literal>ARRAY</literal></entry>
817 <entry>97 (ASCII 'a')</entry>
820 <entry><literal>STRUCT</literal></entry>
821 <entry>114 (ASCII 'r'), 40 (ASCII '('), 41 (ASCII ')')</entry>
822 <entry>Struct; type code 114 'r' is reserved for use in
823 bindings and implementations to represent the general
824 concept of a struct, and must not appear in signatures
825 used on D-Bus.</entry>
827 <entry><literal>VARIANT</literal></entry>
828 <entry>118 (ASCII 'v') </entry>
829 <entry>Variant type (the type of the value is part of the value itself)</entry>
831 <entry><literal>DICT_ENTRY</literal></entry>
832 <entry>101 (ASCII 'e'), 123 (ASCII '{'), 125 (ASCII '}') </entry>
833 <entry>Entry in a dict or map (array of key-value pairs).
834 Type code 101 'e' is reserved for use in bindings and
835 implementations to represent the general concept of a
836 dict or dict-entry, and must not appear in signatures
837 used on D-Bus.</entry>
839 <entry><literal>UNIX_FD</literal></entry>
840 <entry>104 (ASCII 'h')</entry>
841 <entry>Unix file descriptor</entry>
844 <entry>(reserved)</entry>
845 <entry>109 (ASCII 'm')</entry>
846 <entry>Reserved for <ulink
847 url="https://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=27857">a
848 'maybe' type compatible with the one in GVariant</ulink>,
849 and must not appear in signatures used on D-Bus until
850 specified here</entry>
853 <entry>(reserved)</entry>
854 <entry>42 (ASCII '*')</entry>
855 <entry>Reserved for use in bindings/implementations to
856 represent any <firstterm>single complete type</firstterm>,
857 and must not appear in signatures used on D-Bus.</entry>
860 <entry>(reserved)</entry>
861 <entry>63 (ASCII '?')</entry>
862 <entry>Reserved for use in bindings/implementations to
863 represent any <firstterm>basic type</firstterm>, and must
864 not appear in signatures used on D-Bus.</entry>
867 <entry>(reserved)</entry>
868 <entry>64 (ASCII '@'), 38 (ASCII '&'),
869 94 (ASCII '^')</entry>
870 <entry>Reserved for internal use by bindings/implementations,
871 and must not appear in signatures used on D-Bus.
872 GVariant uses these type-codes to encode calling
883 <sect1 id="message-protocol-marshaling">
884 <title>Marshaling (Wire Format)</title>
887 D-Bus defines a marshalling format for its type system, which is
888 used in D-Bus messages. This is not the only possible marshalling
889 format for the type system: for instance, GVariant (part of GLib)
890 re-uses the D-Bus type system but implements an alternative marshalling
895 <title>Byte order and alignment</title>
898 Given a type signature, a block of bytes can be converted into typed
899 values. This section describes the format of the block of bytes. Byte
900 order and alignment issues are handled uniformly for all D-Bus types.
904 A block of bytes has an associated byte order. The byte order
905 has to be discovered in some way; for D-Bus messages, the
906 byte order is part of the message header as described in
907 <xref linkend="message-protocol-messages"/>. For now, assume
908 that the byte order is known to be either little endian or big
913 Each value in a block of bytes is aligned "naturally," for example
914 4-byte values are aligned to a 4-byte boundary, and 8-byte values to an
915 8-byte boundary. To properly align a value, <firstterm>alignment
916 padding</firstterm> may be necessary. The alignment padding must always
917 be the minimum required padding to properly align the following value;
918 and it must always be made up of nul bytes. The alignment padding must
919 not be left uninitialized (it can't contain garbage), and more padding
920 than required must not be used.
924 As an exception to natural alignment, <literal>STRUCT</literal> and
925 <literal>DICT_ENTRY</literal> values are always aligned to an 8-byte
926 boundary, regardless of the alignments of their contents.
931 <title>Marshalling basic types</title>
934 To marshal and unmarshal fixed types, you simply read one value
935 from the data block corresponding to each type code in the signature.
936 All signed integer values are encoded in two's complement, DOUBLE
937 values are IEEE 754 double-precision floating-point, and BOOLEAN
938 values are encoded in 32 bits (of which only the least significant
943 The string-like types are all marshalled as a
944 fixed-length unsigned integer <varname>n</varname> giving the
945 length of the variable part, followed by <varname>n</varname>
946 nonzero bytes of UTF-8 text, followed by a single zero (nul) byte
947 which is not considered to be part of the text. The alignment
948 of the string-like type is the same as the alignment of
949 <varname>n</varname>.
953 For the STRING and OBJECT_PATH types, <varname>n</varname> is
954 encoded in 4 bytes, leading to 4-byte alignment.
955 For the SIGNATURE type, <varname>n</varname> is encoded as a single
956 byte. As a result, alignment padding is never required before a
962 <title>Marshalling containers</title>
965 Arrays are marshalled as a <literal>UINT32</literal>
966 <varname>n</varname> giving the length of the array data in bytes,
967 followed by alignment padding to the alignment boundary of the array
968 element type, followed by the <varname>n</varname> bytes of the
969 array elements marshalled in sequence. <varname>n</varname> does not
970 include the padding after the length, or any padding after the
975 For instance, if the current position in the message is a multiple
976 of 8 bytes and the byte-order is big-endian, an array containing only
977 the 64-bit integer 5 would be marshalled as:
980 00 00 00 08 <lineannotation>8 bytes of data</lineannotation>
981 00 00 00 00 <lineannotation>padding to 8-byte boundary</lineannotation>
982 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 05 <lineannotation>first element = 5</lineannotation>
987 Arrays have a maximum length defined to be 2 to the 26th power or
988 67108864. Implementations must not send or accept arrays exceeding this
993 Structs and dict entries are marshalled in the same way as their
994 contents, but their alignment is always to an 8-byte boundary,
995 even if their contents would normally be less strictly aligned.
999 Variants are marshalled as the <literal>SIGNATURE</literal> of
1000 the contents (which must be a single complete type), followed by a
1001 marshalled value with the type given by that signature. The
1002 variant has the same 1-byte alignment as the signature, which means
1003 that alignment padding before a variant is never needed.
1004 Use of variants may not cause a total message depth to be larger
1005 than 64, including other container types such as structures.
1010 <title>Summary of D-Bus marshalling</title>
1013 Given all this, the types are marshaled on the wire as follows:
1018 <entry>Conventional Name</entry>
1019 <entry>Encoding</entry>
1020 <entry>Alignment</entry>
1025 <entry><literal>INVALID</literal></entry>
1026 <entry>Not applicable; cannot be marshaled.</entry>
1029 <entry><literal>BYTE</literal></entry>
1030 <entry>A single 8-bit byte.</entry>
1033 <entry><literal>BOOLEAN</literal></entry>
1034 <entry>As for <literal>UINT32</literal>, but only 0 and 1 are valid values.</entry>
1037 <entry><literal>INT16</literal></entry>
1038 <entry>16-bit signed integer in the message's byte order.</entry>
1041 <entry><literal>UINT16</literal></entry>
1042 <entry>16-bit unsigned integer in the message's byte order.</entry>
1045 <entry><literal>INT32</literal></entry>
1046 <entry>32-bit signed integer in the message's byte order.</entry>
1049 <entry><literal>UINT32</literal></entry>
1050 <entry>32-bit unsigned integer in the message's byte order.</entry>
1053 <entry><literal>INT64</literal></entry>
1054 <entry>64-bit signed integer in the message's byte order.</entry>
1057 <entry><literal>UINT64</literal></entry>
1058 <entry>64-bit unsigned integer in the message's byte order.</entry>
1061 <entry><literal>DOUBLE</literal></entry>
1062 <entry>64-bit IEEE 754 double in the message's byte order.</entry>
1065 <entry><literal>STRING</literal></entry>
1066 <entry>A <literal>UINT32</literal> indicating the string's
1067 length in bytes excluding its terminating nul, followed by
1068 non-nul string data of the given length, followed by a terminating nul
1075 <entry><literal>OBJECT_PATH</literal></entry>
1076 <entry>Exactly the same as <literal>STRING</literal> except the
1077 content must be a valid object path (see above).
1083 <entry><literal>SIGNATURE</literal></entry>
1084 <entry>The same as <literal>STRING</literal> except the length is a single
1085 byte (thus signatures have a maximum length of 255)
1086 and the content must be a valid signature (see above).
1092 <entry><literal>ARRAY</literal></entry>
1094 A <literal>UINT32</literal> giving the length of the array data in bytes, followed by
1095 alignment padding to the alignment boundary of the array element type,
1096 followed by each array element.
1102 <entry><literal>STRUCT</literal></entry>
1104 A struct must start on an 8-byte boundary regardless of the
1105 type of the struct fields. The struct value consists of each
1106 field marshaled in sequence starting from that 8-byte
1113 <entry><literal>VARIANT</literal></entry>
1115 The marshaled <literal>SIGNATURE</literal> of a single
1116 complete type, followed by a marshaled value with the type
1117 given in the signature.
1120 1 (alignment of the signature)
1123 <entry><literal>DICT_ENTRY</literal></entry>
1125 Identical to STRUCT.
1131 <entry><literal>UNIX_FD</literal></entry>
1132 <entry>32-bit unsigned integer in the message's byte
1133 order. The actual file descriptors need to be
1134 transferred out-of-band via some platform specific
1135 mechanism. On the wire, values of this type store the index to the
1136 file descriptor in the array of file descriptors that
1137 accompany the message.</entry>
1149 <sect1 id="message-protocol">
1150 <title>Message Protocol</title>
1153 A <firstterm>message</firstterm> consists of a
1154 <firstterm>header</firstterm> and a <firstterm>body</firstterm>. If you
1155 think of a message as a package, the header is the address, and the body
1156 contains the package contents. The message delivery system uses the header
1157 information to figure out where to send the message and how to interpret
1158 it; the recipient interprets the body of the message.
1162 The body of the message is made up of zero or more
1163 <firstterm>arguments</firstterm>, which are typed values, such as an
1164 integer or a byte array.
1168 Both header and body use the D-Bus <link linkend="type-system">type
1169 system</link> and format for serializing data.
1172 <sect2 id="message-protocol-messages">
1173 <title>Message Format</title>
1176 A message consists of a header and a body. The header is a block of
1177 values with a fixed signature and meaning. The body is a separate block
1178 of values, with a signature specified in the header.
1182 The length of the header must be a multiple of 8, allowing the body to
1183 begin on an 8-byte boundary when storing the entire message in a single
1184 buffer. If the header does not naturally end on an 8-byte boundary
1185 up to 7 bytes of nul-initialized alignment padding must be added.
1189 The message body need not end on an 8-byte boundary.
1193 The maximum length of a message, including header, header alignment padding,
1194 and body is 2 to the 27th power or 134217728. Implementations must not
1195 send or accept messages exceeding this size.
1199 The signature of the header is:
1203 Written out more readably, this is:
1205 BYTE, BYTE, BYTE, BYTE, UINT32, UINT32, ARRAY of STRUCT of (BYTE,VARIANT)
1210 These values have the following meanings:
1215 <entry>Value</entry>
1216 <entry>Description</entry>
1221 <entry>1st <literal>BYTE</literal></entry>
1222 <entry>Endianness flag; ASCII 'l' for little-endian
1223 or ASCII 'B' for big-endian. Both header and body are
1224 in this endianness.</entry>
1227 <entry>2nd <literal>BYTE</literal></entry>
1228 <entry><firstterm>Message type</firstterm>. Unknown types must be ignored.
1229 Currently-defined types are described below.
1233 <entry>3rd <literal>BYTE</literal></entry>
1234 <entry>Bitwise OR of flags. Unknown flags
1235 must be ignored. Currently-defined flags are described below.
1239 <entry>4th <literal>BYTE</literal></entry>
1240 <entry>Major protocol version of the sending application. If
1241 the major protocol version of the receiving application does not
1242 match, the applications will not be able to communicate and the
1243 D-Bus connection must be disconnected. The major protocol
1244 version for this version of the specification is 1.
1248 <entry>1st <literal>UINT32</literal></entry>
1249 <entry>Length in bytes of the message body, starting
1250 from the end of the header. The header ends after
1251 its alignment padding to an 8-boundary.
1255 <entry>2nd <literal>UINT32</literal></entry>
1256 <entry>The serial of this message, used as a cookie
1257 by the sender to identify the reply corresponding
1258 to this request. This must not be zero.
1262 <entry><literal>ARRAY</literal> of <literal>STRUCT</literal> of (<literal>BYTE</literal>,<literal>VARIANT</literal>)</entry>
1263 <entry>An array of zero or more <firstterm>header
1264 fields</firstterm> where the byte is the field code, and the
1265 variant is the field value. The message type determines
1266 which fields are required.
1274 <firstterm>Message types</firstterm> that can appear in the second byte
1280 <entry>Conventional name</entry>
1281 <entry>Decimal value</entry>
1282 <entry>Description</entry>
1287 <entry><literal>INVALID</literal></entry>
1289 <entry>This is an invalid type.</entry>
1292 <entry><literal>METHOD_CALL</literal></entry>
1294 <entry>Method call.</entry>
1297 <entry><literal>METHOD_RETURN</literal></entry>
1299 <entry>Method reply with returned data.</entry>
1302 <entry><literal>ERROR</literal></entry>
1304 <entry>Error reply. If the first argument exists and is a
1305 string, it is an error message.</entry>
1308 <entry><literal>SIGNAL</literal></entry>
1310 <entry>Signal emission.</entry>
1317 Flags that can appear in the third byte of the header:
1322 <entry>Conventional name</entry>
1323 <entry>Hex value</entry>
1324 <entry>Description</entry>
1329 <entry><literal>NO_REPLY_EXPECTED</literal></entry>
1331 <entry>This message does not expect method return replies or
1332 error replies; the reply can be omitted as an
1333 optimization. However, it is compliant with this specification
1334 to return the reply despite this flag and the only harm
1335 from doing so is extra network traffic.
1339 <entry><literal>NO_AUTO_START</literal></entry>
1341 <entry>The bus must not launch an owner
1342 for the destination name in response to this message.
1350 <sect3 id="message-protocol-header-fields">
1351 <title>Header Fields</title>
1354 The array at the end of the header contains <firstterm>header
1355 fields</firstterm>, where each field is a 1-byte field code followed
1356 by a field value. A header must contain the required header fields for
1357 its message type, and zero or more of any optional header
1358 fields. Future versions of this protocol specification may add new
1359 fields. Implementations must ignore fields they do not
1360 understand. Implementations must not invent their own header fields;
1361 only changes to this specification may introduce new header fields.
1365 Again, if an implementation sees a header field code that it does not
1366 expect, it must ignore that field, as it will be part of a new
1367 (but compatible) version of this specification. This also applies
1368 to known header fields appearing in unexpected messages, for
1369 example: if a signal has a reply serial it must be ignored
1370 even though it has no meaning as of this version of the spec.
1374 However, implementations must not send or accept known header fields
1375 with the wrong type stored in the field value. So for example a
1376 message with an <literal>INTERFACE</literal> field of type
1377 <literal>UINT32</literal> would be considered corrupt.
1381 Here are the currently-defined header fields:
1386 <entry>Conventional Name</entry>
1387 <entry>Decimal Code</entry>
1389 <entry>Required In</entry>
1390 <entry>Description</entry>
1395 <entry><literal>INVALID</literal></entry>
1398 <entry>not allowed</entry>
1399 <entry>Not a valid field name (error if it appears in a message)</entry>
1402 <entry><literal>PATH</literal></entry>
1404 <entry><literal>OBJECT_PATH</literal></entry>
1405 <entry><literal>METHOD_CALL</literal>, <literal>SIGNAL</literal></entry>
1406 <entry>The object to send a call to,
1407 or the object a signal is emitted from.
1409 <literal>/org/freedesktop/DBus/Local</literal> is reserved;
1410 implementations should not send messages with this path,
1411 and the reference implementation of the bus daemon will
1412 disconnect any application that attempts to do so.
1416 <entry><literal>INTERFACE</literal></entry>
1418 <entry><literal>STRING</literal></entry>
1419 <entry><literal>SIGNAL</literal></entry>
1421 The interface to invoke a method call on, or
1422 that a signal is emitted from. Optional for
1423 method calls, required for signals.
1424 The special interface
1425 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Local</literal> is reserved;
1426 implementations should not send messages with this
1427 interface, and the reference implementation of the bus
1428 daemon will disconnect any application that attempts to
1433 <entry><literal>MEMBER</literal></entry>
1435 <entry><literal>STRING</literal></entry>
1436 <entry><literal>METHOD_CALL</literal>, <literal>SIGNAL</literal></entry>
1437 <entry>The member, either the method name or signal name.</entry>
1440 <entry><literal>ERROR_NAME</literal></entry>
1442 <entry><literal>STRING</literal></entry>
1443 <entry><literal>ERROR</literal></entry>
1444 <entry>The name of the error that occurred, for errors</entry>
1447 <entry><literal>REPLY_SERIAL</literal></entry>
1449 <entry><literal>UINT32</literal></entry>
1450 <entry><literal>ERROR</literal>, <literal>METHOD_RETURN</literal></entry>
1451 <entry>The serial number of the message this message is a reply
1452 to. (The serial number is the second <literal>UINT32</literal> in the header.)</entry>
1455 <entry><literal>DESTINATION</literal></entry>
1457 <entry><literal>STRING</literal></entry>
1458 <entry>optional</entry>
1459 <entry>The name of the connection this message is intended for.
