2 # Copyright (c) 2013 The Chromium OS Authors.
4 # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
5 # modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
6 # published by the Free Software Foundatio; either version 2 of
7 # the License, or (at your option) any later version.
9 # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
10 # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
11 # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
12 # GNU General Public License for more details.
14 # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
15 # along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
16 # Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
23 U-Boot supports a simple tracing feature which allows a record of excecution
24 to be collected and sent to a host machine for analysis. At present the
25 main use for this is to profile boot time.
31 The trace feature uses GCC's instrument-functions feature to trace all
32 function entry/exit points. These are then recorded in a memory buffer.
33 The memory buffer can be saved to the host over a network link using
34 tftpput or by writing to an attached memory device such as MMC.
36 On the host, the file is first converted with a tool called 'proftool',
37 which extracts useful information from it. The resulting trace output
38 resembles that emitted by Linux's ftrace feature, so can be visually
39 displayed by pytimechart.
42 Quick-start using Sandbox
43 -------------------------
45 Sandbox is a build of U-Boot that can run under Linux so it is a convenient
46 way of trying out tracing before you use it on your actual board. To do
47 this, follow these steps:
49 Add the following to include/configs/sandbox.h (if not already there)
52 #define CONFIG_CMD_TRACE
53 #define CONFIG_TRACE_BUFFER_SIZE (16 << 20)
54 #define CONFIG_TRACE_EARLY_SIZE (8 << 20)
55 #define CONFIG_TRACE_EARLY
56 #define CONFIG_TRACE_EARLY_ADDR 0x00100000
58 Build sandbox U-Boot with tracing enabled:
60 $ make FTRACE=1 O=sandbox sandbox_config
61 $ make FTRACE=1 O=sandbox
63 Run sandbox, wait for a bit of trace information to appear, and then capture
69 U-Boot 2013.04-rc2-00100-ga72fcef (Apr 17 2013 - 19:25:24)
73 Using default environment
79 671,406 function sites
81 0 untracked function calls
82 73,373 traced function calls
83 16 maximum observed call depth
85 66,491 calls not traced due to depth
87 671,406 function sites
88 1,279,450 function calls
89 0 untracked function calls
90 950,490 traced function calls (333217 dropped due to overflow)
91 16 maximum observed call depth
93 1,275,767 calls not traced due to depth
94 =>trace calls 0 e00000
95 Call list dumped to 00000000, size 0xae0a40
105 Environment size: 117/8188 bytes
106 =>sb save host 0 trace 0 ${profoffset}
107 11405888 bytes written in 10 ms (1.1 GiB/s)
111 Then run proftool to convert the trace information to ftrace format.
113 $ ./sandbox/tools/proftool -m sandbox/System.map -p trace dump-ftrace >trace.txt
115 Finally run pytimechart to display it:
117 $ pytimechart trace.txt
119 Using this tool you can zoom and pan across the trace, with the function
120 calls on the left and little marks representing the start and end of each
128 Enables the trace feature in U-Boot.
131 Enables the trace command.
133 - CONFIG_TRACE_BUFFER_SIZE
134 Size of trace buffer to allocate for U-Boot. This buffer is
135 used after relocation, as a place to put function tracing
136 information. The address of the buffer is determined by
140 Define this to start tracing early, before relocation.
142 - CONFIG_TRACE_EARLY_SIZE
143 Size of 'early' trace buffer. Before U-Boot has relocated
144 it doesn't have a proper trace buffer. On many boards
145 you can define an area of memory to use for the trace
146 buffer until the 'real' trace buffer is available after
147 relocation. The contents of this buffer are then copied to
150 - CONFIG_TRACE_EARLY_ADDR
151 Address of early trace buffer
154 Building U-Boot with Tracing Enabled
155 ------------------------------------
157 Pass 'FTRACE=1' to the U-Boot Makefile to actually instrument the code.
158 This is kept as a separate option so that it is easy to enable/disable
159 instrumenting from the command line instead of having to change board
163 Collecting Trace Data
164 ---------------------
166 When you run U-Boot on your board it will collect trace data up to the
167 limit of the trace buffer size you have specified. Once that is exhausted
168 no more data will be collected.
170 Collecting trace data has an affect on execution time/performance. You
171 will notice this particularly with trvial functions - the overhead of
172 recording their execution may even exceed their normal execution time.
173 In practice this doesn't matter much so long as you are aware of the
174 effect. Once you have done your optimisations, turn off tracing before
175 doing end-to-end timing.
177 The best time to start tracing is right at the beginning of U-Boot. The
178 best time to stop tracing is right at the end. In practice it is hard
179 to achieve these ideals.
