1 # SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
3 # Copyright (c) 2013 The Chromium OS Authors.
8 U-Boot supports a simple tracing feature which allows a record of excecution
9 to be collected and sent to a host machine for analysis. At present the
10 main use for this is to profile boot time.
16 The trace feature uses GCC's instrument-functions feature to trace all
17 function entry/exit points. These are then recorded in a memory buffer.
18 The memory buffer can be saved to the host over a network link using
19 tftpput or by writing to an attached memory device such as MMC.
21 On the host, the file is first converted with a tool called 'proftool',
22 which extracts useful information from it. The resulting trace output
23 resembles that emitted by Linux's ftrace feature, so can be visually
24 displayed by pytimechart.
27 Quick-start using Sandbox
28 -------------------------
30 Sandbox is a build of U-Boot that can run under Linux so it is a convenient
31 way of trying out tracing before you use it on your actual board. To do
32 this, follow these steps:
34 Add the following to include/configs/sandbox.h (if not already there)
37 #define CONFIG_CMD_TRACE
38 #define CONFIG_TRACE_BUFFER_SIZE (16 << 20)
39 #define CONFIG_TRACE_EARLY_SIZE (8 << 20)
40 #define CONFIG_TRACE_EARLY
41 #define CONFIG_TRACE_EARLY_ADDR 0x00100000
43 Build sandbox U-Boot with tracing enabled:
45 $ make FTRACE=1 O=sandbox sandbox_config
46 $ make FTRACE=1 O=sandbox
48 Run sandbox, wait for a bit of trace information to appear, and then capture
54 U-Boot 2013.04-rc2-00100-ga72fcef (Apr 17 2013 - 19:25:24)
58 Using default environment
64 671,406 function sites
66 0 untracked function calls
67 73,373 traced function calls
68 16 maximum observed call depth
70 66,491 calls not traced due to depth
72 671,406 function sites
73 1,279,450 function calls
74 0 untracked function calls
75 950,490 traced function calls (333217 dropped due to overflow)
76 16 maximum observed call depth
78 1,275,767 calls not traced due to depth
79 =>trace calls 0 e00000
80 Call list dumped to 00000000, size 0xae0a40
90 Environment size: 117/8188 bytes
91 =>host save host 0 trace 0 ${profoffset}
92 11405888 bytes written in 10 ms (1.1 GiB/s)
96 Then run proftool to convert the trace information to ftrace format.
98 $ ./sandbox/tools/proftool -m sandbox/System.map -p trace dump-ftrace >trace.txt
100 Finally run pytimechart to display it:
102 $ pytimechart trace.txt
104 Using this tool you can zoom and pan across the trace, with the function
105 calls on the left and little marks representing the start and end of each
113 Enables the trace feature in U-Boot.
116 Enables the trace command.
118 - CONFIG_TRACE_BUFFER_SIZE
119 Size of trace buffer to allocate for U-Boot. This buffer is
120 used after relocation, as a place to put function tracing
121 information. The address of the buffer is determined by
125 Define this to start tracing early, before relocation.
127 - CONFIG_TRACE_EARLY_SIZE
128 Size of 'early' trace buffer. Before U-Boot has relocated
129 it doesn't have a proper trace buffer. On many boards
130 you can define an area of memory to use for the trace
131 buffer until the 'real' trace buffer is available after
132 relocation. The contents of this buffer are then copied to
135 - CONFIG_TRACE_EARLY_ADDR
136 Address of early trace buffer
139 Building U-Boot with Tracing Enabled
140 ------------------------------------
142 Pass 'FTRACE=1' to the U-Boot Makefile to actually instrument the code.
143 This is kept as a separate option so that it is easy to enable/disable
144 instrumenting from the command line instead of having to change board
148 Collecting Trace Data
149 ---------------------
151 When you run U-Boot on your board it will collect trace data up to the
152 limit of the trace buffer size you have specified. Once that is exhausted
153 no more data will be collected.
155 Collecting trace data has an affect on execution time/performance. You
156 will notice this particularly with trvial functions - the overhead of
157 recording their execution may even exceed their normal execution time.
158 In practice this doesn't matter much so long as you are aware of the
159 effect. Once you have done your optimisations, turn off tracing before
160 doing end-to-end timing.
162 The best time to start tracing is right at the beginning of U-Boot. The
163 best time to stop tracing is right at the end. In practice it is hard
164 to achieve these ideals.