1460 Only used in combination with the message bus, see
1461 <xref linkend="message-bus"/>.</entry>
1464 <entry><literal>SENDER</literal></entry>
1466 <entry><literal>STRING</literal></entry>
1467 <entry>optional</entry>
1468 <entry>Unique name of the sending connection.
1469 The message bus fills in this field so it is reliable; the field is
1470 only meaningful in combination with the message bus.</entry>
1473 <entry><literal>SIGNATURE</literal></entry>
1475 <entry><literal>SIGNATURE</literal></entry>
1476 <entry>optional</entry>
1477 <entry>The signature of the message body.
1478 If omitted, it is assumed to be the
1479 empty signature "" (i.e. the body must be 0-length).</entry>
1482 <entry><literal>UNIX_FDS</literal></entry>
1484 <entry><literal>UINT32</literal></entry>
1485 <entry>optional</entry>
1486 <entry>The number of Unix file descriptors that
1487 accompany the message. If omitted, it is assumed
1488 that no Unix file descriptors accompany the
1489 message. The actual file descriptors need to be
1490 transferred via platform specific mechanism
1491 out-of-band. They must be sent at the same time as
1492 part of the message itself. They may not be sent
1493 before the first byte of the message itself is
1494 transferred or after the last byte of the message
1504 <sect2 id="message-protocol-names">
1505 <title>Valid Names</title>
1507 The various names in D-Bus messages have some restrictions.
1510 There is a <firstterm>maximum name length</firstterm>
1511 of 255 which applies to bus names, interfaces, and members.
1513 <sect3 id="message-protocol-names-interface">
1514 <title>Interface names</title>
1516 Interfaces have names with type <literal>STRING</literal>, meaning that
1517 they must be valid UTF-8. However, there are also some
1518 additional restrictions that apply to interface names
1521 <listitem><para>Interface names are composed of 1 or more elements separated by
1522 a period ('.') character. All elements must contain at least
1526 <listitem><para>Each element must only contain the ASCII characters
1527 "[A-Z][a-z][0-9]_" and must not begin with a digit.
1531 <listitem><para>Interface names must contain at least one '.' (period)
1532 character (and thus at least two elements).
1535 <listitem><para>Interface names must not begin with a '.' (period) character.</para></listitem>
1536 <listitem><para>Interface names must not exceed the maximum name length.</para></listitem>
1541 Interface names should start with the reversed DNS domain name of
1542 the author of the interface (in lower-case), like interface names
1543 in Java. It is conventional for the rest of the interface name
1544 to consist of words run together, with initial capital letters
1545 on all words ("CamelCase"). Several levels of hierarchy can be used.
1546 It is also a good idea to include the major version of the interface
1547 in the name, and increment it if incompatible changes are made;
1548 this way, a single object can implement several versions of an
1549 interface in parallel, if necessary.
1553 For instance, if the owner of <literal>example.com</literal> is
1554 developing a D-Bus API for a music player, they might define
1555 interfaces called <literal>com.example.MusicPlayer1</literal>,
1556 <literal>com.example.MusicPlayer1.Track</literal> and
1557 <literal>com.example.MusicPlayer1.Seekable</literal>.
1561 D-Bus does not distinguish between the concepts that would be
1562 called classes and interfaces in Java: either can be identified on
1563 D-Bus by an interface name.
1566 <sect3 id="message-protocol-names-bus">
1567 <title>Bus names</title>
1569 Connections have one or more bus names associated with them.
1570 A connection has exactly one bus name that is a <firstterm>unique
1571 connection name</firstterm>. The unique connection name remains
1572 with the connection for its entire lifetime.
1573 A bus name is of type <literal>STRING</literal>,
1574 meaning that it must be valid UTF-8. However, there are also
1575 some additional restrictions that apply to bus names
1578 <listitem><para>Bus names that start with a colon (':')
1579 character are unique connection names. Other bus names
1580 are called <firstterm>well-known bus names</firstterm>.
1583 <listitem><para>Bus names are composed of 1 or more elements separated by
1584 a period ('.') character. All elements must contain at least
1588 <listitem><para>Each element must only contain the ASCII characters
1589 "[A-Z][a-z][0-9]_-". Only elements that are part of a unique
1590 connection name may begin with a digit, elements in
1591 other bus names must not begin with a digit.
1595 <listitem><para>Bus names must contain at least one '.' (period)
1596 character (and thus at least two elements).
1599 <listitem><para>Bus names must not begin with a '.' (period) character.</para></listitem>
1600 <listitem><para>Bus names must not exceed the maximum name length.</para></listitem>
1604 Note that the hyphen ('-') character is allowed in bus names but
1605 not in interface names.
1609 Like <link linkend="message-protocol-names-interface">interface
1610 names</link>, well-known bus names should start with the
1611 reversed DNS domain name of the author of the interface (in
1612 lower-case), and it is conventional for the rest of the well-known
1613 bus name to consist of words run together, with initial
1614 capital letters. As with interface names, including a version
1615 number in well-known bus names is a good idea; it's possible to
1616 have the well-known bus name for more than one version
1617 simultaneously if backwards compatibility is required.
1621 If a well-known bus name implies the presence of a "main" interface,
1622 that "main" interface is often given the same name as
1623 the well-known bus name, and situated at the corresponding object
1624 path. For instance, if the owner of <literal>example.com</literal>
1625 is developing a D-Bus API for a music player, they might define
1626 that any application that takes the well-known name
1627 <literal>com.example.MusicPlayer1</literal> should have an object
1628 at the object path <literal>/com/example/MusicPlayer1</literal>
1629 which implements the interface
1630 <literal>com.example.MusicPlayer1</literal>.
1633 <sect3 id="message-protocol-names-member">
1634 <title>Member names</title>
1636 Member (i.e. method or signal) names:
1638 <listitem><para>Must only contain the ASCII characters
1639 "[A-Z][a-z][0-9]_" and may not begin with a
1640 digit.</para></listitem>
1641 <listitem><para>Must not contain the '.' (period) character.</para></listitem>
1642 <listitem><para>Must not exceed the maximum name length.</para></listitem>
1643 <listitem><para>Must be at least 1 byte in length.</para></listitem>
1648 It is conventional for member names on D-Bus to consist of
1649 capitalized words with no punctuation ("camel-case").
1650 Method names should usually be verbs, such as
1651 <literal>GetItems</literal>, and signal names should usually be
1652 a description of an event, such as <literal>ItemsChanged</literal>.
1655 <sect3 id="message-protocol-names-error">
1656 <title>Error names</title>
1658 Error names have the same restrictions as interface names.
1662 Error names have the same naming conventions as interface
1663 names, and often contain <literal>.Error.</literal>; for instance,
1664 the owner of <literal>example.com</literal> might define the
1665 errors <literal>com.example.MusicPlayer.Error.FileNotFound</literal>
1666 and <literal>com.example.MusicPlayer.Error.OutOfMemory</literal>.
1667 The errors defined by D-Bus itself, such as
1668 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.Failed</literal>, follow a
1674 <sect2 id="message-protocol-types">
1675 <title>Message Types</title>
1677 Each of the message types (<literal>METHOD_CALL</literal>, <literal>METHOD_RETURN</literal>, <literal>ERROR</literal>, and
1678 <literal>SIGNAL</literal>) has its own expected usage conventions and header fields.
1679 This section describes these conventions.
1681 <sect3 id="message-protocol-types-method">
1682 <title>Method Calls</title>
1684 Some messages invoke an operation on a remote object. These are
1685 called method call messages and have the type tag <literal>METHOD_CALL</literal>. Such
1686 messages map naturally to methods on objects in a typical program.
1689 A method call message is required to have a <literal>MEMBER</literal> header field
1690 indicating the name of the method. Optionally, the message has an
1691 <literal>INTERFACE</literal> field giving the interface the method is a part of. In the
1692 absence of an <literal>INTERFACE</literal> field, if two interfaces on the same object have
1693 a method with the same name, it is undefined which of the two methods
1694 will be invoked. Implementations may also choose to return an error in
1695 this ambiguous case. However, if a method name is unique
1696 implementations must not require an interface field.
1699 Method call messages also include a <literal>PATH</literal> field
1700 indicating the object to invoke the method on. If the call is passing
1701 through a message bus, the message will also have a
1702 <literal>DESTINATION</literal> field giving the name of the connection
1703 to receive the message.
1706 When an application handles a method call message, it is required to
1707 return a reply. The reply is identified by a <literal>REPLY_SERIAL</literal> header field
1708 indicating the serial number of the <literal>METHOD_CALL</literal> being replied to. The
1709 reply can have one of two types; either <literal>METHOD_RETURN</literal> or <literal>ERROR</literal>.
1712 If the reply has type <literal>METHOD_RETURN</literal>, the arguments to the reply message
1713 are the return value(s) or "out parameters" of the method call.
1714 If the reply has type <literal>ERROR</literal>, then an "exception" has been thrown,
1715 and the call fails; no return value will be provided. It makes
1716 no sense to send multiple replies to the same method call.
1719 Even if a method call has no return values, a <literal>METHOD_RETURN</literal>
1720 reply is required, so the caller will know the method
1721 was successfully processed.
1724 The <literal>METHOD_RETURN</literal> or <literal>ERROR</literal> reply message must have the <literal>REPLY_SERIAL</literal>
1728 If a <literal>METHOD_CALL</literal> message has the flag <literal>NO_REPLY_EXPECTED</literal>,
1729 then as an optimization the application receiving the method
1730 call may choose to omit the reply message (regardless of
1731 whether the reply would have been <literal>METHOD_RETURN</literal> or <literal>ERROR</literal>).
1732 However, it is also acceptable to ignore the <literal>NO_REPLY_EXPECTED</literal>
1733 flag and reply anyway.
1736 Unless a message has the flag <literal>NO_AUTO_START</literal>, if the
1737 destination name does not exist then a program to own the destination
1738 name will be started before the message is delivered. The message
1739 will be held until the new program is successfully started or has
1740 failed to start; in case of failure, an error will be returned. This
1741 flag is only relevant in the context of a message bus, it is ignored
1742 during one-to-one communication with no intermediate bus.
1744 <sect4 id="message-protocol-types-method-apis">
1745 <title>Mapping method calls to native APIs</title>
1747 APIs for D-Bus may map method calls to a method call in a specific
1748 programming language, such as C++, or may map a method call written
1749 in an IDL to a D-Bus message.
1752 In APIs of this nature, arguments to a method are often termed "in"
1753 (which implies sent in the <literal>METHOD_CALL</literal>), or "out" (which implies
1754 returned in the <literal>METHOD_RETURN</literal>). Some APIs such as CORBA also have
1755 "inout" arguments, which are both sent and received, i.e. the caller
1756 passes in a value which is modified. Mapped to D-Bus, an "inout"
1757 argument is equivalent to an "in" argument, followed by an "out"
1758 argument. You can't pass things "by reference" over the wire, so
1759 "inout" is purely an illusion of the in-process API.
1762 Given a method with zero or one return values, followed by zero or more
1763 arguments, where each argument may be "in", "out", or "inout", the
1764 caller constructs a message by appending each "in" or "inout" argument,
1765 in order. "out" arguments are not represented in the caller's message.
1768 The recipient constructs a reply by appending first the return value
1769 if any, then each "out" or "inout" argument, in order.
1770 "in" arguments are not represented in the reply message.
1773 Error replies are normally mapped to exceptions in languages that have
1777 In converting from native APIs to D-Bus, it is perhaps nice to
1778 map D-Bus naming conventions ("FooBar") to native conventions
1779 such as "fooBar" or "foo_bar" automatically. This is OK
1780 as long as you can say that the native API is one that
1781 was specifically written for D-Bus. It makes the most sense
1782 when writing object implementations that will be exported
1783 over the bus. Object proxies used to invoke remote D-Bus
1784 objects probably need the ability to call any D-Bus method,
1785 and thus a magic name mapping like this could be a problem.
1788 This specification doesn't require anything of native API bindings;
1789 the preceding is only a suggested convention for consistency
1795 <sect3 id="message-protocol-types-signal">
1796 <title>Signal Emission</title>
1798 Unlike method calls, signal emissions have no replies.
1799 A signal emission is simply a single message of type <literal>SIGNAL</literal>.
1800 It must have three header fields: <literal>PATH</literal> giving the object
1801 the signal was emitted from, plus <literal>INTERFACE</literal> and <literal>MEMBER</literal> giving
1802 the fully-qualified name of the signal. The <literal>INTERFACE</literal> header is required
1803 for signals, though it is optional for method calls.
1807 <sect3 id="message-protocol-types-errors">
1808 <title>Errors</title>
1810 Messages of type <literal>ERROR</literal> are most commonly replies
1811 to a <literal>METHOD_CALL</literal>, but may be returned in reply
1812 to any kind of message. The message bus for example
1813 will return an <literal>ERROR</literal> in reply to a signal emission if
1814 the bus does not have enough memory to send the signal.
1817 An <literal>ERROR</literal> may have any arguments, but if the first
1818 argument is a <literal>STRING</literal>, it must be an error message.
1819 The error message may be logged or shown to the user
1824 <sect3 id="message-protocol-types-notation">
1825 <title>Notation in this document</title>
1827 This document uses a simple pseudo-IDL to describe particular method
1828 calls and signals. Here is an example of a method call:
1830 org.freedesktop.DBus.StartServiceByName (in STRING name, in UINT32 flags,
1831 out UINT32 resultcode)
1833 This means <literal>INTERFACE</literal> = org.freedesktop.DBus, <literal>MEMBER</literal> = StartServiceByName,
1834 <literal>METHOD_CALL</literal> arguments are <literal>STRING</literal> and <literal>UINT32</literal>, <literal>METHOD_RETURN</literal> argument
1835 is <literal>UINT32</literal>. Remember that the <literal>MEMBER</literal> field can't contain any '.' (period)
1836 characters so it's known that the last part of the name in
1837 the "IDL" is the member name.
1840 In C++ that might end up looking like this:
1842 unsigned int org::freedesktop::DBus::StartServiceByName (const char *name,
1843 unsigned int flags);
1845 or equally valid, the return value could be done as an argument:
1847 void org::freedesktop::DBus::StartServiceByName (const char *name,
1849 unsigned int *resultcode);
1851 It's really up to the API designer how they want to make
1852 this look. You could design an API where the namespace wasn't used
1853 in C++, using STL or Qt, using varargs, or whatever you wanted.
1856 Signals are written as follows:
1858 org.freedesktop.DBus.NameLost (STRING name)
1860 Signals don't specify "in" vs. "out" because only
1861 a single direction is possible.
1864 It isn't especially encouraged to use this lame pseudo-IDL in actual
1865 API implementations; you might use the native notation for the
1866 language you're using, or you might use COM or CORBA IDL, for example.
1871 <sect2 id="message-protocol-handling-invalid">
1872 <title>Invalid Protocol and Spec Extensions</title>
1875 For security reasons, the D-Bus protocol should be strictly parsed and
1876 validated, with the exception of defined extension points. Any invalid
1877 protocol or spec violations should result in immediately dropping the
1878 connection without notice to the other end. Exceptions should be
1879 carefully considered, e.g. an exception may be warranted for a
1880 well-understood idiosyncrasy of a widely-deployed implementation. In
1881 cases where the other end of a connection is 100% trusted and known to
1882 be friendly, skipping validation for performance reasons could also make
1883 sense in certain cases.
1887 Generally speaking violations of the "must" requirements in this spec
1888 should be considered possible attempts to exploit security, and violations
1889 of the "should" suggestions should be considered legitimate (though perhaps
1890 they should generate an error in some cases).
1894 The following extension points are built in to D-Bus on purpose and must
1895 not be treated as invalid protocol. The extension points are intended
1896 for use by future versions of this spec, they are not intended for third
1897 parties. At the moment, the only way a third party could extend D-Bus
1898 without breaking interoperability would be to introduce a way to negotiate new
1899 feature support as part of the auth protocol, using EXTENSION_-prefixed
1900 commands. There is not yet a standard way to negotiate features.
1904 In the authentication protocol (see <xref linkend="auth-protocol"/>) unknown
1905 commands result in an ERROR rather than a disconnect. This enables
1906 future extensions to the protocol. Commands starting with EXTENSION_ are
1907 reserved for third parties.
1912 The authentication protocol supports pluggable auth mechanisms.
1917 The address format (see <xref linkend="addresses"/>) supports new
1923 Messages with an unknown type (something other than
1924 <literal>METHOD_CALL</literal>, <literal>METHOD_RETURN</literal>,
1925 <literal>ERROR</literal>, <literal>SIGNAL</literal>) are ignored.
1926 Unknown-type messages must still be well-formed in the same way
1927 as the known messages, however. They still have the normal
1933 Header fields with an unknown or unexpected field code must be ignored,
1934 though again they must still be well-formed.
