2 # Copyright (c) 2013 The Chromium OS Authors.
4 # SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
10 U-Boot supports a simple tracing feature which allows a record of excecution
11 to be collected and sent to a host machine for analysis. At present the
12 main use for this is to profile boot time.
18 The trace feature uses GCC's instrument-functions feature to trace all
19 function entry/exit points. These are then recorded in a memory buffer.
20 The memory buffer can be saved to the host over a network link using
21 tftpput or by writing to an attached memory device such as MMC.
23 On the host, the file is first converted with a tool called 'proftool',
24 which extracts useful information from it. The resulting trace output
25 resembles that emitted by Linux's ftrace feature, so can be visually
26 displayed by pytimechart.
29 Quick-start using Sandbox
30 -------------------------
32 Sandbox is a build of U-Boot that can run under Linux so it is a convenient
33 way of trying out tracing before you use it on your actual board. To do
34 this, follow these steps:
36 Add the following to include/configs/sandbox.h (if not already there)
39 #define CONFIG_CMD_TRACE
40 #define CONFIG_TRACE_BUFFER_SIZE (16 << 20)
41 #define CONFIG_TRACE_EARLY_SIZE (8 << 20)
42 #define CONFIG_TRACE_EARLY
43 #define CONFIG_TRACE_EARLY_ADDR 0x00100000
45 Build sandbox U-Boot with tracing enabled:
47 $ make FTRACE=1 O=sandbox sandbox_config
48 $ make FTRACE=1 O=sandbox
50 Run sandbox, wait for a bit of trace information to appear, and then capture
56 U-Boot 2013.04-rc2-00100-ga72fcef (Apr 17 2013 - 19:25:24)
60 Using default environment
66 671,406 function sites
68 0 untracked function calls
69 73,373 traced function calls
70 16 maximum observed call depth
72 66,491 calls not traced due to depth
74 671,406 function sites
75 1,279,450 function calls
76 0 untracked function calls
77 950,490 traced function calls (333217 dropped due to overflow)
78 16 maximum observed call depth
80 1,275,767 calls not traced due to depth
81 =>trace calls 0 e00000
82 Call list dumped to 00000000, size 0xae0a40
92 Environment size: 117/8188 bytes
93 =>sb save host 0 trace 0 ${profoffset}
94 11405888 bytes written in 10 ms (1.1 GiB/s)
98 Then run proftool to convert the trace information to ftrace format.
100 $ ./sandbox/tools/proftool -m sandbox/System.map -p trace dump-ftrace >trace.txt
102 Finally run pytimechart to display it:
104 $ pytimechart trace.txt
106 Using this tool you can zoom and pan across the trace, with the function
107 calls on the left and little marks representing the start and end of each
115 Enables the trace feature in U-Boot.
118 Enables the trace command.
120 - CONFIG_TRACE_BUFFER_SIZE
121 Size of trace buffer to allocate for U-Boot. This buffer is
122 used after relocation, as a place to put function tracing
123 information. The address of the buffer is determined by
127 Define this to start tracing early, before relocation.
129 - CONFIG_TRACE_EARLY_SIZE
130 Size of 'early' trace buffer. Before U-Boot has relocated
131 it doesn't have a proper trace buffer. On many boards
132 you can define an area of memory to use for the trace
133 buffer until the 'real' trace buffer is available after
134 relocation. The contents of this buffer are then copied to
137 - CONFIG_TRACE_EARLY_ADDR
138 Address of early trace buffer
141 Building U-Boot with Tracing Enabled
142 ------------------------------------
144 Pass 'FTRACE=1' to the U-Boot Makefile to actually instrument the code.
145 This is kept as a separate option so that it is easy to enable/disable
146 instrumenting from the command line instead of having to change board
150 Collecting Trace Data
151 ---------------------
153 When you run U-Boot on your board it will collect trace data up to the
154 limit of the trace buffer size you have specified. Once that is exhausted
155 no more data will be collected.
157 Collecting trace data has an affect on execution time/performance. You
158 will notice this particularly with trvial functions - the overhead of
159 recording their execution may even exceed their normal execution time.
160 In practice this doesn't matter much so long as you are aware of the
161 effect. Once you have done your optimisations, turn off tracing before
162 doing end-to-end timing.
164 The best time to start tracing is right at the beginning of U-Boot. The
165 best time to stop tracing is right at the end. In practice it is hard
166 to achieve these ideals.
