1 # SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
2 NAND FLASH commands and notes
7 # Dave Ellis, SIXNET, dge@sixnetio.com
13 Print a list of all of the bad blocks in the current device.
16 Print information about the current NAND device.
19 Make device `num' the current device and print information about it.
21 nand erase off|partition size
22 nand erase clean [off|partition size]
23 Erase `size' bytes starting at offset `off'. Alternatively partition
24 name can be specified, in this case size will be eventually limited
25 to not exceed partition size (this behaviour applies also to read
26 and write commands). Only complete erase blocks can be erased.
28 If `erase' is specified without an offset or size, the entire flash
29 is erased. If `erase' is specified with partition but without an
30 size, the entire partition is erased.
32 If `clean' is specified, a JFFS2-style clean marker is written to
33 each block after it is erased.
35 This command will not erase blocks that are marked bad. There is
36 a debug option in cmd_nand.c to allow bad blocks to be erased.
37 Please read the warning there before using it, as blocks marked
38 bad by the manufacturer must _NEVER_ be erased.
41 Print information about all of the NAND devices found.
43 nand read addr ofs|partition size
44 Read `size' bytes from `ofs' in NAND flash to `addr'. Blocks that
45 are marked bad are skipped. If a page cannot be read because an
46 uncorrectable data error is found, the command stops with an error.
48 nand read.oob addr ofs|partition size
49 Read `size' bytes from the out-of-band data area corresponding to
50 `ofs' in NAND flash to `addr'. This is limited to the 16 bytes of
51 data for one 512-byte page or 2 256-byte pages. There is no check
52 for bad blocks or ECC errors.
54 nand write addr ofs|partition size
55 Write `size' bytes from `addr' to `ofs' in NAND flash. Blocks that
56 are marked bad are skipped. If a page cannot be read because an
57 uncorrectable data error is found, the command stops with an error.
59 As JFFS2 skips blocks similarly, this allows writing a JFFS2 image,
60 as long as the image is short enough to fit even after skipping the
61 bad blocks. Compact images, such as those produced by mkfs.jffs2
62 should work well, but loading an image copied from another flash is
63 going to be trouble if there are any bad blocks.
65 nand write.trimffs addr ofs|partition size
66 Enabled by the CONFIG_CMD_NAND_TRIMFFS macro. This command will write to
67 the NAND flash in a manner identical to the 'nand write' command
68 described above -- with the additional check that all pages at the end
69 of eraseblocks which contain only 0xff data will not be written to the
70 NAND flash. This behaviour is required when flashing UBI images
71 containing UBIFS volumes as per the UBI FAQ[1].
73 [1] http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/doc/ubi.html#L_flasher_algo
75 nand write.oob addr ofs|partition size
76 Write `size' bytes from `addr' to the out-of-band data area
77 corresponding to `ofs' in NAND flash. This is limited to the 16 bytes
78 of data for one 512-byte page or 2 256-byte pages. There is no check
81 nand read.raw addr ofs|partition [count]
82 nand write.raw addr ofs|partition [count]
83 Read or write one or more pages at "ofs" in NAND flash, from or to
84 "addr" in memory. This is a raw access, so ECC is avoided and the
85 OOB area is transferred as well. If count is absent, it is assumed
86 to be one page. As with .yaffs2 accesses, the data is formatted as
87 a packed sequence of "data, oob, data, oob, ..." -- no alignment of
88 individual pages is maintained.
90 Configuration Options:
92 CONFIG_SYS_NAND_U_BOOT_OFFS
93 NAND Offset from where SPL will read u-boot image. This is the starting
94 address of u-boot MTD partition in NAND.
97 Enables NAND support and commands.
99 CONFIG_CMD_NAND_TORTURE
100 Enables the torture command (see description of this command below).
102 CONFIG_SYS_NAND_MAX_CHIPS
103 The maximum number of NAND chips per device to be supported.
105 CONFIG_SYS_NAND_SELF_INIT
106 Traditionally, glue code in drivers/mtd/nand/raw/nand.c has driven
107 the initialization process -- it provides the mtd and nand
108 structs, calls a board init function for a specific device,
109 calls nand_scan(), and registers with mtd.
111 This arrangement does not provide drivers with the flexibility to
112 run code between nand_scan_ident() and nand_scan_tail(), or other
113 deviations from the "normal" flow.
115 If a board defines CONFIG_SYS_NAND_SELF_INIT, drivers/mtd/nand/raw/nand.c
116 will make one call to board_nand_init(), with no arguments. That
117 function is responsible for calling a driver init function for
118 each NAND device on the board, that performs all initialization
119 tasks except setting mtd->name, and registering with the rest of
120 U-Boot. Those last tasks are accomplished by calling nand_register()
121 on the new mtd device.
123 Example of new init to be added to the end of an existing driver
126 /* chip is struct nand_chip, and is now provided by the driver. */
127 mtd = nand_to_mtd(&chip);
130 * Fill in appropriate values if this driver uses these fields,
131 * or uses the standard read_byte/write_buf/etc. functions from
132 * nand_base.c that use these fields.