1939 New standard interfaces (with new methods and signals) can of course be added.
1949 <sect1 id="auth-protocol">
1950 <title>Authentication Protocol</title>
1952 Before the flow of messages begins, two applications must
1953 authenticate. A simple plain-text protocol is used for
1954 authentication; this protocol is a SASL profile, and maps fairly
1955 directly from the SASL specification. The message encoding is
1956 NOT used here, only plain text messages.
1959 In examples, "C:" and "S:" indicate lines sent by the client and
1960 server respectively.
1962 <sect2 id="auth-protocol-overview">
1963 <title>Protocol Overview</title>
1965 The protocol is a line-based protocol, where each line ends with
1966 \r\n. Each line begins with an all-caps ASCII command name containing
1967 only the character range [A-Z_], a space, then any arguments for the
1968 command, then the \r\n ending the line. The protocol is
1969 case-sensitive. All bytes must be in the ASCII character set.
1971 Commands from the client to the server are as follows:
1974 <listitem><para>AUTH [mechanism] [initial-response]</para></listitem>
1975 <listitem><para>CANCEL</para></listitem>
1976 <listitem><para>BEGIN</para></listitem>
1977 <listitem><para>DATA <data in hex encoding></para></listitem>
1978 <listitem><para>ERROR [human-readable error explanation]</para></listitem>
1979 <listitem><para>NEGOTIATE_UNIX_FD</para></listitem>
1982 From server to client are as follows:
1985 <listitem><para>REJECTED <space-separated list of mechanism names></para></listitem>
1986 <listitem><para>OK <GUID in hex></para></listitem>
1987 <listitem><para>DATA <data in hex encoding></para></listitem>
1988 <listitem><para>ERROR</para></listitem>
1989 <listitem><para>AGREE_UNIX_FD</para></listitem>
1993 Unofficial extensions to the command set must begin with the letters
1994 "EXTENSION_", to avoid conflicts with future official commands.
1995 For example, "EXTENSION_COM_MYDOMAIN_DO_STUFF".
1998 <sect2 id="auth-nul-byte">
1999 <title>Special credentials-passing nul byte</title>
2001 Immediately after connecting to the server, the client must send a
2002 single nul byte. This byte may be accompanied by credentials
2003 information on some operating systems that use sendmsg() with
2004 SCM_CREDS or SCM_CREDENTIALS to pass credentials over UNIX domain
2005 sockets. However, the nul byte must be sent even on other kinds of
2006 socket, and even on operating systems that do not require a byte to be
2007 sent in order to transmit credentials. The text protocol described in
2008 this document begins after the single nul byte. If the first byte
2009 received from the client is not a nul byte, the server may disconnect
2013 A nul byte in any context other than the initial byte is an error;
2014 the protocol is ASCII-only.
2017 The credentials sent along with the nul byte may be used with the
2018 SASL mechanism EXTERNAL.
2021 <sect2 id="auth-command-auth">
2022 <title>AUTH command</title>
2024 If an AUTH command has no arguments, it is a request to list
2025 available mechanisms. The server must respond with a REJECTED
2026 command listing the mechanisms it understands, or with an error.
2029 If an AUTH command specifies a mechanism, and the server supports
2030 said mechanism, the server should begin exchanging SASL
2031 challenge-response data with the client using DATA commands.
2034 If the server does not support the mechanism given in the AUTH
2035 command, it must send either a REJECTED command listing the mechanisms
2036 it does support, or an error.
2039 If the [initial-response] argument is provided, it is intended for use
2040 with mechanisms that have no initial challenge (or an empty initial
2041 challenge), as if it were the argument to an initial DATA command. If
2042 the selected mechanism has an initial challenge and [initial-response]
2043 was provided, the server should reject authentication by sending
2047 If authentication succeeds after exchanging DATA commands,
2048 an OK command must be sent to the client.
2051 The first octet received by the server after the \r\n of the BEGIN
2052 command from the client must be the first octet of the
2053 authenticated/encrypted stream of D-Bus messages.
2056 If BEGIN is received by the server, the first octet received
2057 by the client after the \r\n of the OK command must be the
2058 first octet of the authenticated/encrypted stream of D-Bus
2062 <sect2 id="auth-command-cancel">
2063 <title>CANCEL Command</title>
2065 At any time up to sending the BEGIN command, the client may send a
2066 CANCEL command. On receiving the CANCEL command, the server must
2067 send a REJECTED command and abort the current authentication
2071 <sect2 id="auth-command-data">
2072 <title>DATA Command</title>
2074 The DATA command may come from either client or server, and simply
2075 contains a hex-encoded block of data to be interpreted
2076 according to the SASL mechanism in use.
2079 Some SASL mechanisms support sending an "empty string";
2080 FIXME we need some way to do this.
2083 <sect2 id="auth-command-begin">
2084 <title>BEGIN Command</title>
2086 The BEGIN command acknowledges that the client has received an
2087 OK command from the server, and that the stream of messages
2091 The first octet received by the server after the \r\n of the BEGIN
2092 command from the client must be the first octet of the
2093 authenticated/encrypted stream of D-Bus messages.
2096 <sect2 id="auth-command-rejected">
2097 <title>REJECTED Command</title>
2099 The REJECTED command indicates that the current authentication
2100 exchange has failed, and further exchange of DATA is inappropriate.
2101 The client would normally try another mechanism, or try providing
2102 different responses to challenges.
2104 Optionally, the REJECTED command has a space-separated list of
2105 available auth mechanisms as arguments. If a server ever provides
2106 a list of supported mechanisms, it must provide the same list
2107 each time it sends a REJECTED message. Clients are free to
2108 ignore all lists received after the first.
2111 <sect2 id="auth-command-ok">
2112 <title>OK Command</title>
2114 The OK command indicates that the client has been
2115 authenticated. The client may now proceed with negotiating
2116 Unix file descriptor passing. To do that it shall send
2117 NEGOTIATE_UNIX_FD to the server.
2120 Otherwise, the client must respond to the OK command by
2121 sending a BEGIN command, followed by its stream of messages,
2122 or by disconnecting. The server must not accept additional
2123 commands using this protocol after the BEGIN command has been
2124 received. Further communication will be a stream of D-Bus
2125 messages (optionally encrypted, as negotiated) rather than
2129 If a client sends BEGIN the first octet received by the client
2130 after the \r\n of the OK command must be the first octet of
2131 the authenticated/encrypted stream of D-Bus messages.
2134 The OK command has one argument, which is the GUID of the server.
2135 See <xref linkend="addresses"/> for more on server GUIDs.
2138 <sect2 id="auth-command-error">
2139 <title>ERROR Command</title>
2141 The ERROR command indicates that either server or client did not
2142 know a command, does not accept the given command in the current
2143 context, or did not understand the arguments to the command. This
2144 allows the protocol to be extended; a client or server can send a
2145 command present or permitted only in new protocol versions, and if
2146 an ERROR is received instead of an appropriate response, fall back
2147 to using some other technique.
2150 If an ERROR is sent, the server or client that sent the
2151 error must continue as if the command causing the ERROR had never been
2152 received. However, the the server or client receiving the error
2153 should try something other than whatever caused the error;
2154 if only canceling/rejecting the authentication.
2157 If the D-Bus protocol changes incompatibly at some future time,
2158 applications implementing the new protocol would probably be able to
2159 check for support of the new protocol by sending a new command and
2160 receiving an ERROR from applications that don't understand it. Thus the
2161 ERROR feature of the auth protocol is an escape hatch that lets us
2162 negotiate extensions or changes to the D-Bus protocol in the future.
2165 <sect2 id="auth-command-negotiate-unix-fd">
2166 <title>NEGOTIATE_UNIX_FD Command</title>
2168 The NEGOTIATE_UNIX_FD command indicates that the client
2169 supports Unix file descriptor passing. This command may only
2170 be sent after the connection is authenticated, i.e. after OK
2171 was received by the client. This command may only be sent on
2172 transports that support Unix file descriptor passing.
2175 On receiving NEGOTIATE_UNIX_FD the server must respond with
2176 either AGREE_UNIX_FD or ERROR. It shall respond the former if
2177 the transport chosen supports Unix file descriptor passing and
2178 the server supports this feature. It shall respond the latter
2179 if the transport does not support Unix file descriptor
2180 passing, the server does not support this feature, or the
2181 server decides not to enable file descriptor passing due to
2182 security or other reasons.
2185 <sect2 id="auth-command-agree-unix-fd">
2186 <title>AGREE_UNIX_FD Command</title>
2188 The AGREE_UNIX_FD command indicates that the server supports
2189 Unix file descriptor passing. This command may only be sent
2190 after the connection is authenticated, and the client sent
2191 NEGOTIATE_UNIX_FD to enable Unix file descriptor passing. This
2192 command may only be sent on transports that support Unix file
2196 On receiving AGREE_UNIX_FD the client must respond with BEGIN,
2197 followed by its stream of messages, or by disconnecting. The
2198 server must not accept additional commands using this protocol
2199 after the BEGIN command has been received. Further
2200 communication will be a stream of D-Bus messages (optionally
2201 encrypted, as negotiated) rather than this protocol.
2204 <sect2 id="auth-command-future">
2205 <title>Future Extensions</title>
2207 Future extensions to the authentication and negotiation
2208 protocol are possible. For that new commands may be
2209 introduced. If a client or server receives an unknown command
2210 it shall respond with ERROR and not consider this fatal. New
2211 commands may be introduced both before, and after
2212 authentication, i.e. both before and after the OK command.
2215 <sect2 id="auth-examples">
2216 <title>Authentication examples</title>
2220 <title>Example of successful magic cookie authentication</title>
2222 (MAGIC_COOKIE is a made up mechanism)
2224 C: AUTH MAGIC_COOKIE 3138363935333137393635383634
2230 <title>Example of finding out mechanisms then picking one</title>
2233 S: REJECTED KERBEROS_V4 SKEY
2234 C: AUTH SKEY 7ab83f32ee
2235 S: DATA 8799cabb2ea93e
2236 C: DATA 8ac876e8f68ee9809bfa876e6f9876g8fa8e76e98f
2242 <title>Example of client sends unknown command then falls back to regular auth</title>
2246 C: AUTH MAGIC_COOKIE 3736343435313230333039
2252 <title>Example of server doesn't support initial auth mechanism</title>
2254 C: AUTH MAGIC_COOKIE 3736343435313230333039
2255 S: REJECTED KERBEROS_V4 SKEY
2256 C: AUTH SKEY 7ab83f32ee
2257 S: DATA 8799cabb2ea93e
2258 C: DATA 8ac876e8f68ee9809bfa876e6f9876g8fa8e76e98f
2264 <title>Example of wrong password or the like followed by successful retry</title>
2266 C: AUTH MAGIC_COOKIE 3736343435313230333039
2267 S: REJECTED KERBEROS_V4 SKEY
2268 C: AUTH SKEY 7ab83f32ee
2269 S: DATA 8799cabb2ea93e
2270 C: DATA 8ac876e8f68ee9809bfa876e6f9876g8fa8e76e98f
2272 C: AUTH SKEY 7ab83f32ee
2273 S: DATA 8799cabb2ea93e
2274 C: DATA 8ac876e8f68ee9809bfa876e6f9876g8fa8e76e98f
2280 <title>Example of skey cancelled and restarted</title>
2282 C: AUTH MAGIC_COOKIE 3736343435313230333039
2283 S: REJECTED KERBEROS_V4 SKEY
2284 C: AUTH SKEY 7ab83f32ee
2285 S: DATA 8799cabb2ea93e
2288 C: AUTH SKEY 7ab83f32ee
2289 S: DATA 8799cabb2ea93e
2290 C: DATA 8ac876e8f68ee9809bfa876e6f9876g8fa8e76e98f
2296 <title>Example of successful magic cookie authentication with successful negotiation of Unix FD passing</title>
2298 (MAGIC_COOKIE is a made up mechanism)
2300 C: AUTH MAGIC_COOKIE 3138363935333137393635383634
2302 C: NEGOTIATE_UNIX_FD
2308 <title>Example of successful magic cookie authentication with unsuccessful negotiation of Unix FD passing</title>
2310 (MAGIC_COOKIE is a made up mechanism)
2312 C: AUTH MAGIC_COOKIE 3138363935333137393635383634
2314 C: NEGOTIATE_UNIX_FD
2321 <sect2 id="auth-states">
2322 <title>Authentication state diagrams</title>
2325 This section documents the auth protocol in terms of
2326 a state machine for the client and the server. This is
2327 probably the most robust way to implement the protocol.
2330 <sect3 id="auth-states-client">
2331 <title>Client states</title>
2334 To more precisely describe the interaction between the
2335 protocol state machine and the authentication mechanisms the
2336 following notation is used: MECH(CHALL) means that the
2337 server challenge CHALL was fed to the mechanism MECH, which
2343 CONTINUE(RESP) means continue the auth conversation
2344 and send RESP as the response to the server;
2350 OK(RESP) means that after sending RESP to the server
2351 the client side of the auth conversation is finished
2352 and the server should return "OK";
2358 ERROR means that CHALL was invalid and could not be
2364 Both RESP and CHALL may be empty.
2368 The Client starts by getting an initial response from the
2369 default mechanism and sends AUTH MECH RESP, or AUTH MECH if
2370 the mechanism did not provide an initial response. If the
2371 mechanism returns CONTINUE, the client starts in state
2372 <emphasis>WaitingForData</emphasis>, if the mechanism
2373 returns OK the client starts in state
2374 <emphasis>WaitingForOK</emphasis>.
2378 The client should keep track of available mechanisms and
2379 which it mechanisms it has already attempted. This list is
2380 used to decide which AUTH command to send. When the list is
2381 exhausted, the client should give up and close the
2386 <title><emphasis>WaitingForData</emphasis></title>
2394 MECH(CHALL) returns CONTINUE(RESP) → send
2396 <emphasis>WaitingForData</emphasis>
2400 MECH(CHALL) returns OK(RESP) → send DATA
2401 RESP, goto <emphasis>WaitingForOK</emphasis>
2405 MECH(CHALL) returns ERROR → send ERROR
2406 [msg], goto <emphasis>WaitingForData</emphasis>
2414 Receive REJECTED [mechs] →
2415 send AUTH [next mech], goto
2416 WaitingForData or <emphasis>WaitingForOK</emphasis>
2421 Receive ERROR → send
2423 <emphasis>WaitingForReject</emphasis>
2428 Receive OK → send
2429 BEGIN, terminate auth
2430 conversation, authenticated
2435 Receive anything else → send
2437 <emphasis>WaitingForData</emphasis>
2445 <title><emphasis>WaitingForOK</emphasis></title>
2450 Receive OK → send BEGIN, terminate auth
2451 conversation, <emphasis>authenticated</emphasis>
2456 Receive REJECTED [mechs] → send AUTH [next mech],
2457 goto <emphasis>WaitingForData</emphasis> or
2458 <emphasis>WaitingForOK</emphasis>
2464 Receive DATA → send CANCEL, goto
2465 <emphasis>WaitingForReject</emphasis>
2471 Receive ERROR → send CANCEL, goto
2472 <emphasis>WaitingForReject</emphasis>
2478 Receive anything else → send ERROR, goto
2479 <emphasis>WaitingForOK</emphasis>
2487 <title><emphasis>WaitingForReject</emphasis></title>
2492 Receive REJECTED [mechs] → send AUTH [next mech],
2493 goto <emphasis>WaitingForData</emphasis> or
2494 <emphasis>WaitingForOK</emphasis>
2500 Receive anything else → terminate auth
2501 conversation, disconnect
2510 <sect3 id="auth-states-server">
2511 <title>Server states</title>
2514 For the server MECH(RESP) means that the client response
2515 RESP was fed to the the mechanism MECH, which returns one of
2520 CONTINUE(CHALL) means continue the auth conversation and
2521 send CHALL as the challenge to the client;
2527 OK means that the client has been successfully
2534 REJECTED means that the client failed to authenticate or
2535 there was an error in RESP.