168 This implementation enables tracing early in board_init_f(). This means
169 that it captures most of the board init process, missing only the
170 early architecture-specific init. However, it also misses the entire
171 SPL stage if there is one.
173 U-Boot typically ends with a 'bootm' command which loads and runs an
174 OS. There is useful trace data in the execution of that bootm
175 command. Therefore this implementation provides a way to collect trace
176 data after bootm has finished processing, but just before it jumps to
177 the OS. In practical terms, U-Boot runs the 'fakegocmd' environment
178 variable at this point. This variable should have a short script which
179 collects the trace data and writes it somewhere.
181 Trace data collection relies on a microsecond timer, accesed through
182 timer_get_us(). So the first think you should do is make sure that
183 this produces sensible results for your board. Suitable sources for
184 this timer include high resolution timers, PWMs or profile timers if
185 available. Most modern SOCs have a suitable timer for this. Make sure
186 that you mark this timer (and anything it calls) with
187 __attribute__((no_instrument_function)) so that the trace library can
188 use it without causing an infinite loop.
194 The trace command has variable sub-commands:
197 Display tracing statistics
205 - funclist [<addr> <size>]
206 Dump a list of functions into the buffer
208 - calls [<addr> <size>]
209 Dump function call trace into buffer
211 If the address and size are not given, these are obtained from environment
212 variables (see below). In any case the environment variables are updated
213 after the command runs.
216 Environment Variables
217 ---------------------
219 The following are used:
222 Base address of trace output buffer
225 Offset of first unwritten byte in trace output buffer
228 Size of trace output buffer
230 All of these are set by the 'trace calls' command.
232 These variables keep track of the amount of data written to the trace
233 output buffer by the 'trace' command. The trace commands which write data
234 to the output buffer can use these to specify the buffer to write to, and
235 update profoffset each time. This allows successive commands to append data
236 to the same buffer, for example:
238 trace funclist 10000 e00000
241 (the latter command appends more data to the buffer).
245 Specifies commands to run just before booting the OS. This
246 is a useful time to write the trace data to the host for
250 Writing Out Trace Data
251 ----------------------
253 Once the trace data is in an output buffer in memory there are various ways
254 to transmit it to the host. Notably you can use tftput to send the data
257 fakegocmd=trace pause; usb start; set autoload n; bootp;
258 trace calls 10000000 1000000;
259 tftpput ${profbase} ${profoffset} 192.168.1.4:/tftpboot/calls
261 This starts up USB (to talk to an attached USB Ethernet dongle), writes
262 a trace log to address 10000000 and sends it to a host machine using
263 TFTP. After this, U-Boot will boot the OS normally, albeit a little
267 Converting Trace Output Data
268 ----------------------------
270 The trace output data is kept in a binary format which is not documented
271 here. To convert it into something useful, you can use proftool.
273 This tool must be given the U-Boot map file and the trace data received
274 from running that U-Boot. It produces a text output file.
278 Specify U-Boot map file
281 Specifiy profile/trace file
286 Write a text dump of the file in Linux ftrace format to stdout
289 Viewing the Trace Data
290 ----------------------
292 You can use pytimechart for this (sudo apt-get pytimechart might work on
293 your Debian-style machine, and use your favourite search engine to obtain
294 documentation). It expects the file to have a .txt extension. The program
295 has terse user interface but is very convenient for viewing U-Boot
302 The following suggestions may be helpful if you are trying to reduce boot
305 1. Enable CONFIG_BOOTSTAGE and CONFIG_BOOTSTAGE_REPORT. This should get
306 you are helpful overall snapshot of the boot time.
308 2. Build U-Boot with tracing and run it. Note the difference in boot time
309 (it is common for tracing to add 10% to the time)
311 3. Collect the trace information as descibed above. Use this to find where
312 all the time is being spent.
314 4. Take a look at that code and see if you can optimise it. Perhaps it is
315 possible to speed up the initialisation of a device, or remove an unused
318 5. Rebuild, run and collect again. Compare your results.
320 6. Keep going until you run out of steam, or your boot is fast enough.
326 There are a few parameters in the code that you may want to consider.
327 There is a function call depth limit (set to 15 by default). When the
328 stack depth goes above this then no tracing information is recorded.
329 The maximum depth reached is recorded and displayed by the 'trace stats'
336 Tracing could be a little tidier in some areas, for example providing
337 run-time configuration options for trace.
339 Some other features that might be useful:
341 - Trace filter to select which functions are recorded
342 - Sample-based profiling using a timer interrupt
343 - Better control over trace depth
344 - Compression of trace information
347 Simon Glass <sjg@chromium.org>