181 This implementation enables tracing early in board_init_f(). This means
182 that it captures most of the board init process, missing only the
183 early architecture-specific init. However, it also misses the entire
184 SPL stage if there is one.
186 U-Boot typically ends with a 'bootm' command which loads and runs an
187 OS. There is useful trace data in the execution of that bootm
188 command. Therefore this implementation provides a way to collect trace
189 data after bootm has finished processing, but just before it jumps to
190 the OS. In practical terms, U-Boot runs the 'fakegocmd' environment
191 variable at this point. This variable should have a short script which
192 collects the trace data and writes it somewhere.
194 Trace data collection relies on a microsecond timer, accesed through
195 timer_get_us(). So the first think you should do is make sure that
196 this produces sensible results for your board. Suitable sources for
197 this timer include high resolution timers, PWMs or profile timers if
198 available. Most modern SOCs have a suitable timer for this. Make sure
199 that you mark this timer (and anything it calls) with
200 __attribute__((no_instrument_function)) so that the trace library can
201 use it without causing an infinite loop.
207 The trace command has variable sub-commands:
210 Display tracing statistics
218 - funclist [<addr> <size>]
219 Dump a list of functions into the buffer
221 - calls [<addr> <size>]
222 Dump function call trace into buffer
224 If the address and size are not given, these are obtained from environment
225 variables (see below). In any case the environment variables are updated
226 after the command runs.
229 Environment Variables
230 ---------------------
232 The following are used:
235 Base address of trace output buffer
238 Offset of first unwritten byte in trace output buffer
241 Size of trace output buffer
243 All of these are set by the 'trace calls' command.
245 These variables keep track of the amount of data written to the trace
246 output buffer by the 'trace' command. The trace commands which write data
247 to the output buffer can use these to specify the buffer to write to, and
248 update profoffset each time. This allows successive commands to append data
249 to the same buffer, for example:
251 trace funclist 10000 e00000
254 (the latter command appends more data to the buffer).
258 Specifies commands to run just before booting the OS. This
259 is a useful time to write the trace data to the host for
263 Writing Out Trace Data
264 ----------------------
266 Once the trace data is in an output buffer in memory there are various ways
267 to transmit it to the host. Notably you can use tftput to send the data
270 fakegocmd=trace pause; usb start; set autoload n; bootp;
271 trace calls 10000000 1000000;
272 tftpput ${profbase} ${profoffset} 192.168.1.4:/tftpboot/calls
274 This starts up USB (to talk to an attached USB Ethernet dongle), writes
275 a trace log to address 10000000 and sends it to a host machine using
276 TFTP. After this, U-Boot will boot the OS normally, albeit a little
280 Converting Trace Output Data
281 ----------------------------
283 The trace output data is kept in a binary format which is not documented
284 here. To convert it into something useful, you can use proftool.
286 This tool must be given the U-Boot map file and the trace data received
287 from running that U-Boot. It produces a text output file.
291 Specify U-Boot map file
294 Specifiy profile/trace file
299 Write a text dump of the file in Linux ftrace format to stdout
302 Viewing the Trace Data
303 ----------------------
305 You can use pytimechart for this (sudo apt-get pytimechart might work on
306 your Debian-style machine, and use your favourite search engine to obtain
307 documentation). It expects the file to have a .txt extension. The program
308 has terse user interface but is very convenient for viewing U-Boot
315 The following suggestions may be helpful if you are trying to reduce boot
318 1. Enable CONFIG_BOOTSTAGE and CONFIG_BOOTSTAGE_REPORT. This should get
319 you are helpful overall snapshot of the boot time.
321 2. Build U-Boot with tracing and run it. Note the difference in boot time
322 (it is common for tracing to add 10% to the time)
324 3. Collect the trace information as descibed above. Use this to find where
325 all the time is being spent.
327 4. Take a look at that code and see if you can optimise it. Perhaps it is
328 possible to speed up the initialisation of a device, or remove an unused
331 5. Rebuild, run and collect again. Compare your results.
333 6. Keep going until you run out of steam, or your boot is fast enough.
339 There are a few parameters in the code that you may want to consider.
340 There is a function call depth limit (set to 15 by default). When the
341 stack depth goes above this then no tracing information is recorded.
342 The maximum depth reached is recorded and displayed by the 'trace stats'
349 Tracing could be a little tidier in some areas, for example providing
350 run-time configuration options for trace.
352 Some other features that might be useful:
354 - Trace filter to select which functions are recorded
355 - Sample-based profiling using a timer interrupt
356 - Better control over trace depth
357 - Compression of trace information
360 Simon Glass <sjg@chromium.org>