2540 The server starts out in state
2541 <emphasis>WaitingForAuth</emphasis>. If the client is
2542 rejected too many times the server must disconnect the
2547 <title><emphasis>WaitingForAuth</emphasis></title>
2553 Receive AUTH → send REJECTED [mechs], goto
2554 <emphasis>WaitingForAuth</emphasis>
2560 Receive AUTH MECH RESP
2564 MECH not valid mechanism → send REJECTED
2566 <emphasis>WaitingForAuth</emphasis>
2570 MECH(RESP) returns CONTINUE(CHALL) → send
2572 <emphasis>WaitingForData</emphasis>
2576 MECH(RESP) returns OK → send OK, goto
2577 <emphasis>WaitingForBegin</emphasis>
2581 MECH(RESP) returns REJECTED → send REJECTED
2583 <emphasis>WaitingForAuth</emphasis>
2591 Receive BEGIN → terminate
2592 auth conversation, disconnect
2598 Receive ERROR → send REJECTED [mechs], goto
2599 <emphasis>WaitingForAuth</emphasis>
2605 Receive anything else → send
2607 <emphasis>WaitingForAuth</emphasis>
2616 <title><emphasis>WaitingForData</emphasis></title>
2624 MECH(RESP) returns CONTINUE(CHALL) → send
2626 <emphasis>WaitingForData</emphasis>
2630 MECH(RESP) returns OK → send OK, goto
2631 <emphasis>WaitingForBegin</emphasis>
2635 MECH(RESP) returns REJECTED → send REJECTED
2637 <emphasis>WaitingForAuth</emphasis>
2645 Receive BEGIN → terminate auth conversation,
2652 Receive CANCEL → send REJECTED [mechs], goto
2653 <emphasis>WaitingForAuth</emphasis>
2659 Receive ERROR → send REJECTED [mechs], goto
2660 <emphasis>WaitingForAuth</emphasis>
2666 Receive anything else → send ERROR, goto
2667 <emphasis>WaitingForData</emphasis>
2675 <title><emphasis>WaitingForBegin</emphasis></title>
2680 Receive BEGIN → terminate auth conversation,
2681 client authenticated
2687 Receive CANCEL → send REJECTED [mechs], goto
2688 <emphasis>WaitingForAuth</emphasis>
2694 Receive ERROR → send REJECTED [mechs], goto
2695 <emphasis>WaitingForAuth</emphasis>
2701 Receive anything else → send ERROR, goto
2702 <emphasis>WaitingForBegin</emphasis>
2712 <sect2 id="auth-mechanisms">
2713 <title>Authentication mechanisms</title>
2715 This section describes some new authentication mechanisms.
2716 D-Bus also allows any standard SASL mechanism of course.
2718 <sect3 id="auth-mechanisms-sha">
2719 <title>DBUS_COOKIE_SHA1</title>
2721 The DBUS_COOKIE_SHA1 mechanism is designed to establish that a client
2722 has the ability to read a private file owned by the user being
2723 authenticated. If the client can prove that it has access to a secret
2724 cookie stored in this file, then the client is authenticated.
2725 Thus the security of DBUS_COOKIE_SHA1 depends on a secure home
2729 Throughout this description, "hex encoding" must output the digits
2730 from a to f in lower-case; the digits A to F must not be used
2731 in the DBUS_COOKIE_SHA1 mechanism.
2734 Authentication proceeds as follows:
2738 The client sends the username it would like to authenticate
2744 The server sends the name of its "cookie context" (see below); a
2745 space character; the integer ID of the secret cookie the client
2746 must demonstrate knowledge of; a space character; then a
2747 randomly-generated challenge string, all of this hex-encoded into
2753 The client locates the cookie and generates its own
2754 randomly-generated challenge string. The client then concatenates
2755 the server's decoded challenge, a ":" character, its own challenge,
2756 another ":" character, and the cookie. It computes the SHA-1 hash
2757 of this composite string as a hex digest. It concatenates the
2758 client's challenge string, a space character, and the SHA-1 hex
2759 digest, hex-encodes the result and sends it back to the server.
2764 The server generates the same concatenated string used by the
2765 client and computes its SHA-1 hash. It compares the hash with
2766 the hash received from the client; if the two hashes match, the
2767 client is authenticated.
2773 Each server has a "cookie context," which is a name that identifies a
2774 set of cookies that apply to that server. A sample context might be
2775 "org_freedesktop_session_bus". Context names must be valid ASCII,
2776 nonzero length, and may not contain the characters slash ("/"),
2777 backslash ("\"), space (" "), newline ("\n"), carriage return ("\r"),
2778 tab ("\t"), or period ("."). There is a default context,
2779 "org_freedesktop_general" that's used by servers that do not specify
2783 Cookies are stored in a user's home directory, in the directory
2784 <filename>~/.dbus-keyrings/</filename>. This directory must
2785 not be readable or writable by other users. If it is,
2786 clients and servers must ignore it. The directory
2787 contains cookie files named after the cookie context.
2790 A cookie file contains one cookie per line. Each line
2791 has three space-separated fields:
2795 The cookie ID number, which must be a non-negative integer and
2796 may not be used twice in the same file.
2801 The cookie's creation time, in UNIX seconds-since-the-epoch
2807 The cookie itself, a hex-encoded random block of bytes. The cookie
2808 may be of any length, though obviously security increases
2809 as the length increases.
2815 Only server processes modify the cookie file.
2816 They must do so with this procedure:
2820 Create a lockfile name by appending ".lock" to the name of the
2821 cookie file. The server should attempt to create this file
2822 using <literal>O_CREAT | O_EXCL</literal>. If file creation
2823 fails, the lock fails. Servers should retry for a reasonable
2824 period of time, then they may choose to delete an existing lock
2825 to keep users from having to manually delete a stale
2826 lock. <footnote><para>Lockfiles are used instead of real file
2827 locking <literal>fcntl()</literal> because real locking
2828 implementations are still flaky on network
2829 filesystems.</para></footnote>
2834 Once the lockfile has been created, the server loads the cookie
2835 file. It should then delete any cookies that are old (the
2836 timeout can be fairly short), or more than a reasonable
2837 time in the future (so that cookies never accidentally
2838 become permanent, if the clock was set far into the future
2839 at some point). If no recent keys remain, the
2840 server may generate a new key.
2845 The pruned and possibly added-to cookie file
2846 must be resaved atomically (using a temporary
2847 file which is rename()'d).
2852 The lock must be dropped by deleting the lockfile.
2858 Clients need not lock the file in order to load it,
2859 because servers are required to save the file atomically.
2864 <sect1 id="addresses">
2865 <title>Server Addresses</title>
2867 Server addresses consist of a transport name followed by a colon, and
2868 then an optional, comma-separated list of keys and values in the form key=value.
2869 Each value is escaped.
2873 <programlisting>unix:path=/tmp/dbus-test</programlisting>
2874 Which is the address to a unix socket with the path /tmp/dbus-test.
2877 Value escaping is similar to URI escaping but simpler.
2881 The set of optionally-escaped bytes is:
2882 <literal>[0-9A-Za-z_-/.\]</literal>. To escape, each
2883 <emphasis>byte</emphasis> (note, not character) which is not in the
2884 set of optionally-escaped bytes must be replaced with an ASCII
2885 percent (<literal>%</literal>) and the value of the byte in hex.
2886 The hex value must always be two digits, even if the first digit is
2887 zero. The optionally-escaped bytes may be escaped if desired.
2892 To unescape, append each byte in the value; if a byte is an ASCII
2893 percent (<literal>%</literal>) character then append the following
2894 hex value instead. It is an error if a <literal>%</literal> byte
2895 does not have two hex digits following. It is an error if a
2896 non-optionally-escaped byte is seen unescaped.
2900 The set of optionally-escaped bytes is intended to preserve address
2901 readability and convenience.
2905 A server may specify a key-value pair with the key <literal>guid</literal>
2906 and the value a hex-encoded 16-byte sequence. <xref linkend="uuids"/>
2907 describes the format of the <literal>guid</literal> field. If present,
2908 this UUID may be used to distinguish one server address from another. A
2909 server should use a different UUID for each address it listens on. For
2910 example, if a message bus daemon offers both UNIX domain socket and TCP
2911 connections, but treats clients the same regardless of how they connect,
2912 those two connections are equivalent post-connection but should have
2913 distinct UUIDs to distinguish the kinds of connection.
2917 The intent of the address UUID feature is to allow a client to avoid
2918 opening multiple identical connections to the same server, by allowing the
2919 client to check whether an address corresponds to an already-existing
2920 connection. Comparing two addresses is insufficient, because addresses
2921 can be recycled by distinct servers, and equivalent addresses may look
2922 different if simply compared as strings (for example, the host in a TCP
2923 address can be given as an IP address or as a hostname).
2927 Note that the address key is <literal>guid</literal> even though the
2928 rest of the API and documentation says "UUID," for historical reasons.
2932 [FIXME clarify if attempting to connect to each is a requirement
2933 or just a suggestion]
2934 When connecting to a server, multiple server addresses can be
2935 separated by a semi-colon. The library will then try to connect
2936 to the first address and if that fails, it'll try to connect to
2937 the next one specified, and so forth. For example
2938 <programlisting>unix:path=/tmp/dbus-test;unix:path=/tmp/dbus-test2</programlisting>
2943 <sect1 id="transports">
2944 <title>Transports</title>
2946 [FIXME we need to specify in detail each transport and its possible arguments]
2948 Current transports include: unix domain sockets (including
2949 abstract namespace on linux), launchd, systemd, TCP/IP, an executed subprocess and a debug/testing transport
2950 using in-process pipes. Future possible transports include one that
2951 tunnels over X11 protocol.
2954 <sect2 id="transports-unix-domain-sockets">
2955 <title>Unix Domain Sockets</title>
2957 Unix domain sockets can be either paths in the file system or on Linux
2958 kernels, they can be abstract which are similar to paths but
2959 do not show up in the file system.
2963 When a socket is opened by the D-Bus library it truncates the path
2964 name right before the first trailing Nul byte. This is true for both
2965 normal paths and abstract paths. Note that this is a departure from
2966 previous versions of D-Bus that would create sockets with a fixed
2967 length path name. Names which were shorter than the fixed length
2968 would be padded by Nul bytes.
2971 Unix domain sockets are not available on Windows.
2973 <sect3 id="transports-unix-domain-sockets-addresses">
2974 <title>Server Address Format</title>
2976 Unix domain socket addresses are identified by the "unix:" prefix
2977 and support the following key/value pairs:
2984 <entry>Values</entry>
2985 <entry>Description</entry>
2991 <entry>(path)</entry>
2992 <entry>path of the unix domain socket. If set, the "tmpdir" and "abstract" key must not be set.</entry>
2995 <entry>tmpdir</entry>
2996 <entry>(path)</entry>
2997 <entry>temporary directory in which a socket file with a random file name starting with 'dbus-' will be created by the server. This key can only be used in server addresses, not in client addresses. If set, the "path" and "abstract" key must not be set.</entry>
3000 <entry>abstract</entry>
3001 <entry>(string)</entry>
3002 <entry>unique string (path) in the abstract namespace. If set, the "path" or "tempdir" key must not be set.</entry>
3009 <sect2 id="transports-launchd">
3010 <title>launchd</title>
3012 launchd is an open-source server management system that replaces init, inetd
3013 and cron on Apple Mac OS X versions 10.4 and above. It provides a common session
3014 bus address for each user and deprecates the X11-enabled D-Bus launcher on OSX.
3018 launchd allocates a socket and provides it with the unix path through the
3019 DBUS_LAUNCHD_SESSION_BUS_SOCKET variable in launchd's environment. Every process
3020 spawned by launchd (or dbus-daemon, if it was started by launchd) can access
3021 it through its environment.
3022 Other processes can query for the launchd socket by executing:
3023 $ launchctl getenv DBUS_LAUNCHD_SESSION_BUS_SOCKET
3024 This is normally done by the D-Bus client library so doesn't have to be done
3028 launchd is not available on Microsoft Windows.
3030 <sect3 id="transports-launchd-addresses">
3031 <title>Server Address Format</title>
3033 launchd addresses are identified by the "launchd:" prefix
3034 and support the following key/value pairs:
3041 <entry>Values</entry>
3042 <entry>Description</entry>
3048 <entry>(environment variable)</entry>
3049 <entry>path of the unix domain socket for the launchd created dbus-daemon.</entry>
3056 <sect2 id="transports-systemd">
3057 <title>systemd</title>
3059 systemd is an open-source server management system that
3060 replaces init and inetd on newer Linux systems. It supports
3061 socket activation. The D-Bus systemd transport is used to acquire
3062 socket activation file descriptors from systemd and use them
3063 as D-Bus transport when the current process is spawned by
3064 socket activation from it.
3067 The systemd transport accepts only one or more Unix domain or
3068 TCP streams sockets passed in via socket activation.
3071 The systemd transport is not available on non-Linux operating systems.
3074 The systemd transport defines no parameter keys.
3077 <sect2 id="transports-tcp-sockets">
3078 <title>TCP Sockets</title>
3080 The tcp transport provides TCP/IP based connections between clients
3081 located on the same or different hosts.
3084 Using tcp transport without any additional secure authentification mechanismus
3085 over a network is unsecure.
3088 Windows notes: Because of the tcp stack on Windows does not provide sending
3089 credentials over a tcp connection, the EXTERNAL authentification
3090 mechanismus does not work.
3092 <sect3 id="transports-tcp-sockets-addresses">
3093 <title>Server Address Format</title>
3095 TCP/IP socket addresses are identified by the "tcp:" prefix
3096 and support the following key/value pairs:
3103 <entry>Values</entry>
3104 <entry>Description</entry>
3110 <entry>(string)</entry>
3111 <entry>dns name or ip address</entry>
3115 <entry>(number)</entry>
3116 <entry>The tcp port the server will open. A zero value let the server
3117 choose a free port provided from the underlaying operating system.
3118 libdbus is able to retrieve the real used port from the server.
3122 <entry>family</entry>
3123 <entry>(string)</entry>
3124 <entry>If set, provide the type of socket family either "ipv4" or "ipv6". If unset, the family is unspecified.</entry>
3131 <sect2 id="transports-nonce-tcp-sockets">
3132 <title>Nonce-secured TCP Sockets</title>
3134 The nonce-tcp transport provides a secured TCP transport, using a
3135 simple authentication mechanism to ensure that only clients with read
3136 access to a certain location in the filesystem can connect to the server.
3137 The server writes a secret, the nonce, to a file and an incoming client
3138 connection is only accepted if the client sends the nonce right after
3139 the connect. The nonce mechanism requires no setup and is orthogonal to
3140 the higher-level authentication mechanisms described in the
3141 Authentication section.
3145 On start, the server generates a random 16 byte nonce and writes it
3146 to a file in the user's temporary directory. The nonce file location
3147 is published as part of the server's D-Bus address using the
3148 "noncefile" key-value pair.
3150 After an accept, the server reads 16 bytes from the socket. If the
3151 read bytes do not match the nonce stored in the nonce file, the
3152 server MUST immediately drop the connection.
3153 If the nonce match the received byte sequence, the client is accepted
3154 and the transport behaves like an unsecured tcp transport.
3157 After a successful connect to the server socket, the client MUST read
3158 the nonce from the file published by the server via the noncefile=
3159 key-value pair and send it over the socket. After that, the
3160 transport behaves like an unsecured tcp transport.
3162 <sect3 id="transports-nonce-tcp-sockets-addresses">
3163 <title>Server Address Format</title>
3165 Nonce TCP/IP socket addresses uses the "nonce-tcp:" prefix
3166 and support the following key/value pairs:
3173 <entry>Values</entry>
3174 <entry>Description</entry>
3180 <entry>(string)</entry>
3181 <entry>dns name or ip address</entry>
3185 <entry>(number)</entry>
3186 <entry>The tcp port the server will open. A zero value let the server
3187 choose a free port provided from the underlaying operating system.
3188 libdbus is able to retrieve the real used port from the server.
3192 <entry>family</entry>
3193 <entry>(string)</entry>
3194 <entry>If set, provide the type of socket family either "ipv4" or "ipv6". If unset, the family is unspecified.</entry>
3197 <entry>noncefile</entry>
3198 <entry>(path)</entry>
3199 <entry>file location containing the secret</entry>
3206 <sect2 id="transports-exec">
3207 <title>Executed Subprocesses on Unix</title>
3209 This transport forks off a process and connects its standard
3210 input and standard output with an anonymous Unix domain
3211 socket. This socket is then used for communication by the
3212 transport. This transport may be used to use out-of-process
3213 forwarder programs as basis for the D-Bus protocol.
3216 The forked process will inherit the standard error output and
3217 process group from the parent process.
3220 Executed subprocesses are not available on Windows.
3222 <sect3 id="transports-exec-addresses">
3223 <title>Server Address Format</title>
3225 Executed subprocess addresses are identified by the "unixexec:" prefix
3226 and support the following key/value pairs:
3233 <entry>Values</entry>
3234 <entry>Description</entry>
3240 <entry>(path)</entry>
3241 <entry>Path of the binary to execute, either an absolute
3242 path or a binary name that is searched for in the default
3243 search path of the OS. This corresponds to the first
3244 argument of execlp(). This key is mandatory.</entry>
3247 <entry>argv0</entry>
3248 <entry>(string)</entry>
3249 <entry>The program name to use when executing the
3250 binary. If omitted the same value as specified for path=
3251 will be used. This corresponds to the second argument of
3255 <entry>argv1, argv2, ...</entry>
3256 <entry>(string)</entry>
3257 <entry>Arguments to pass to the binary. This corresponds
3258 to the third and later arguments of execlp(). If a
3259 specific argvX is not specified no further argvY for Y > X
3260 are taken into account.</entry>
3268 <sect1 id="meta-transports">
3269 <title>Meta Transports</title>
3271 Meta transports are a kind of transport with special enhancements or
3272 behavior. Currently available meta transports include: autolaunch
3275 <sect2 id="meta-transports-autolaunch">
3276 <title>Autolaunch</title>
3277 <para>The autolaunch transport provides a way for dbus clients to autodetect
3278 a running dbus session bus and to autolaunch a session bus if not present.
3280 <sect3 id="meta-transports-autolaunch-addresses">
3281 <title>Server Address Format</title>
3283 Autolaunch addresses uses the "autolaunch:" prefix and support the
3284 following key/value pairs:
3291 <entry>Values</entry>
3292 <entry>Description</entry>
3297 <entry>scope</entry>
3298 <entry>(string)</entry>
3299 <entry>scope of autolaunch (Windows only)
3303 "*install-path" - limit session bus to dbus installation path.