134 chip.IO_ADDR_R = ...;
135 chip.IO_ADDR_W = ...;
137 if (nand_scan_ident(mtd, CFG_SYS_MAX_NAND_CHIPS, NULL))
141 * Insert here any code you wish to run after the chip has been
142 * identified, but before any other I/O is done.
145 if (nand_scan_tail(mtd))
149 * devnum is the device number to be used in nand commands
150 * and in mtd->name. Must be less than CONFIG_SYS_MAX_NAND_DEVICE.
152 if (nand_register(devnum, mtd))
155 In addition to providing more flexibility to the driver, it reduces
156 the difference between a U-Boot driver and its Linux counterpart.
157 nand_init() is now reduced to calling board_nand_init() once, and
158 printing a size summary. This should also make it easier to
159 transition to delayed NAND initialization.
161 Please convert your driver even if you don't need the extra
162 flexibility, so that one day we can eliminate the old mechanism.
165 Platform specific options
166 =========================
167 CONFIG_NAND_OMAP_GPMC
168 Enables omap_gpmc.c driver for OMAPx and AMxxxx platforms.
169 GPMC controller is used for parallel NAND flash devices, and can
170 do ECC calculation (not ECC error detection) for HAM1, BCH4, BCH8
171 and BCH16 ECC algorithms.
174 Enables omap_elm.c driver for OMAPx and AMxxxx platforms.
175 ELM controller is used for ECC error detection (not ECC calculation)
176 of BCH4, BCH8 and BCH16 ECC algorithms.
177 Some legacy platforms like OMAP3xx do not have in-built ELM h/w engine,
178 thus such SoC platforms need to depend on software library for ECC error
179 detection. However ECC calculation on such plaforms would still be
180 done by GPMC controller.
182 CONFIG_SPL_NAND_AM33XX_BCH
183 Enables SPL-NAND driver (am335x_spl_bch.c) which supports ELM based
184 hardware ECC correction. This is useful for platforms which have ELM
185 hardware engine and use NAND boot mode.
186 Some legacy platforms like OMAP3xx do not have in-built ELM h/w engine,
187 so those platforms should use CONFIG_SPL_NAND_SIMPLE for enabling
188 SPL-NAND driver with software ECC correction support.
190 CONFIG_NAND_OMAP_GPMC_PREFETCH
191 On OMAP platforms that use the GPMC controller
192 (CONFIG_NAND_OMAP_GPMC_PREFETCH), this options enables the code that
193 uses the prefetch mode to speed up read operations.
198 The Disk On Chip driver is currently broken and has been for some time.
199 There is a driver in drivers/mtd/nand/raw, taken from Linux, that works with
200 the current NAND system but has not yet been adapted to the u-boot
203 Additional improvements to the NAND subsystem by Guido Classen, 10-10-2006
205 JFFS2 related commands:
207 implement "nand erase clean" and old "nand erase"
208 using both the new code which is able to skip bad blocks
209 "nand erase clean" additionally writes JFFS2-cleanmarkers in the oob.
211 Miscellaneous and testing commands:
213 create an artificial bad block (for testing bad block handling)
215 "scrub [offset length]"
216 like "erase" but don't skip bad block. Instead erase them.
217 DANGEROUS!!! Factory set bad blocks will be lost. Use only
218 to remove artificial bad blocks created with the "markbad" command.
220 "torture offset [size]"
221 Torture block to determine if it is still reliable.
222 Enabled by the CONFIG_CMD_NAND_TORTURE configuration option.
223 This command returns 0 if the block is still reliable, else 1.
224 If the block is detected as unreliable, it is up to the user to decide to
225 mark this block as bad.
226 The analyzed block is put through 3 erase / write cycles (or less if the block
227 is detected as unreliable earlier).
228 This command can be used in scripts, e.g. together with the markbad command to
229 automate retries and handling of possibly newly detected bad blocks if the
230 nand write command fails.
231 It can also be used manually by users having seen some NAND errors in logs to
232 search the root cause of these errors.
233 The underlying nand_torture() function is also useful for code willing to
234 automate actions following a nand->write() error. This would e.g. be required
235 in order to program or update safely firmware to NAND, especially for the UBI
236 part of such firmware.
237 Optionally, a second parameter size can be given to test multiple blocks with
238 one call. If size is not a multiple of the NAND's erase size, then the block
239 that contains offset + size will be tested in full. If used with size, this
240 command returns 0 if all tested blocks have been found reliable, else 1.
243 NAND locking command (for chips with active LOCKPRE pin)
246 set NAND chip to lock state (all pages locked)
249 set NAND chip to lock tight state (software can't change locking anymore)
252 displays current locking status of all pages
254 "nand unlock [offset] [size]"
255 unlock consecutive area (can be called multiple times for different areas)
257 "nand unlock.allexcept [offset] [size]"
258 unlock all except specified consecutive area
260 I have tested the code with board containing 128MiB NAND large page chips
261 and 32MiB small page chips.