1 NAND FLASH commands and notes
6 # Dave Ellis, SIXNET, dge@sixnetio.com
8 # SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
13 Print a list of all of the bad blocks in the current device.
16 Print information about the current NAND device.
19 Make device `num' the current device and print information about it.
21 nand erase off|partition size
22 nand erase clean [off|partition size]
23 Erase `size' bytes starting at offset `off'. Alternatively partition
24 name can be specified, in this case size will be eventually limited
25 to not exceed partition size (this behaviour applies also to read
26 and write commands). Only complete erase blocks can be erased.
28 If `erase' is specified without an offset or size, the entire flash
29 is erased. If `erase' is specified with partition but without an
30 size, the entire partition is erased.
32 If `clean' is specified, a JFFS2-style clean marker is written to
33 each block after it is erased.
35 This command will not erase blocks that are marked bad. There is
36 a debug option in cmd_nand.c to allow bad blocks to be erased.
37 Please read the warning there before using it, as blocks marked
38 bad by the manufacturer must _NEVER_ be erased.
41 Print information about all of the NAND devices found.
43 nand read addr ofs|partition size
44 Read `size' bytes from `ofs' in NAND flash to `addr'. Blocks that
45 are marked bad are skipped. If a page cannot be read because an
46 uncorrectable data error is found, the command stops with an error.
48 nand read.oob addr ofs|partition size
49 Read `size' bytes from the out-of-band data area corresponding to
50 `ofs' in NAND flash to `addr'. This is limited to the 16 bytes of
51 data for one 512-byte page or 2 256-byte pages. There is no check
52 for bad blocks or ECC errors.
54 nand write addr ofs|partition size
55 Write `size' bytes from `addr' to `ofs' in NAND flash. Blocks that
56 are marked bad are skipped. If a page cannot be read because an
57 uncorrectable data error is found, the command stops with an error.
59 As JFFS2 skips blocks similarly, this allows writing a JFFS2 image,
60 as long as the image is short enough to fit even after skipping the
61 bad blocks. Compact images, such as those produced by mkfs.jffs2
62 should work well, but loading an image copied from another flash is
63 going to be trouble if there are any bad blocks.
65 nand write.trimffs addr ofs|partition size
66 Enabled by the CONFIG_CMD_NAND_TRIMFFS macro. This command will write to
67 the NAND flash in a manner identical to the 'nand write' command
68 described above -- with the additional check that all pages at the end
69 of eraseblocks which contain only 0xff data will not be written to the
70 NAND flash. This behaviour is required when flashing UBI images
71 containing UBIFS volumes as per the UBI FAQ[1].
73 [1] http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/doc/ubi.html#L_flasher_algo
75 nand write.oob addr ofs|partition size
76 Write `size' bytes from `addr' to the out-of-band data area
77 corresponding to `ofs' in NAND flash. This is limited to the 16 bytes
78 of data for one 512-byte page or 2 256-byte pages. There is no check
81 nand read.raw addr ofs|partition [count]
82 nand write.raw addr ofs|partition [count]
83 Read or write one or more pages at "ofs" in NAND flash, from or to
84 "addr" in memory. This is a raw access, so ECC is avoided and the
85 OOB area is transferred as well. If count is absent, it is assumed
86 to be one page. As with .yaffs2 accesses, the data is formatted as
87 a packed sequence of "data, oob, data, oob, ..." -- no alignment of
88 individual pages is maintained.
90 Configuration Options:
93 Enables NAND support and commmands.
95 CONFIG_CMD_NAND_TORTURE
96 Enables the torture command (see description of this command below).
98 CONFIG_MTD_NAND_ECC_JFFS2
99 Define this if you want the Error Correction Code information in
100 the out-of-band data to be formatted to match the JFFS2 file system.
101 CONFIG_MTD_NAND_ECC_YAFFS would be another useful choice for
102 someone to implement.
104 CONFIG_SYS_MAX_NAND_DEVICE
105 The maximum number of NAND devices you want to support.
107 CONFIG_SYS_NAND_MAX_ECCPOS
108 If specified, overrides the maximum number of ECC bytes
109 supported. Useful for reducing image size, especially with SPL.
110 This must be at least 48 if nand_base.c is used.
112 CONFIG_SYS_NAND_MAX_OOBFREE
113 If specified, overrides the maximum number of free OOB regions
114 supported. Useful for reducing image size, especially with SPL.