3304 The dbus installation path is determined from the location of
3305 the shared dbus library. If the library is located in a 'bin'
3306 subdirectory the installation root is the directory above,
3307 otherwise the directory where the library lives is taken as
3310 <install-root>/bin/[lib]dbus-1.dll
3311 <install-root>/[lib]dbus-1.dll
3317 "*user" - limit session bus to the recent user.
3322 other values - specify dedicated session bus like "release",
3334 <sect3 id="meta-transports-autolaunch-windows-implementation">
3335 <title>Windows implementation</title>
3337 On start, the server opens a platform specific transport, creates a mutex
3338 and a shared memory section containing the related session bus address.
3339 This mutex will be inspected by the dbus client library to detect a
3340 running dbus session bus. The access to the mutex and the shared memory
3341 section are protected by global locks.
3344 In the recent implementation the autolaunch transport uses a tcp transport
3345 on localhost with a port choosen from the operating system. This detail may
3346 change in the future.
3349 Disclaimer: The recent implementation is in an early state and may not
3350 work in all cirumstances and/or may have security issues. Because of this
3351 the implementation is not documentated yet.
3358 <title>UUIDs</title>
3360 A working D-Bus implementation uses universally-unique IDs in two places.
3361 First, each server address has a UUID identifying the address,
3362 as described in <xref linkend="addresses"/>. Second, each operating
3363 system kernel instance running a D-Bus client or server has a UUID
3364 identifying that kernel, retrieved by invoking the method
3365 org.freedesktop.DBus.Peer.GetMachineId() (see <xref
3366 linkend="standard-interfaces-peer"/>).
3369 The term "UUID" in this document is intended literally, i.e. an
3370 identifier that is universally unique. It is not intended to refer to
3371 RFC4122, and in fact the D-Bus UUID is not compatible with that RFC.
3374 The UUID must contain 128 bits of data and be hex-encoded. The
3375 hex-encoded string may not contain hyphens or other non-hex-digit
3376 characters, and it must be exactly 32 characters long. To generate a
3377 UUID, the current reference implementation concatenates 96 bits of random
3378 data followed by the 32-bit time in seconds since the UNIX epoch (in big
3382 It would also be acceptable and probably better to simply generate 128
3383 bits of random data, as long as the random number generator is of high
3384 quality. The timestamp could conceivably help if the random bits are not
3385 very random. With a quality random number generator, collisions are
3386 extremely unlikely even with only 96 bits, so it's somewhat academic.
3389 Implementations should, however, stick to random data for the first 96 bits
3394 <sect1 id="standard-interfaces">
3395 <title>Standard Interfaces</title>
3397 See <xref linkend="message-protocol-types-notation"/> for details on
3398 the notation used in this section. There are some standard interfaces
3399 that may be useful across various D-Bus applications.
3401 <sect2 id="standard-interfaces-peer">
3402 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Peer</literal></title>
3404 The <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Peer</literal> interface
3407 org.freedesktop.DBus.Peer.Ping ()
3408 org.freedesktop.DBus.Peer.GetMachineId (out STRING machine_uuid)
3412 On receipt of the <literal>METHOD_CALL</literal> message
3413 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Peer.Ping</literal>, an application should do
3414 nothing other than reply with a <literal>METHOD_RETURN</literal> as
3415 usual. It does not matter which object path a ping is sent to. The
3416 reference implementation handles this method automatically.
3419 On receipt of the <literal>METHOD_CALL</literal> message
3420 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Peer.GetMachineId</literal>, an application should
3421 reply with a <literal>METHOD_RETURN</literal> containing a hex-encoded
3422 UUID representing the identity of the machine the process is running on.
3423 This UUID must be the same for all processes on a single system at least
3424 until that system next reboots. It should be the same across reboots
3425 if possible, but this is not always possible to implement and is not
3427 It does not matter which object path a GetMachineId is sent to. The
3428 reference implementation handles this method automatically.
3431 The UUID is intended to be per-instance-of-the-operating-system, so may represent
3432 a virtual machine running on a hypervisor, rather than a physical machine.
3433 Basically if two processes see the same UUID, they should also see the same
3434 shared memory, UNIX domain sockets, process IDs, and other features that require
3435 a running OS kernel in common between the processes.
3438 The UUID is often used where other programs might use a hostname. Hostnames
3439 can change without rebooting, however, or just be "localhost" - so the UUID
3443 <xref linkend="uuids"/> explains the format of the UUID.
3447 <sect2 id="standard-interfaces-introspectable">
3448 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectable</literal></title>
3450 This interface has one method:
3452 org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectable.Introspect (out STRING xml_data)
3456 Objects instances may implement
3457 <literal>Introspect</literal> which returns an XML description of
3458 the object, including its interfaces (with signals and methods), objects
3459 below it in the object path tree, and its properties.
3462 <xref linkend="introspection-format"/> describes the format of this XML string.
3465 <sect2 id="standard-interfaces-properties">
3466 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties</literal></title>
3468 Many native APIs will have a concept of object <firstterm>properties</firstterm>
3469 or <firstterm>attributes</firstterm>. These can be exposed via the
3470 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties</literal> interface.
3474 org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties.Get (in STRING interface_name,
3475 in STRING property_name,
3477 org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties.Set (in STRING interface_name,
3478 in STRING property_name,
3480 org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties.GetAll (in STRING interface_name,
3481 out DICT<STRING,VARIANT> props);
3485 It is conventional to give D-Bus properties names consisting of
3486 capitalized words without punctuation ("CamelCase"), like
3487 <link linkend="message-protocol-names-member">member names</link>.
3488 For instance, the GObject property
3489 <literal>connection-status</literal> or the Qt property
3490 <literal>connectionStatus</literal> could be represented on D-Bus
3491 as <literal>ConnectionStatus</literal>.
3494 Strictly speaking, D-Bus property names are not required to follow
3495 the same naming restrictions as member names, but D-Bus property
3496 names that would not be valid member names (in particular,
3497 GObject-style dash-separated property names) can cause interoperability
3498 problems and should be avoided.
3501 The available properties and whether they are writable can be determined
3502 by calling <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectable.Introspect</literal>,
3503 see <xref linkend="standard-interfaces-introspectable"/>.
3506 An empty string may be provided for the interface name; in this case,
3507 if there are multiple properties on an object with the same name,
3508 the results are undefined (picking one by according to an arbitrary
3509 deterministic rule, or returning an error, are the reasonable
3513 If one or more properties change on an object, the
3514 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties.PropertiesChanged</literal>
3515 signal may be emitted (this signal was added in 0.14):
3519 org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties.PropertiesChanged (STRING interface_name,
3520 DICT<STRING,VARIANT> changed_properties,
3521 ARRAY<STRING> invalidated_properties);
3525 where <literal>changed_properties</literal> is a dictionary
3526 containing the changed properties with the new values and
3527 <literal>invalidated_properties</literal> is an array of
3528 properties that changed but the value is not conveyed.
3531 Whether the <literal>PropertiesChanged</literal> signal is
3532 supported can be determined by calling
3533 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectable.Introspect</literal>. Note
3534 that the signal may be supported for an object but it may
3535 differ how whether and how it is used on a per-property basis
3536 (for e.g. performance or security reasons). Each property (or
3537 the parent interface) must be annotated with the
3538 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal</literal>
3539 annotation to convey this (usually the default value
3540 <literal>true</literal> is sufficient meaning that the
3541 annotation does not need to be used). See <xref
3542 linkend="introspection-format"/> for details on this
3547 <sect2 id="standard-interfaces-objectmanager">
3548 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.ObjectManager</literal></title>
3550 An API can optionally make use of this interface for one or
3551 more sub-trees of objects. The root of each sub-tree implements
3552 this interface so other applications can get all objects,
3553 interfaces and properties in a single method call. It is
3554 appropriate to use this interface if users of the tree of
3555 objects are expected to be interested in all interfaces of all
3556 objects in the tree; a more granular API should be used if
3557 users of the objects are expected to be interested in a small
3558 subset of the objects, a small subset of their interfaces, or
3562 The method that applications can use to get all objects and
3563 properties is <literal>GetManagedObjects</literal>:
3567 org.freedesktop.DBus.ObjectManager.GetManagedObjects (out DICT<OBJPATH,DICT<STRING,DICT<STRING,VARIANT>>> objpath_interfaces_and_properties);
3571 The return value of this method is a dict whose keys are
3572 object paths. All returned object paths are children of the
3573 object path implementing this interface, i.e. their object
3574 paths start with the ObjectManager's object path plus '/'.
3577 Each value is a dict whose keys are interfaces names. Each
3578 value in this inner dict is the same dict that would be
3579 returned by the <link
3580 linkend="standard-interfaces-properties">org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties.GetAll()</link>
3581 method for that combination of object path and interface. If
3582 an interface has no properties, the empty dict is returned.
3585 Changes are emitted using the following two signals:
3589 org.freedesktop.DBus.ObjectManager.InterfacesAdded (OBJPATH object_path,
3590 DICT<STRING,DICT<STRING,VARIANT>> interfaces_and_properties);
3591 org.freedesktop.DBus.ObjectManager.InterfacesRemoved (OBJPATH object_path,
3592 ARRAY<STRING> interfaces);
3596 The <literal>InterfacesAdded</literal> signal is emitted when
3597 either a new object is added or when an existing object gains
3598 one or more interfaces. The
3599 <literal>InterfacesRemoved</literal> signal is emitted
3600 whenever an object is removed or it loses one or more
3601 interfaces. The second parameter of the
3602 <literal>InterfacesAdded</literal> signal contains a dict with
3603 the interfaces and properties (if any) that have been added to
3604 the given object path. Similarly, the second parameter of the
3605 <literal>InterfacesRemoved</literal> signal contains an array
3606 of the interfaces that were removed. Note that changes on
3607 properties on existing interfaces are not reported using this
3608 interface - an application should also monitor the existing <link
3609 linkend="standard-interfaces-properties">PropertiesChanged</link>
3610 signal on each object.
3613 Applications SHOULD NOT export objects that are children of an
3614 object (directly or otherwise) implementing this interface but
3615 which are not returned in the reply from the
3616 <literal>GetManagedObjects()</literal> method of this
3617 interface on the given object.
3620 The intent of the <literal>ObjectManager</literal> interface
3621 is to make it easy to write a robust client
3622 implementation. The trivial client implementation only needs
3623 to make two method calls:
3627 org.freedesktop.DBus.AddMatch (bus_proxy,
3628 "type='signal',name='org.example.App',path_namespace='/org/example/App'");
3629 objects = org.freedesktop.DBus.ObjectManager.GetManagedObjects (app_proxy);
3633 on the message bus and the remote application's
3634 <literal>ObjectManager</literal>, respectively. Whenever a new
3635 remote object is created (or an existing object gains a new
3636 interface), the <literal>InterfacesAdded</literal> signal is
3637 emitted, and since this signal contains all properties for the
3638 interfaces, no calls to the
3639 <literal>org.freedesktop.Properties</literal> interface on the
3640 remote object are needed. Additionally, since the initial
3641 <literal>AddMatch()</literal> rule already includes signal
3642 messages from the newly created child object, no new
3643 <literal>AddMatch()</literal> call is needed.
3648 The <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.ObjectManager</literal>
3649 interface was added in version 0.17 of the D-Bus
3656 <sect1 id="introspection-format">
3657 <title>Introspection Data Format</title>
3659 As described in <xref linkend="standard-interfaces-introspectable"/>,
3660 objects may be introspected at runtime, returning an XML string
3661 that describes the object. The same XML format may be used in
3662 other contexts as well, for example as an "IDL" for generating
3663 static language bindings.
3666 Here is an example of introspection data:
3668 <!DOCTYPE node PUBLIC "-//freedesktop//DTD D-BUS Object Introspection 1.0//EN"
3669 "http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/dbus/1.0/introspect.dtd">
3670 <node name="/com/example/sample_object">
3671 <interface name="com.example.SampleInterface">
3672 <method name="Frobate">
3673 <arg name="foo" type="i" direction="in"/>
3674 <arg name="bar" type="s" direction="out"/>
3675 <arg name="baz" type="a{us}" direction="out"/>
3676 <annotation name="org.freedesktop.DBus.Deprecated" value="true"/>
3678 <method name="Bazify">
3679 <arg name="bar" type="(iiu)" direction="in"/>
3680 <arg name="bar" type="v" direction="out"/>
3682 <method name="Mogrify">
3683 <arg name="bar" type="(iiav)" direction="in"/>
3685 <signal name="Changed">
3686 <arg name="new_value" type="b"/>
3688 <property name="Bar" type="y" access="readwrite"/>
3690 <node name="child_of_sample_object"/>
3691 <node name="another_child_of_sample_object"/>
3696 A more formal DTD and spec needs writing, but here are some quick notes.
3700 Only the root <node> element can omit the node name, as it's
3701 known to be the object that was introspected. If the root
3702 <node> does have a name attribute, it must be an absolute
3703 object path. If child <node> have object paths, they must be
3709 If a child <node> has any sub-elements, then they
3710 must represent a complete introspection of the child.
3711 If a child <node> is empty, then it may or may
3712 not have sub-elements; the child must be introspected
3713 in order to find out. The intent is that if an object
3714 knows that its children are "fast" to introspect
3715 it can go ahead and return their information, but
3716 otherwise it can omit it.
3721 The direction element on <arg> may be omitted,
3722 in which case it defaults to "in" for method calls
3723 and "out" for signals. Signals only allow "out"
3724 so while direction may be specified, it's pointless.
3729 The possible directions are "in" and "out",
3730 unlike CORBA there is no "inout"
3735 The possible property access flags are
3736 "readwrite", "read", and "write"
3741 Multiple interfaces can of course be listed for
3747 The "name" attribute on arguments is optional.
3753 Method, interface, property, and signal elements may have
3754 "annotations", which are generic key/value pairs of metadata.
3755 They are similar conceptually to Java's annotations and C# attributes.
3756 Well-known annotations:
3763 <entry>Values (separated by ,)</entry>
3764 <entry>Description</entry>
3769 <entry>org.freedesktop.DBus.Deprecated</entry>
3770 <entry>true,false</entry>
3771 <entry>Whether or not the entity is deprecated; defaults to false</entry>
3774 <entry>org.freedesktop.DBus.GLib.CSymbol</entry>
3775 <entry>(string)</entry>
3776 <entry>The C symbol; may be used for methods and interfaces</entry>
3779 <entry>org.freedesktop.DBus.Method.NoReply</entry>
3780 <entry>true,false</entry>
3781 <entry>If set, don't expect a reply to the method call; defaults to false.</entry>
3784 <entry>org.freedesktop.DBus.Property.EmitsChangedSignal</entry>
3785 <entry>true,invalidates,false</entry>
3788 If set to <literal>false</literal>, the
3789 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties.PropertiesChanged</literal>
3791 linkend="standard-interfaces-properties"/> is not
3792 guaranteed to be emitted if the property changes.
3795 If set to <literal>invalidates</literal> the signal
3796 is emitted but the value is not included in the
3800 If set to <literal>true</literal> the signal is
3801 emitted with the value included.
3804 The value for the annotation defaults to
3805 <literal>true</literal> if the enclosing interface
3806 element does not specify the annotation. Otherwise it
3807 defaults to the value specified in the enclosing
3816 <sect1 id="message-bus">
3817 <title>Message Bus Specification</title>
3818 <sect2 id="message-bus-overview">
3819 <title>Message Bus Overview</title>
3821 The message bus accepts connections from one or more applications.
3822 Once connected, applications can exchange messages with other
3823 applications that are also connected to the bus.
3826 In order to route messages among connections, the message bus keeps a
3827 mapping from names to connections. Each connection has one
3828 unique-for-the-lifetime-of-the-bus name automatically assigned.
3829 Applications may request additional names for a connection. Additional
3830 names are usually "well-known names" such as
3831 "com.example.TextEditor". When a name is bound to a connection,
3832 that connection is said to <firstterm>own</firstterm> the name.
3835 The bus itself owns a special name,
3836 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus</literal>, with an object
3837 located at <literal>/org/freedesktop/DBus</literal> that
3838 implements the <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus</literal>
3839 interface. This service allows applications to make
3840 administrative requests of the bus itself. For example,
3841 applications can ask the bus to assign a name to a connection.
3844 Each name may have <firstterm>queued owners</firstterm>. When an
3845 application requests a name for a connection and the name is already in
3846 use, the bus will optionally add the connection to a queue waiting for
3847 the name. If the current owner of the name disconnects or releases
3848 the name, the next connection in the queue will become the new owner.
3852 This feature causes the right thing to happen if you start two text
3853 editors for example; the first one may request "com.example.TextEditor",
3854 and the second will be queued as a possible owner of that name. When
3855 the first exits, the second will take over.
3859 Applications may send <firstterm>unicast messages</firstterm> to
3860 a specific recipient or to the message bus itself, or
3861 <firstterm>broadcast messages</firstterm> to all interested recipients.
3862 See <xref linkend="message-bus-routing"/> for details.
3866 <sect2 id="message-bus-names">
3867 <title>Message Bus Names</title>
3869 Each connection has at least one name, assigned at connection time and
3870 returned in response to the
3871 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Hello</literal> method call. This
3872 automatically-assigned name is called the connection's <firstterm>unique
3873 name</firstterm>. Unique names are never reused for two different
3874 connections to the same bus.