166 This implementation enables tracing early in board_init_f(). This means
167 that it captures most of the board init process, missing only the
168 early architecture-specific init. However, it also misses the entire
169 SPL stage if there is one.
171 U-Boot typically ends with a 'bootm' command which loads and runs an
172 OS. There is useful trace data in the execution of that bootm
173 command. Therefore this implementation provides a way to collect trace
174 data after bootm has finished processing, but just before it jumps to
175 the OS. In practical terms, U-Boot runs the 'fakegocmd' environment
176 variable at this point. This variable should have a short script which
177 collects the trace data and writes it somewhere.
179 Trace data collection relies on a microsecond timer, accesed through
180 timer_get_us(). So the first think you should do is make sure that
181 this produces sensible results for your board. Suitable sources for
182 this timer include high resolution timers, PWMs or profile timers if
183 available. Most modern SOCs have a suitable timer for this. Make sure
184 that you mark this timer (and anything it calls) with
185 __attribute__((no_instrument_function)) so that the trace library can
186 use it without causing an infinite loop.
192 The trace command has variable sub-commands:
195 Display tracing statistics
203 - funclist [<addr> <size>]
204 Dump a list of functions into the buffer
206 - calls [<addr> <size>]
207 Dump function call trace into buffer
209 If the address and size are not given, these are obtained from environment
210 variables (see below). In any case the environment variables are updated
211 after the command runs.
214 Environment Variables
215 ---------------------
217 The following are used:
220 Base address of trace output buffer
223 Offset of first unwritten byte in trace output buffer
226 Size of trace output buffer
228 All of these are set by the 'trace calls' command.
230 These variables keep track of the amount of data written to the trace
231 output buffer by the 'trace' command. The trace commands which write data
232 to the output buffer can use these to specify the buffer to write to, and
233 update profoffset each time. This allows successive commands to append data
234 to the same buffer, for example:
236 trace funclist 10000 e00000
239 (the latter command appends more data to the buffer).
243 Specifies commands to run just before booting the OS. This
244 is a useful time to write the trace data to the host for
248 Writing Out Trace Data
249 ----------------------
251 Once the trace data is in an output buffer in memory there are various ways
252 to transmit it to the host. Notably you can use tftput to send the data
255 fakegocmd=trace pause; usb start; set autoload n; bootp;
256 trace calls 10000000 1000000;
257 tftpput ${profbase} ${profoffset} 192.168.1.4:/tftpboot/calls
259 This starts up USB (to talk to an attached USB Ethernet dongle), writes
260 a trace log to address 10000000 and sends it to a host machine using
261 TFTP. After this, U-Boot will boot the OS normally, albeit a little
265 Converting Trace Output Data
266 ----------------------------
268 The trace output data is kept in a binary format which is not documented
269 here. To convert it into something useful, you can use proftool.
271 This tool must be given the U-Boot map file and the trace data received
272 from running that U-Boot. It produces a text output file.
276 Specify U-Boot map file
279 Specifiy profile/trace file
284 Write a text dump of the file in Linux ftrace format to stdout
287 Viewing the Trace Data
288 ----------------------
290 You can use pytimechart for this (sudo apt-get pytimechart might work on
291 your Debian-style machine, and use your favourite search engine to obtain
292 documentation). It expects the file to have a .txt extension. The program
293 has terse user interface but is very convenient for viewing U-Boot
300 The following suggestions may be helpful if you are trying to reduce boot
303 1. Enable CONFIG_BOOTSTAGE and CONFIG_BOOTSTAGE_REPORT. This should get
304 you are helpful overall snapshot of the boot time.
306 2. Build U-Boot with tracing and run it. Note the difference in boot time
307 (it is common for tracing to add 10% to the time)
309 3. Collect the trace information as descibed above. Use this to find where
310 all the time is being spent.
312 4. Take a look at that code and see if you can optimise it. Perhaps it is
313 possible to speed up the initialisation of a device, or remove an unused
316 5. Rebuild, run and collect again. Compare your results.
318 6. Keep going until you run out of steam, or your boot is fast enough.
324 There are a few parameters in the code that you may want to consider.
325 There is a function call depth limit (set to 15 by default). When the
326 stack depth goes above this then no tracing information is recorded.
327 The maximum depth reached is recorded and displayed by the 'trace stats'
334 Tracing could be a little tidier in some areas, for example providing
335 run-time configuration options for trace.
337 Some other features that might be useful:
339 - Trace filter to select which functions are recorded
340 - Sample-based profiling using a timer interrupt
341 - Better control over trace depth
342 - Compression of trace information
345 Simon Glass <sjg@chromium.org>