115 This must be at least 2 if nand_base.c is used.
117 CONFIG_SYS_NAND_MAX_CHIPS
118 The maximum number of NAND chips per device to be supported.
120 CONFIG_SYS_NAND_SELF_INIT
121 Traditionally, glue code in drivers/mtd/nand/nand.c has driven
122 the initialization process -- it provides the mtd and nand
123 structs, calls a board init function for a specific device,
124 calls nand_scan(), and registers with mtd.
126 This arrangement does not provide drivers with the flexibility to
127 run code between nand_scan_ident() and nand_scan_tail(), or other
128 deviations from the "normal" flow.
130 If a board defines CONFIG_SYS_NAND_SELF_INIT, drivers/mtd/nand/nand.c
131 will make one call to board_nand_init(), with no arguments. That
132 function is responsible for calling a driver init function for
133 each NAND device on the board, that performs all initialization
134 tasks except setting mtd->name, and registering with the rest of
135 U-Boot. Those last tasks are accomplished by calling nand_register()
136 on the new mtd device.
138 Example of new init to be added to the end of an existing driver
142 * devnum is the device number to be used in nand commands
143 * and in mtd->name. Must be less than
144 * CONFIG_SYS_NAND_MAX_DEVICE.
146 mtd = &nand_info[devnum];
148 /* chip is struct nand_chip, and is now provided by the driver. */
152 * Fill in appropriate values if this driver uses these fields,
153 * or uses the standard read_byte/write_buf/etc. functions from
154 * nand_base.c that use these fields.
156 chip.IO_ADDR_R = ...;
157 chip.IO_ADDR_W = ...;
159 if (nand_scan_ident(mtd, CONFIG_SYS_MAX_NAND_CHIPS, NULL))
163 * Insert here any code you wish to run after the chip has been
164 * identified, but before any other I/O is done.
167 if (nand_scan_tail(mtd))
170 if (nand_register(devnum))
173 In addition to providing more flexibility to the driver, it reduces
174 the difference between a U-Boot driver and its Linux counterpart.
175 nand_init() is now reduced to calling board_nand_init() once, and
176 printing a size summary. This should also make it easier to
177 transition to delayed NAND initialization.
179 Please convert your driver even if you don't need the extra
180 flexibility, so that one day we can eliminate the old mechanism.
185 The current NAND implementation is based on what is in recent
186 Linux kernels. The old legacy implementation has been removed.
188 If you have board code which used CONFIG_NAND_LEGACY, you'll need
189 to convert to the current NAND interface for it to continue to work.
191 The Disk On Chip driver is currently broken and has been for some time.
192 There is a driver in drivers/mtd/nand, taken from Linux, that works with
193 the current NAND system but has not yet been adapted to the u-boot
196 Additional improvements to the NAND subsystem by Guido Classen, 10-10-2006
198 JFFS2 related commands:
200 implement "nand erase clean" and old "nand erase"
201 using both the new code which is able to skip bad blocks
202 "nand erase clean" additionally writes JFFS2-cleanmarkers in the oob.
204 Miscellaneous and testing commands:
206 create an artificial bad block (for testing bad block handling)
208 "scrub [offset length]"
209 like "erase" but don't skip bad block. Instead erase them.
210 DANGEROUS!!! Factory set bad blocks will be lost. Use only
211 to remove artificial bad blocks created with the "markbad" command.
214 Torture block to determine if it is still reliable.
215 Enabled by the CONFIG_CMD_NAND_TORTURE configuration option.
216 This command returns 0 if the block is still reliable, else 1.
217 If the block is detected as unreliable, it is up to the user to decide to
218 mark this block as bad.
219 The analyzed block is put through 3 erase / write cycles (or less if the block
220 is detected as unreliable earlier).
221 This command can be used in scripts, e.g. together with the markbad command to
222 automate retries and handling of possibly newly detected bad blocks if the
223 nand write command fails.
224 It can also be used manually by users having seen some NAND errors in logs to
225 search the root cause of these errors.
226 The underlying nand_torture() function is also useful for code willing to
227 automate actions following a nand->write() error. This would e.g. be required
228 in order to program or update safely firmware to NAND, especially for the UBI
229 part of such firmware.
232 NAND locking command (for chips with active LOCKPRE pin)
235 set NAND chip to lock state (all pages locked)
238 set NAND chip to lock tight state (software can't change locking anymore)
241 displays current locking status of all pages
243 "nand unlock [offset] [size]"
244 unlock consecutive area (can be called multiple times for different areas)
246 "nand unlock.allexcept [offset] [size]"
247 unlock all except specified consecutive area
249 I have tested the code with board containing 128MiB NAND large page chips
250 and 32MiB small page chips.