3877 Ownership of a unique name is a prerequisite for interaction with
3878 the message bus. It logically follows that the unique name is always
3879 the first name that an application comes to own, and the last
3880 one that it loses ownership of.
3883 Unique connection names must begin with the character ':' (ASCII colon
3884 character); bus names that are not unique names must not begin
3885 with this character. (The bus must reject any attempt by an application
3886 to manually request a name beginning with ':'.) This restriction
3887 categorically prevents "spoofing"; messages sent to a unique name
3888 will always go to the expected connection.
3891 When a connection is closed, all the names that it owns are deleted (or
3892 transferred to the next connection in the queue if any).
3895 A connection can request additional names to be associated with it using
3896 the <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.RequestName</literal> message. <xref
3897 linkend="message-protocol-names-bus"/> describes the format of a valid
3898 name. These names can be released again using the
3899 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.ReleaseName</literal> message.
3902 <sect3 id="bus-messages-request-name">
3903 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.RequestName</literal></title>
3907 UINT32 RequestName (in STRING name, in UINT32 flags)
3914 <entry>Argument</entry>
3916 <entry>Description</entry>
3922 <entry>STRING</entry>
3923 <entry>Name to request</entry>
3927 <entry>UINT32</entry>
3928 <entry>Flags</entry>
3938 <entry>Argument</entry>
3940 <entry>Description</entry>
3946 <entry>UINT32</entry>
3947 <entry>Return value</entry>
3954 This method call should be sent to
3955 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus</literal> and asks the message bus to
3956 assign the given name to the method caller. Each name maintains a
3957 queue of possible owners, where the head of the queue is the primary
3958 or current owner of the name. Each potential owner in the queue
3959 maintains the DBUS_NAME_FLAG_ALLOW_REPLACEMENT and
3960 DBUS_NAME_FLAG_DO_NOT_QUEUE settings from its latest RequestName
3961 call. When RequestName is invoked the following occurs:
3965 If the method caller is currently the primary owner of the name,
3966 the DBUS_NAME_FLAG_ALLOW_REPLACEMENT and DBUS_NAME_FLAG_DO_NOT_QUEUE
3967 values are updated with the values from the new RequestName call,
3968 and nothing further happens.
3974 If the current primary owner (head of the queue) has
3975 DBUS_NAME_FLAG_ALLOW_REPLACEMENT set, and the RequestName
3976 invocation has the DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING flag, then
3977 the caller of RequestName replaces the current primary owner at
3978 the head of the queue and the current primary owner moves to the
3979 second position in the queue. If the caller of RequestName was
3980 in the queue previously its flags are updated with the values from
3981 the new RequestName in addition to moving it to the head of the queue.
3987 If replacement is not possible, and the method caller is
3988 currently in the queue but not the primary owner, its flags are
3989 updated with the values from the new RequestName call.
3995 If replacement is not possible, and the method caller is
3996 currently not in the queue, the method caller is appended to the
4003 If any connection in the queue has DBUS_NAME_FLAG_DO_NOT_QUEUE
4004 set and is not the primary owner, it is removed from the
4005 queue. This can apply to the previous primary owner (if it
4006 was replaced) or the method caller (if it updated the
4007 DBUS_NAME_FLAG_DO_NOT_QUEUE flag while still stuck in the
4008 queue, or if it was just added to the queue with that flag set).
4014 Note that DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING results in "jumping the
4015 queue," even if another application already in the queue had specified
4016 DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING. This comes up if a primary owner
4017 that does not allow replacement goes away, and the next primary owner
4018 does allow replacement. In this case, queued items that specified
4019 DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING <emphasis>do not</emphasis>
4020 automatically replace the new primary owner. In other words,
4021 DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING is not saved, it is only used at the
4022 time RequestName is called. This is deliberate to avoid an infinite loop
4023 anytime two applications are both DBUS_NAME_FLAG_ALLOW_REPLACEMENT
4024 and DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING.
4027 The flags argument contains any of the following values logically ORed
4034 <entry>Conventional Name</entry>
4035 <entry>Value</entry>
4036 <entry>Description</entry>
4041 <entry>DBUS_NAME_FLAG_ALLOW_REPLACEMENT</entry>
4045 If an application A specifies this flag and succeeds in
4046 becoming the owner of the name, and another application B
4047 later calls RequestName with the
4048 DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING flag, then application A
4049 will lose ownership and receive a
4050 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.NameLost</literal> signal, and
4051 application B will become the new owner. If DBUS_NAME_FLAG_ALLOW_REPLACEMENT
4052 is not specified by application A, or DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING
4053 is not specified by application B, then application B will not replace
4054 application A as the owner.
4059 <entry>DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING</entry>
4063 Try to replace the current owner if there is one. If this
4064 flag is not set the application will only become the owner of
4065 the name if there is no current owner. If this flag is set,
4066 the application will replace the current owner if
4067 the current owner specified DBUS_NAME_FLAG_ALLOW_REPLACEMENT.
4072 <entry>DBUS_NAME_FLAG_DO_NOT_QUEUE</entry>
4076 Without this flag, if an application requests a name that is
4077 already owned, the application will be placed in a queue to
4078 own the name when the current owner gives it up. If this
4079 flag is given, the application will not be placed in the
4080 queue, the request for the name will simply fail. This flag
4081 also affects behavior when an application is replaced as
4082 name owner; by default the application moves back into the
4083 waiting queue, unless this flag was provided when the application
4084 became the name owner.
4092 The return code can be one of the following values:
4098 <entry>Conventional Name</entry>
4099 <entry>Value</entry>
4100 <entry>Description</entry>
4105 <entry>DBUS_REQUEST_NAME_REPLY_PRIMARY_OWNER</entry>
4106 <entry>1</entry> <entry>The caller is now the primary owner of
4107 the name, replacing any previous owner. Either the name had no
4108 owner before, or the caller specified
4109 DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING and the current owner specified
4110 DBUS_NAME_FLAG_ALLOW_REPLACEMENT.</entry>
4113 <entry>DBUS_REQUEST_NAME_REPLY_IN_QUEUE</entry>
4116 <entry>The name already had an owner,
4117 DBUS_NAME_FLAG_DO_NOT_QUEUE was not specified, and either
4118 the current owner did not specify
4119 DBUS_NAME_FLAG_ALLOW_REPLACEMENT or the requesting
4120 application did not specify DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING.
4124 <entry>DBUS_REQUEST_NAME_REPLY_EXISTS</entry> <entry>3</entry>
4125 <entry>The name already has an owner,
4126 DBUS_NAME_FLAG_DO_NOT_QUEUE was specified, and either
4127 DBUS_NAME_FLAG_ALLOW_REPLACEMENT was not specified by the
4128 current owner, or DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING was not
4129 specified by the requesting application.</entry>
4132 <entry>DBUS_REQUEST_NAME_REPLY_ALREADY_OWNER</entry>
4134 <entry>The application trying to request ownership of a name is already the owner of it.</entry>
4142 <sect3 id="bus-messages-release-name">
4143 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.ReleaseName</literal></title>
4147 UINT32 ReleaseName (in STRING name)
4154 <entry>Argument</entry>
4156 <entry>Description</entry>
4162 <entry>STRING</entry>
4163 <entry>Name to release</entry>
4173 <entry>Argument</entry>
4175 <entry>Description</entry>
4181 <entry>UINT32</entry>
4182 <entry>Return value</entry>
4189 This method call should be sent to
4190 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus</literal> and asks the message bus to
4191 release the method caller's claim to the given name. If the caller is
4192 the primary owner, a new primary owner will be selected from the
4193 queue if any other owners are waiting. If the caller is waiting in
4194 the queue for the name, the caller will removed from the queue and
4195 will not be made an owner of the name if it later becomes available.
4196 If there are no other owners in the queue for the name, it will be
4197 removed from the bus entirely.
4199 The return code can be one of the following values:
4205 <entry>Conventional Name</entry>
4206 <entry>Value</entry>
4207 <entry>Description</entry>
4212 <entry>DBUS_RELEASE_NAME_REPLY_RELEASED</entry>
4213 <entry>1</entry> <entry>The caller has released his claim on
4214 the given name. Either the caller was the primary owner of
4215 the name, and the name is now unused or taken by somebody
4216 waiting in the queue for the name, or the caller was waiting
4217 in the queue for the name and has now been removed from the
4221 <entry>DBUS_RELEASE_NAME_REPLY_NON_EXISTENT</entry>
4223 <entry>The given name does not exist on this bus.</entry>
4226 <entry>DBUS_RELEASE_NAME_REPLY_NOT_OWNER</entry>
4228 <entry>The caller was not the primary owner of this name,
4229 and was also not waiting in the queue to own this name.</entry>
4237 <sect3 id="bus-messages-list-queued-owners">
4238 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.ListQueuedOwners</literal></title>
4242 ARRAY of STRING ListQueuedOwners (in STRING name)
4249 <entry>Argument</entry>
4251 <entry>Description</entry>
4257 <entry>STRING</entry>
4258 <entry>The well-known bus name to query, such as
4259 <literal>com.example.cappuccino</literal></entry>
4269 <entry>Argument</entry>
4271 <entry>Description</entry>
4277 <entry>ARRAY of STRING</entry>
4278 <entry>The unique bus names of connections currently queued
4279 for the name</entry>
4286 This method call should be sent to
4287 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus</literal> and lists the connections
4288 currently queued for a bus name (see
4289 <xref linkend="term-queued-owner"/>).
4294 <sect2 id="message-bus-routing">
4295 <title>Message Bus Message Routing</title>
4298 Messages may have a <literal>DESTINATION</literal> field (see <xref
4299 linkend="message-protocol-header-fields"/>), resulting in a
4300 <firstterm>unicast message</firstterm>. If the
4301 <literal>DESTINATION</literal> field is present, it specifies a message
4302 recipient by name. Method calls and replies normally specify this field.
4303 The message bus must send messages (of any type) with the
4304 <literal>DESTINATION</literal> field set to the specified recipient,
4305 regardless of whether the recipient has set up a match rule matching
4310 When the message bus receives a signal, if the
4311 <literal>DESTINATION</literal> field is absent, it is considered to
4312 be a <firstterm>broadcast signal</firstterm>, and is sent to all
4313 applications with <firstterm>message matching rules</firstterm> that
4314 match the message. Most signal messages are broadcasts.
4318 Unicast signal messages (those with a <literal>DESTINATION</literal>
4319 field) are not commonly used, but they are treated like any unicast
4320 message: they are delivered to the specified receipient,
4321 regardless of its match rules. One use for unicast signals is to
4322 avoid a race condition in which a signal is emitted before the intended
4323 recipient can call <xref linkend="bus-messages-add-match"/> to
4324 receive that signal: if the signal is sent directly to that recipient
4325 using a unicast message, it does not need to add a match rule at all,
4326 and there is no race condition. Another use for unicast signals,
4327 on message buses whose security policy prevents eavesdropping, is to
4328 send sensitive information which should only be visible to one
4333 When the message bus receives a method call, if the
4334 <literal>DESTINATION</literal> field is absent, the call is taken to be
4335 a standard one-to-one message and interpreted by the message bus
4336 itself. For example, sending an
4337 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Peer.Ping</literal> message with no
4338 <literal>DESTINATION</literal> will cause the message bus itself to
4339 reply to the ping immediately; the message bus will not make this
4340 message visible to other applications.
4344 Continuing the <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Peer.Ping</literal> example, if
4345 the ping message were sent with a <literal>DESTINATION</literal> name of
4346 <literal>com.yoyodyne.Screensaver</literal>, then the ping would be
4347 forwarded, and the Yoyodyne Corporation screensaver application would be
4348 expected to reply to the ping.
4352 Message bus implementations may impose a security policy which
4353 prevents certain messages from being sent or received.
4354 When a message cannot be sent or received due to a security
4355 policy, the message bus should send an error reply, unless the
4356 original message had the <literal>NO_REPLY</literal> flag.
4359 <sect3 id="message-bus-routing-eavesdropping">
4360 <title>Eavesdropping</title>
4362 Receiving a unicast message whose <literal>DESTINATION</literal>
4363 indicates a different recipient is called
4364 <firstterm>eavesdropping</firstterm>. On a message bus which acts as
4365 a security boundary (like the standard system bus), the security
4366 policy should usually prevent eavesdropping, since unicast messages
4367 are normally kept private and may contain security-sensitive
4372 Eavesdropping is mainly useful for debugging tools, such as
4373 the <literal>dbus-monitor</literal> tool in the reference
4374 implementation of D-Bus. Tools which eavesdrop on the message bus
4375 should be careful to avoid sending a reply or error in response to
4376 messages intended for a different client.
4380 Clients may attempt to eavesdrop by adding match rules
4381 (see <xref linkend="message-bus-routing-match-rules"/>) containing
4382 the <literal>eavesdrop='true'</literal> match. If the message bus'
4383 security policy does not allow eavesdropping, the match rule can
4384 still be added, but will not have any practical effect. For
4385 compatibility with older message bus implementations, if adding such
4386 a match rule results in an error reply, the client may fall back to
4387 adding the same rule with the <literal>eavesdrop</literal> match
4392 <sect3 id="message-bus-routing-match-rules">
4393 <title>Match Rules</title>
4395 An important part of the message bus routing protocol is match
4396 rules. Match rules describe the messages that should be sent to a
4397 client, based on the contents of the message. Broadcast signals
4398 are only sent to clients which have a suitable match rule: this
4399 avoids waking up client processes to deal with signals that are
4400 not relevant to that client.
4403 Messages that list a client as their <literal>DESTINATION</literal>
4404 do not need to match the client's match rules, and are sent to that
4405 client regardless. As a result, match rules are mainly used to
4406 receive a subset of broadcast signals.
4409 Match rules can also be used for eavesdropping
4410 (see <xref linkend="message-bus-routing-eavesdropping"/>),
4411 if the security policy of the message bus allows it.
4414 Match rules are added using the AddMatch bus method
4415 (see <xref linkend="bus-messages-add-match"/>). Rules are
4416 specified as a string of comma separated key/value pairs.
4417 Excluding a key from the rule indicates a wildcard match.
4418 For instance excluding the the member from a match rule but
4419 adding a sender would let all messages from that sender through.
4420 An example of a complete rule would be
4421 "type='signal',sender='org.freedesktop.DBus',interface='org.freedesktop.DBus',member='Foo',path='/bar/foo',destination=':452345.34',arg2='bar'"
4424 The following table describes the keys that can be used to create
4431 <entry>Possible Values</entry>
4432 <entry>Description</entry>
4437 <entry><literal>type</literal></entry>
4438 <entry>'signal', 'method_call', 'method_return', 'error'</entry>
4439 <entry>Match on the message type. An example of a type match is type='signal'</entry>
4442 <entry><literal>sender</literal></entry>
4443 <entry>A bus or unique name (see <xref linkend="term-bus-name"/>
4444 and <xref linkend="term-unique-name"/> respectively)
4446 <entry>Match messages sent by a particular sender. An example of a sender match
4447 is sender='org.freedesktop.Hal'</entry>
4450 <entry><literal>interface</literal></entry>
4451 <entry>An interface name (see <xref linkend="message-protocol-names-interface"/>)</entry>
4452 <entry>Match messages sent over or to a particular interface. An example of an
4453 interface match is interface='org.freedesktop.Hal.Manager'.
4454 If a message omits the interface header, it must not match any rule
4455 that specifies this key.</entry>
4458 <entry><literal>member</literal></entry>
4459 <entry>Any valid method or signal name</entry>
4460 <entry>Matches messages which have the give method or signal name. An example of
4461 a member match is member='NameOwnerChanged'</entry>
4464 <entry><literal>path</literal></entry>
4465 <entry>An object path (see <xref linkend="message-protocol-marshaling-object-path"/>)</entry>
4466 <entry>Matches messages which are sent from or to the given object. An example of a
4467 path match is path='/org/freedesktop/Hal/Manager'</entry>
4470 <entry><literal>path_namespace</literal></entry>
4471 <entry>An object path</entry>
4474 Matches messages which are sent from or to an
4475 object for which the object path is either the
4476 given value, or that value followed by one or
4477 more path components.
4482 <literal>path_namespace='/com/example/foo'</literal>
4483 would match signals sent by
4484 <literal>/com/example/foo</literal>
4486 <literal>/com/example/foo/bar</literal>,
4488 <literal>/com/example/foobar</literal>.
4492 Using both <literal>path</literal> and
4493 <literal>path_namespace</literal> in the same match
4494 rule is not allowed.
4499 This match key was added in version 0.16 of the
4500 D-Bus specification and implemented by the bus
4501 daemon in dbus 1.5.0 and later.
4507 <entry><literal>destination</literal></entry>
4508 <entry>A unique name (see <xref linkend="term-unique-name"/>)</entry>
4509 <entry>Matches messages which are being sent to the given unique name. An
4510 example of a destination match is destination=':1.0'</entry>
4513 <entry><literal>arg[0, 1, 2, 3, ...]</literal></entry>
4514 <entry>Any string</entry>
4515 <entry>Arg matches are special and are used for further restricting the
4516 match based on the arguments in the body of a message. Only arguments of type
4517 STRING can be matched in this way. An example of an argument match
4518 would be arg3='Foo'. Only argument indexes from 0 to 63 should be
4522 <entry><literal>arg[0, 1, 2, 3, ...]path</literal></entry>
4523 <entry>Any string</entry>
4525 <para>Argument path matches provide a specialised form of wildcard matching for
4526 path-like namespaces. They can match arguments whose type is either STRING or
4527 OBJECT_PATH. As with normal argument matches,
4528 if the argument is exactly equal to the string given in the match
4529 rule then the rule is satisfied. Additionally, there is also a
4530 match when either the string given in the match rule or the
4531 appropriate message argument ends with '/' and is a prefix of the
4532 other. An example argument path match is arg0path='/aa/bb/'. This
4533 would match messages with first arguments of '/', '/aa/',
4534 '/aa/bb/', '/aa/bb/cc/' and '/aa/bb/cc'. It would not match
4535 messages with first arguments of '/aa/b', '/aa' or even '/aa/bb'.</para>
4537 <para>This is intended for monitoring “directories” in file system-like
4538 hierarchies, as used in the <citetitle>dconf</citetitle> configuration
4539 system. An application interested in all nodes in a particular hierarchy would
4540 monitor <literal>arg0path='/ca/example/foo/'</literal>. Then the service could
4541 emit a signal with zeroth argument <literal>"/ca/example/foo/bar"</literal> to
4542 represent a modification to the “bar” property, or a signal with zeroth
4543 argument <literal>"/ca/example/"</literal> to represent atomic modification of
4544 many properties within that directory, and the interested application would be
4545 notified in both cases.</para>
4548 This match key was added in version 0.12 of the
4549 D-Bus specification, implemented for STRING
4550 arguments by the bus daemon in dbus 1.2.0 and later,
4551 and implemented for OBJECT_PATH arguments in dbus 1.5.0
4558 <entry><literal>arg0namespace</literal></entry>
4559 <entry>Like a bus name, except that the string is not
4560 required to contain a '.' (period)</entry>
4562 <para>Match messages whose first argument is of type STRING, and is a bus name
4563 or interface name within the specified namespace. This is primarily intended
4564 for watching name owner changes for a group of related bus names, rather than
4565 for a single name or all name changes.</para>
4567 <para>Because every valid interface name is also a valid
4568 bus name, this can also be used for messages whose
4569 first argument is an interface name.</para>
4571 <para>For example, the match rule
4572 <literal>member='NameOwnerChanged',arg0namespace='com.example.backend'</literal>
4573 matches name owner changes for bus names such as
4574 <literal>com.example.backend.foo</literal>,
4575 <literal>com.example.backend.foo.bar</literal>, and
4576 <literal>com.example.backend</literal> itself.</para>
4578 <para>See also <xref linkend='bus-messages-name-owner-changed'/>.</para>
4581 This match key was added in version 0.16 of the
4582 D-Bus specification and implemented by the bus
4583 daemon in dbus 1.5.0 and later.
4589 <entry><literal>eavesdrop</literal></entry>
4590 <entry><literal>'true'</literal>, <literal>'false'</literal></entry>
4591 <entry>Since D-Bus 1.5.6, match rules do not
4592 match messages which have a <literal>DESTINATION</literal>
4593 field unless the match rule specifically
4595 (see <xref linkend="message-bus-routing-eavesdropping"/>)
4596 by specifying <literal>eavesdrop='true'</literal>
4597 in the match rule. <literal>eavesdrop='false'</literal>
4598 restores the default behaviour. Messages are
4599 delivered to their <literal>DESTINATION</literal>
4600 regardless of match rules, so this match does not
4601 affect normal delivery of unicast messages.
4602 If the message bus has a security policy which forbids
4603 eavesdropping, this match may still be used without error,
4604 but will not have any practical effect.
4605 In older versions of D-Bus, this match was not allowed
4606 in match rules, and all match rules behaved as if
4607 <literal>eavesdrop='true'</literal> had been used.
4616 <sect2 id="message-bus-starting-services">
4617 <title>Message Bus Starting Services</title>
4619 The message bus can start applications on behalf of other applications.
4620 In CORBA terms, this would be called <firstterm>activation</firstterm>.
4621 An application that can be started in this way is called a
4622 <firstterm>service</firstterm>.
4625 With D-Bus, starting a service is normally done by name. That is,
4626 applications ask the message bus to start some program that will own a
4627 well-known name, such as <literal>com.example.TextEditor</literal>.
4628 This implies a contract documented along with the name
4629 <literal>com.example.TextEditor</literal> for which object
4630 the owner of that name will provide, and what interfaces those
4634 To find an executable corresponding to a particular name, the bus daemon
4635 looks for <firstterm>service description files</firstterm>. Service
4636 description files define a mapping from names to executables. Different
4637 kinds of message bus will look for these files in different places, see
4638 <xref linkend="message-bus-types"/>.
4641 Service description files have the ".service" file
4642 extension. The message bus will only load service description files
4643 ending with .service; all other files will be ignored. The file format
4644 is similar to that of <ulink
4645 url="http://standards.freedesktop.org/desktop-entry-spec/desktop-entry-spec-latest.html">desktop
4646 entries</ulink>. All service description files must be in UTF-8
4647 encoding. To ensure that there will be no name collisions, service files
4648 must be namespaced using the same mechanism as messages and service
4653 On the well-known system bus, the name of a service description file
4654 must be its well-known name plus <literal>.service</literal>,
4656 <literal>com.example.ConfigurationDatabase.service</literal>.
4660 On the well-known session bus, services should follow the same
4661 service description file naming convention as on the system bus,
4662 but for backwards compatibility they are not required to do so.
4666 [FIXME the file format should be much better specified than "similar to
4667 .desktop entries" esp. since desktop entries are already
4668 badly-specified. ;-)]
4669 These sections from the specification apply to service files as well:
4672 <listitem><para>General syntax</para></listitem>
4673 <listitem><para>Comment format</para></listitem>
4676 Service description files must contain a
4677 <literal>D-BUS Service</literal> group with at least the keys
4678 <literal>Name</literal> (the well-known name of the service)
4679 and <literal>Exec</literal> (the command to be executed).
4682 <title>Example service description file</title>
4684 # Sample service description file
4686 Name=com.example.ConfigurationDatabase
4687 Exec=/usr/bin/sample-configd
4693 Additionally, service description files for the well-known system
4694 bus on Unix must contain a <literal>User</literal> key, whose value
4695 is the name of a user account (e.g. <literal>root</literal>).
4696 The system service will be run as that user.
4700 When an application asks to start a service by name, the bus daemon tries to
4701 find a service that will own that name. It then tries to spawn the
4702 executable associated with it. If this fails, it will report an
4707 On the well-known system bus, it is not possible for two .service files
4708 in the same directory to offer the same service, because they are
4709 constrained to have names that match the service name.
4713 On the well-known session bus, if two .service files in the same
4714 directory offer the same service name, the result is undefined.
4715 Distributors should avoid this situation, for instance by naming
4716 session services' .service files according to their service name.
4720 If two .service files in different directories offer the same
4721 service name, the one in the higher-priority directory is used:
4722 for instance, on the system bus, .service files in
4723 /usr/local/share/dbus-1/system-services take precedence over those
4724 in /usr/share/dbus-1/system-services.
4727 The executable launched will have the environment variable
4728 <literal>DBUS_STARTER_ADDRESS</literal> set to the address of the
4729 message bus so it can connect and request the appropriate names.
4732 The executable being launched may want to know whether the message bus
4733 starting it is one of the well-known message buses (see <xref
4734 linkend="message-bus-types"/>). To facilitate this, the bus must also set
4735 the <literal>DBUS_STARTER_BUS_TYPE</literal> environment variable if it is one
4736 of the well-known buses. The currently-defined values for this variable
4737 are <literal>system</literal> for the systemwide message bus,
4738 and <literal>session</literal> for the per-login-session message
4739 bus. The new executable must still connect to the address given
4740 in <literal>DBUS_STARTER_ADDRESS</literal>, but may assume that the
4741 resulting connection is to the well-known bus.
4744 [FIXME there should be a timeout somewhere, either specified
4745 in the .service file, by the client, or just a global value
4746 and if the client being activated fails to connect within that
4747 timeout, an error should be sent back.]
4750 <sect3 id="message-bus-starting-services-scope">
4751 <title>Message Bus Service Scope</title>
4753 The "scope" of a service is its "per-", such as per-session,
4754 per-machine, per-home-directory, or per-display. The reference
4755 implementation doesn't yet support starting services in a different
4756 scope from the message bus itself. So e.g. if you start a service
4757 on the session bus its scope is per-session.
4760 We could add an optional scope to a bus name. For example, for
4761 per-(display,session pair), we could have a unique ID for each display
4762 generated automatically at login and set on screen 0 by executing a
4763 special "set display ID" binary. The ID would be stored in a
4764 <literal>_DBUS_DISPLAY_ID</literal> property and would be a string of
4765 random bytes. This ID would then be used to scope names.
4766 Starting/locating a service could be done by ID-name pair rather than
4770 Contrast this with a per-display scope. To achieve that, we would
4771 want a single bus spanning all sessions using a given display.
4772 So we might set a <literal>_DBUS_DISPLAY_BUS_ADDRESS</literal>
4773 property on screen 0 of the display, pointing to this bus.
4778 <sect2 id="message-bus-types">
4779 <title>Well-known Message Bus Instances</title>
4781 Two standard message bus instances are defined here, along with how
4782 to locate them and where their service files live.
4784 <sect3 id="message-bus-types-login">
4785 <title>Login session message bus</title>
4787 Each time a user logs in, a <firstterm>login session message
4788 bus</firstterm> may be started. All applications in the user's login
4789 session may interact with one another using this message bus.
4792 The address of the login session message bus is given
4793 in the <literal>DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS</literal> environment
4794 variable. If that variable is not set, applications may
4795 also try to read the address from the X Window System root
4796 window property <literal>_DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS</literal>.
4797 The root window property must have type <literal>STRING</literal>.
4798 The environment variable should have precedence over the
4799 root window property.
4801 <para>The address of the login session message bus is given in the
4802 <literal>DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS</literal> environment variable. If
4803 DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS is not set, or if it's set to the string
4804 "autolaunch:", the system should use platform-specific methods of
4805 locating a running D-Bus session server, or starting one if a running
4806 instance cannot be found. Note that this mechanism is not recommended
4807 for attempting to determine if a daemon is running. It is inherently
4808 racy to attempt to make this determination, since the bus daemon may
4809 be started just before or just after the determination is made.
4810 Therefore, it is recommended that applications do not try to make this
4811 determination for their functionality purposes, and instead they
4812 should attempt to start the server.</para>
4814 <sect4 id="message-bus-types-login-x-windows">
4815 <title>X Windowing System</title>
4817 For the X Windowing System, the application must locate the
4818 window owner of the selection represented by the atom formed by
4822 <para>the literal string "_DBUS_SESSION_BUS_SELECTION_"</para>
4826 <para>the current user's username</para>
4830 <para>the literal character '_' (underscore)</para>
4834 <para>the machine's ID</para>
4840 The following properties are defined for the window that owns
4842 <informaltable frame="all">
4851 <para>meaning</para>
4857 <para>_DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS</para>
4861 <para>the actual address of the server socket</para>
4867 <para>_DBUS_SESSION_BUS_PID</para>
4871 <para>the PID of the server process</para>
4880 At least the _DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS property MUST be
4881 present in this window.
4885 If the X selection cannot be located or if reading the
4886 properties from the window fails, the implementation MUST conclude
4887 that there is no D-Bus server running and proceed to start a new
4888 server. (See below on concurrency issues)
4892 Failure to connect to the D-Bus server address thus obtained
4893 MUST be treated as a fatal connection error and should be reported
4898 As an alternative, an implementation MAY find the information
4899 in the following file located in the current user's home directory,
4900 in subdirectory .dbus/session-bus/:
4903 <para>the machine's ID</para>
4907 <para>the literal character '-' (dash)</para>
4911 <para>the X display without the screen number, with the
4912 following prefixes removed, if present: ":", "localhost:"
4913 ."localhost.localdomain:". That is, a display of
4914 "localhost:10.0" produces just the number "10"</para>
4920 The contents of this file NAME=value assignment pairs and
4921 lines starting with # are comments (no comments are allowed
4922 otherwise). The following variable names are defined:
4929 <para>Variable</para>
4933 <para>meaning</para>
4939 <para>DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS</para>
4943 <para>the actual address of the server socket</para>
4949 <para>DBUS_SESSION_BUS_PID</para>
4953 <para>the PID of the server process</para>
4959 <para>DBUS_SESSION_BUS_WINDOWID</para>
4963 <para>the window ID</para>
4972 At least the DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS variable MUST be present
4977 Failure to open this file MUST be interpreted as absence of a
4978 running server. Therefore, the implementation MUST proceed to
4979 attempting to launch a new bus server if the file cannot be
4984 However, success in opening this file MUST NOT lead to the
4985 conclusion that the server is running. Thus, a failure to connect to
4986 the bus address obtained by the alternative method MUST NOT be
4987 considered a fatal error. If the connection cannot be established,
4988 the implementation MUST proceed to check the X selection settings or
4989 to start the server on its own.
4993 If the implementation concludes that the D-Bus server is not
4994 running it MUST attempt to start a new server and it MUST also
4995 ensure that the daemon started as an effect of the "autolaunch"
4996 mechanism provides the lookup mechanisms described above, so
4997 subsequent calls can locate the newly started server. The
4998 implementation MUST also ensure that if two or more concurrent
4999 initiations happen, only one server remains running and all other
5000 initiations are able to obtain the address of this server and
5001 connect to it. In other words, the implementation MUST ensure that
5002 the X selection is not present when it attempts to set it, without
5003 allowing another process to set the selection between the
5004 verification and the setting (e.g., by using XGrabServer /
5011 On Unix systems, the session bus should search for .service files
5012 in <literal>$XDG_DATA_DIRS/dbus-1/services</literal> as defined
5014 <ulink url="http://standards.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html">XDG Base Directory Specification</ulink>.
5015 Implementations may also search additional locations, which
5016 should be searched with lower priority than anything in
5017 XDG_DATA_HOME, XDG_DATA_DIRS or their respective defaults;
5018 for example, the reference implementation also
5019 looks in <literal>${datadir}/dbus-1/services</literal> as
5020 set at compile time.
5023 As described in the XDG Base Directory Specification, software
5024 packages should install their session .service files to their
5025 configured <literal>${datadir}/dbus-1/services</literal>,
5026 where <literal>${datadir}</literal> is as defined by the GNU
5027 coding standards. System administrators or users can arrange
5028 for these service files to be read by setting XDG_DATA_DIRS or by
5029 symlinking them into the default locations.
5033 <sect3 id="message-bus-types-system">
5034 <title>System message bus</title>
5036 A computer may have a <firstterm>system message bus</firstterm>,
5037 accessible to all applications on the system. This message bus may be
5038 used to broadcast system events, such as adding new hardware devices,
5039 changes in the printer queue, and so forth.
5042 The address of the system message bus is given
5043 in the <literal>DBUS_SYSTEM_BUS_ADDRESS</literal> environment
5044 variable. If that variable is not set, applications should try
5045 to connect to the well-known address
5046 <literal>unix:path=/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket</literal>.
5049 The D-Bus reference implementation actually honors the
5050 <literal>$(localstatedir)</literal> configure option
5051 for this address, on both client and server side.
5056 On Unix systems, the system bus should default to searching
5057 for .service files in
5058 <literal>/usr/local/share/dbus-1/system-services</literal>,
5059 <literal>/usr/share/dbus-1/system-services</literal> and
5060 <literal>/lib/dbus-1/system-services</literal>, with that order
5061 of precedence. It may also search other implementation-specific
5062 locations, but should not vary these locations based on environment
5066 The system bus is security-sensitive and is typically executed
5067 by an init system with a clean environment. Its launch helper
5068 process is particularly security-sensitive, and specifically
5069 clears its own environment.
5074 Software packages should install their system .service
5075 files to their configured
5076 <literal>${datadir}/dbus-1/system-services</literal>,
5077 where <literal>${datadir}</literal> is as defined by the GNU
5078 coding standards. System administrators can arrange
5079 for these service files to be read by editing the system bus'
5080 configuration file or by symlinking them into the default
5086 <sect2 id="message-bus-messages">
5087 <title>Message Bus Messages</title>
5089 The special message bus name <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus</literal>
5090 responds to a number of additional messages.
5093 <sect3 id="bus-messages-hello">
5094 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Hello</literal></title>
5105 <entry>Argument</entry>
5107 <entry>Description</entry>
5113 <entry>STRING</entry>
5114 <entry>Unique name assigned to the connection</entry>
5121 Before an application is able to send messages to other applications
5122 it must send the <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Hello</literal> message
5123 to the message bus to obtain a unique name. If an application without
5124 a unique name tries to send a message to another application, or a
5125 message to the message bus itself that isn't the
5126 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Hello</literal> message, it will be
5127 disconnected from the bus.
5130 There is no corresponding "disconnect" request; if a client wishes to
5131 disconnect from the bus, it simply closes the socket (or other
5132 communication channel).
5135 <sect3 id="bus-messages-list-names">
5136 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.ListNames</literal></title>
5140 ARRAY of STRING ListNames ()
5147 <entry>Argument</entry>
5149 <entry>Description</entry>
5155 <entry>ARRAY of STRING</entry>
5156 <entry>Array of strings where each string is a bus name</entry>
5163 Returns a list of all currently-owned names on the bus.
5166 <sect3 id="bus-messages-list-activatable-names">
5167 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.ListActivatableNames</literal></title>
5171 ARRAY of STRING ListActivatableNames ()
5178 <entry>Argument</entry>
5180 <entry>Description</entry>
5186 <entry>ARRAY of STRING</entry>
5187 <entry>Array of strings where each string is a bus name</entry>
5194 Returns a list of all names that can be activated on the bus.
5197 <sect3 id="bus-messages-name-exists">
5198 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.NameHasOwner</literal></title>
5202 BOOLEAN NameHasOwner (in STRING name)
5209 <entry>Argument</entry>
5211 <entry>Description</entry>
5217 <entry>STRING</entry>
5218 <entry>Name to check</entry>
5228 <entry>Argument</entry>
5230 <entry>Description</entry>
5236 <entry>BOOLEAN</entry>
5237 <entry>Return value, true if the name exists</entry>
5244 Checks if the specified name exists (currently has an owner).
5248 <sect3 id="bus-messages-name-owner-changed">
5249 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.NameOwnerChanged</literal></title>
5253 NameOwnerChanged (STRING name, STRING old_owner, STRING new_owner)
5260 <entry>Argument</entry>
5262 <entry>Description</entry>
5268 <entry>STRING</entry>
5269 <entry>Name with a new owner</entry>
5273 <entry>STRING</entry>
5274 <entry>Old owner or empty string if none</entry>
5278 <entry>STRING</entry>
5279 <entry>New owner or empty string if none</entry>
5286 This signal indicates that the owner of a name has changed.
5287 It's also the signal to use to detect the appearance of
5288 new names on the bus.
5291 <sect3 id="bus-messages-name-lost">
5292 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.NameLost</literal></title>
5296 NameLost (STRING name)
5303 <entry>Argument</entry>
5305 <entry>Description</entry>
5311 <entry>STRING</entry>
5312 <entry>Name which was lost</entry>
5319 This signal is sent to a specific application when it loses
5320 ownership of a name.
5324 <sect3 id="bus-messages-name-acquired">
5325 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.NameAcquired</literal></title>
5329 NameAcquired (STRING name)
5336 <entry>Argument</entry>
5338 <entry>Description</entry>
5344 <entry>STRING</entry>
5345 <entry>Name which was acquired</entry>
5352 This signal is sent to a specific application when it gains
5353 ownership of a name.
5357 <sect3 id="bus-messages-start-service-by-name">
5358 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.StartServiceByName</literal></title>
5362 UINT32 StartServiceByName (in STRING name, in UINT32 flags)
5369 <entry>Argument</entry>
5371 <entry>Description</entry>
5377 <entry>STRING</entry>
5378 <entry>Name of the service to start</entry>
5382 <entry>UINT32</entry>
5383 <entry>Flags (currently not used)</entry>
5393 <entry>Argument</entry>
5395 <entry>Description</entry>
5401 <entry>UINT32</entry>
5402 <entry>Return value</entry>
5407 Tries to launch the executable associated with a name. For more information, see <xref linkend="message-bus-starting-services"/>.
5411 The return value can be one of the following values:
5416 <entry>Identifier</entry>
5417 <entry>Value</entry>
5418 <entry>Description</entry>
5423 <entry>DBUS_START_REPLY_SUCCESS</entry>
5425 <entry>The service was successfully started.</entry>
5428 <entry>DBUS_START_REPLY_ALREADY_RUNNING</entry>
5430 <entry>A connection already owns the given name.</entry>
5439 <sect3 id="bus-messages-update-activation-environment">
5440 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.UpdateActivationEnvironment</literal></title>
5444 UpdateActivationEnvironment (in ARRAY of DICT<STRING,STRING> environment)
5451 <entry>Argument</entry>
5453 <entry>Description</entry>
5459 <entry>ARRAY of DICT<STRING,STRING></entry>
5460 <entry>Environment to add or update</entry>
5465 Normally, session bus activated services inherit the environment of the bus daemon. This method adds to or modifies that environment when activating services.
5468 Some bus instances, such as the standard system bus, may disable access to this method for some or all callers.
5471 Note, both the environment variable names and values must be valid UTF-8. There's no way to update the activation environment with data that is invalid UTF-8.
5476 <sect3 id="bus-messages-get-name-owner">
5477 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.GetNameOwner</literal></title>
5481 STRING GetNameOwner (in STRING name)
5488 <entry>Argument</entry>
5490 <entry>Description</entry>
5496 <entry>STRING</entry>
5497 <entry>Name to get the owner of</entry>
5507 <entry>Argument</entry>
5509 <entry>Description</entry>
5515 <entry>STRING</entry>
5516 <entry>Return value, a unique connection name</entry>
5521 Returns the unique connection name of the primary owner of the name
5522 given. If the requested name doesn't have an owner, returns a
5523 <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.NameHasNoOwner</literal> error.
5527 <sect3 id="bus-messages-get-connection-unix-user">
5528 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.GetConnectionUnixUser</literal></title>
5532 UINT32 GetConnectionUnixUser (in STRING bus_name)
5539 <entry>Argument</entry>
5541 <entry>Description</entry>
5547 <entry>STRING</entry>
5548 <entry>Unique or well-known bus name of the connection to
5549 query, such as <literal>:12.34</literal> or
5550 <literal>com.example.tea</literal></entry>
5560 <entry>Argument</entry>
5562 <entry>Description</entry>
5568 <entry>UINT32</entry>
5569 <entry>Unix user ID</entry>
5574 Returns the Unix user ID of the process connected to the server. If
5575 unable to determine it (for instance, because the process is not on the
5576 same machine as the bus daemon), an error is returned.
5580 <sect3 id="bus-messages-get-connection-unix-process-id">
5581 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.GetConnectionUnixProcessID</literal></title>
5585 UINT32 GetConnectionUnixProcessID (in STRING bus_name)
5592 <entry>Argument</entry>
5594 <entry>Description</entry>
5600 <entry>STRING</entry>
5601 <entry>Unique or well-known bus name of the connection to
5602 query, such as <literal>:12.34</literal> or
5603 <literal>com.example.tea</literal></entry>
5613 <entry>Argument</entry>
5615 <entry>Description</entry>
5621 <entry>UINT32</entry>
5622 <entry>Unix process id</entry>
5627 Returns the Unix process ID of the process connected to the server. If
5628 unable to determine it (for instance, because the process is not on the
5629 same machine as the bus daemon), an error is returned.
5633 <sect3 id="bus-messages-get-connection-credentials">
5634 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.GetConnectionCredentials</literal></title>
5638 DICT<STRING,VARIANT> GetConnectionCredentials (in STRING bus_name)
5645 <entry>Argument</entry>
5647 <entry>Description</entry>
5653 <entry>STRING</entry>
5654 <entry>Unique or well-known bus name of the connection to
5655 query, such as <literal>:12.34</literal> or
5656 <literal>com.example.tea</literal></entry>
5666 <entry>Argument</entry>
5668 <entry>Description</entry>
5674 <entry>DICT<STRING,VARIANT></entry>
5675 <entry>Credentials</entry>
5683 Returns as many credentials as possible for the process connected to
5684 the server. If unable to determine certain credentials (for instance,
5685 because the process is not on the same machine as the bus daemon,
5686 or because this version of the bus daemon does not support a
5687 particular security framework), or if the values of those credentials
5688 cannot be represented as documented here, then those credentials
5693 Keys in the returned dictionary not containing "." are defined
5694 by this specification. Bus daemon implementors supporting
5695 credentials frameworks not mentioned in this document should either
5696 contribute patches to this specification, or use keys containing
5697 "." and starting with a reversed domain name.
5703 <entry>Value type</entry>
5704 <entry>Value</entry>
5709 <entry>UnixUserID</entry>
5710 <entry>UINT32</entry>
5711 <entry>The numeric Unix user ID, as defined by POSIX</entry>
5714 <entry>ProcessID</entry>
5715 <entry>UINT32</entry>
5716 <entry>The numeric process ID, on platforms that have
5717 this concept. On Unix, this is the process ID defined by
5726 This method was added in D-Bus 1.7 to reduce the round-trips
5727 required to list a process's credentials. In older versions, calling
5728 this method will fail: applications should recover by using the
5729 separate methods such as
5730 <xref linkend="bus-messages-get-connection-unix-user"/>
5735 <sect3 id="bus-messages-get-adt-audit-session-data">
5736 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.GetAdtAuditSessionData</literal></title>
5740 ARRAY of BYTE GetAdtAuditSessionData (in STRING bus_name)
5747 <entry>Argument</entry>
5749 <entry>Description</entry>
5755 <entry>STRING</entry>
5756 <entry>Unique or well-known bus name of the connection to
5757 query, such as <literal>:12.34</literal> or
5758 <literal>com.example.tea</literal></entry>
5768 <entry>Argument</entry>
5770 <entry>Description</entry>
5776 <entry>ARRAY of BYTE</entry>
5777 <entry>auditing data as returned by
5778 adt_export_session_data()</entry>
5783 Returns auditing data used by Solaris ADT, in an unspecified
5784 binary format. If you know what this means, please contribute
5785 documentation via the D-Bus bug tracking system.
5786 This method is on the core DBus interface for historical reasons;
5787 the same information should be made available via
5788 <xref linkend="bus-messages-get-connection-credentials"/>
5793 <sect3 id="bus-messages-get-connection-selinux-security-context">
5794 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.GetConnectionSELinuxSecurityContext</literal></title>
5798 ARRAY of BYTE GetConnectionSELinuxSecurityContext (in STRING bus_name)
5805 <entry>Argument</entry>
5807 <entry>Description</entry>
5813 <entry>STRING</entry>
5814 <entry>Unique or well-known bus name of the connection to
5815 query, such as <literal>:12.34</literal> or
5816 <literal>com.example.tea</literal></entry>
5826 <entry>Argument</entry>
5828 <entry>Description</entry>
5834 <entry>ARRAY of BYTE</entry>
5835 <entry>some sort of string of bytes, not necessarily UTF-8,
5836 not including '\0'</entry>
5841 Returns the security context used by SELinux, in an unspecified
5842 format. If you know what this means, please contribute
5843 documentation via the D-Bus bug tracking system.
5844 This method is on the core DBus interface for historical reasons;
5845 the same information should be made available via
5846 <xref linkend="bus-messages-get-connection-credentials"/>
5852 <sect3 id="bus-messages-add-match">
5853 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.AddMatch</literal></title>
5857 AddMatch (in STRING rule)
5864 <entry>Argument</entry>
5866 <entry>Description</entry>
5872 <entry>STRING</entry>
5873 <entry>Match rule to add to the connection</entry>
5878 Adds a match rule to match messages going through the message bus (see <xref linkend='message-bus-routing-match-rules'/>).
5879 If the bus does not have enough resources the <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.OOM</literal>
5883 <sect3 id="bus-messages-remove-match">
5884 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.RemoveMatch</literal></title>
5888 RemoveMatch (in STRING rule)
5895 <entry>Argument</entry>
5897 <entry>Description</entry>
5903 <entry>STRING</entry>
5904 <entry>Match rule to remove from the connection</entry>
5909 Removes the first rule that matches (see <xref linkend='message-bus-routing-match-rules'/>).
5910 If the rule is not found the <literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.MatchRuleNotFound</literal>
5915 <sect3 id="bus-messages-get-id">
5916 <title><literal>org.freedesktop.DBus.GetId</literal></title>
5920 GetId (out STRING id)
5927 <entry>Argument</entry>
5929 <entry>Description</entry>
5935 <entry>STRING</entry>
5936 <entry>Unique ID identifying the bus daemon</entry>
5941 Gets the unique ID of the bus. The unique ID here is shared among all addresses the
5942 bus daemon is listening on (TCP, UNIX domain socket, etc.) and its format is described in
5943 <xref linkend="uuids"/>. Each address the bus is listening on also has its own unique
5944 ID, as described in <xref linkend="addresses"/>. The per-bus and per-address IDs are not related.
5945 There is also a per-machine ID, described in <xref linkend="standard-interfaces-peer"/> and returned
5946 by org.freedesktop.DBus.Peer.GetMachineId().
5947 For a desktop session bus, the bus ID can be used as a way to uniquely identify a user's session.
5955 <appendix id="implementation-notes">
5956 <title>Implementation notes</title>
5957 <sect1 id="implementation-notes-subsection">
5965 <glossary><title>Glossary</title>
5967 This glossary defines some of the terms used in this specification.
5970 <glossentry id="term-bus-name"><glossterm>Bus Name</glossterm>
5973 The message bus maintains an association between names and
5974 connections. (Normally, there's one connection per application.) A
5975 bus name is simply an identifier used to locate connections. For
5976 example, the hypothetical <literal>com.yoyodyne.Screensaver</literal>
5977 name might be used to send a message to a screensaver from Yoyodyne
5978 Corporation. An application is said to <firstterm>own</firstterm> a
5979 name if the message bus has associated the application's connection
5980 with the name. Names may also have <firstterm>queued
5981 owners</firstterm> (see <xref linkend="term-queued-owner"/>).
5982 The bus assigns a unique name to each connection,
5983 see <xref linkend="term-unique-name"/>. Other names
5984 can be thought of as "well-known names" and are
5985 used to find applications that offer specific functionality.
5989 See <xref linkend="message-protocol-names-bus"/> for details of
5990 the syntax and naming conventions for bus names.
5995 <glossentry id="term-message"><glossterm>Message</glossterm>
5998 A message is the atomic unit of communication via the D-Bus
5999 protocol. It consists of a <firstterm>header</firstterm> and a
6000 <firstterm>body</firstterm>; the body is made up of
6001 <firstterm>arguments</firstterm>.
6006 <glossentry id="term-message-bus"><glossterm>Message Bus</glossterm>
6009 The message bus is a special application that forwards
6010 or routes messages between a group of applications
6011 connected to the message bus. It also manages
6012 <firstterm>names</firstterm> used for routing
6018 <glossentry id="term-name"><glossterm>Name</glossterm>
6021 See <xref linkend="term-bus-name"/>. "Name" may
6022 also be used to refer to some of the other names
6023 in D-Bus, such as interface names.
6028 <glossentry id="namespace"><glossterm>Namespace</glossterm>
6031 Used to prevent collisions when defining new interfaces, bus names
6032 etc. The convention used is the same one Java uses for defining
6033 classes: a reversed domain name.
6034 See <xref linkend="message-protocol-names-bus"/>,
6035 <xref linkend="message-protocol-names-interface"/>,
6036 <xref linkend="message-protocol-names-error"/>,
6037 <xref linkend="message-protocol-marshaling-object-path"/>.
6042 <glossentry id="term-object"><glossterm>Object</glossterm>
6045 Each application contains <firstterm>objects</firstterm>, which have
6046 <firstterm>interfaces</firstterm> and
6047 <firstterm>methods</firstterm>. Objects are referred to by a name,
6048 called a <firstterm>path</firstterm>.
6053 <glossentry id="one-to-one"><glossterm>One-to-One</glossterm>
6056 An application talking directly to another application, without going
6057 through a message bus. One-to-one connections may be "peer to peer" or
6058 "client to server." The D-Bus protocol has no concept of client
6059 vs. server after a connection has authenticated; the flow of messages
6060 is symmetrical (full duplex).
6065 <glossentry id="term-path"><glossterm>Path</glossterm>
6068 Object references (object names) in D-Bus are organized into a
6069 filesystem-style hierarchy, so each object is named by a path. As in
6070 LDAP, there's no difference between "files" and "directories"; a path
6071 can refer to an object, while still having child objects below it.
6076 <glossentry id="term-queued-owner"><glossterm>Queued Name Owner</glossterm>
6079 Each bus name has a primary owner; messages sent to the name go to the
6080 primary owner. However, certain names also maintain a queue of
6081 secondary owners "waiting in the wings." If the primary owner releases
6082 the name, then the first secondary owner in the queue automatically
6083 becomes the new owner of the name.
6088 <glossentry id="term-service"><glossterm>Service</glossterm>
6091 A service is an executable that can be launched by the bus daemon.
6092 Services normally guarantee some particular features, for example they
6093 may guarantee that they will request a specific name such as
6094 "com.example.Screensaver", have a singleton object
6095 "/com/example/Application", and that object will implement the
6096 interface "com.example.Screensaver.Control".
6101 <glossentry id="term-service-description-files"><glossterm>Service Description Files</glossterm>
6104 ".service files" tell the bus about service applications that can be
6105 launched (see <xref linkend="term-service"/>). Most importantly they
6106 provide a mapping from bus names to services that will request those
6107 names when they start up.
6112 <glossentry id="term-unique-name"><glossterm>Unique Connection Name</glossterm>
6115 The special name automatically assigned to each connection by the
6116 message bus. This name will never change owner, and will be unique
6117 (never reused during the lifetime of the message bus).
6118 It will begin with a ':' character.
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