2 # Copyright (C) 2012 Samsung Electronics
4 # Lukasz Majewski <l.majewski@samsung.com>
7 # SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
11 - UUID -(Universally Unique Identifier)
12 - GUID - (Globally Unique ID)
13 - EFI - (Extensible Firmware Interface)
14 - UEFI - (Unified EFI) - EFI evolution
15 - GPT (GUID Partition Table) - it is the EFI standard part
16 - partitions - lists of available partitions (defined at u-boot):
17 ./include/configs/{target}.h
21 This document describes the GPT partition table format and usage of
22 the gpt command in u-boot.
27 GPT for marking disks/partitions is using the UUID. It is supposed to be a
28 globally unique value. A UUID is a 16-byte (128-bit) number. The number of
29 theoretically possible UUIDs is therefore about 3 x 10^38.
30 More often UUID is displayed as 32 hexadecimal digits, in 5 groups,
31 separated by hyphens, in the form 8-4-4-4-12 for a total of 36 characters
32 (32 digits and 4 hyphens)
34 For instance, GUID of Basic data partition: EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7
35 and GUID of Linux filesystem data: 0FC63DAF-8483-4772-8E79-3D69D8477DE4
37 Historically there are 5 methods to generate this number. The oldest one is
38 combining machine's MAC address and timer (epoch) value.
40 Successive versions are using MD5 hash, random numbers and SHA-1 hash. All major
41 OSes and programming languages are providing libraries to compute UUID (e.g.
42 uuid command line tool).
44 GPT brief explanation:
45 ======================
50 --------------------------------------------------
51 LBA 0 |Protective MBR |
52 ----------------------------------------------------------
53 LBA 1 |Primary GPT Header | Primary
54 -------------------------------------------------- GPT
55 LBA 2 |Entry 1|Entry 2| Entry 3| Entry 4|
56 --------------------------------------------------
57 LBA 3 |Entries 5 - 128 |
60 ----------------------------------------------------------
63 -----------------------------------
66 -----------------------------------
69 ----------------------------------------------------------
70 LBA -34 |Entry 1|Entry 2| Entry 3| Entry 4| Backup
71 -------------------------------------------------- GPT
72 LBA -33 |Entries 5 - 128 |
76 --------------------------------------------------
77 LBA -1 |Backup GPT Header |
78 ----------------------------------------------------------
80 For a legacy reasons, GPT's LBA 0 sector has a MBR structure. It is called
82 Its first partition entry ID has 0xEE value, and disk software, which is not
83 handling the GPT sees it as a storage device without free space.
85 It is possible to define 128 linearly placed partition entries.
87 "LBA -1" means the last addressable block (in the mmc subsystem:
90 Primary/Backup GPT header:
91 ----------------------------
92 Offset Size Description
94 0 8 B Signature ("EFI PART", 45 46 49 20 50 41 52 54)
95 8 4 B Revision (For version 1.0, the value is 00 00 01 00)
96 12 4 B Header size (in bytes, usually 5C 00 00 00 meaning 92 bytes)
97 16 4 B CRC32 of header (0 to header size), with this field zeroed
99 20 4 B Reserved (ZERO);
100 24 8 B Current LBA (location of this header copy)
101 32 8 B Backup LBA (location of the other header copy)
102 40 8 B First usable LBA for partitions (primary partition table last
104 48 8 B Last usable LBA (secondary partition table first LBA - 1)
105 56 16 B Disk GUID (also referred as UUID on UNIXes)
106 72 8 B Partition entries starting LBA (always 2 in primary copy)
107 80 4 B Number of partition entries
108 84 4 B Size of a partition entry (usually 128)
109 88 4 B CRC32 of partition array
110 92 * Reserved; must be ZERO (420 bytes for a 512-byte LBA)
117 GPT headers and partition entries are protected by CRC32 (the POSIX CRC32).
119 Primary GPT header and Backup GPT header have swapped values of "Current LBA"
120 and "Backup LBA" and therefore different CRC32 check-sum.
122 CRC32 for GPT headers (field "CRC of header") are calculated up till
123 "Header size" (92), NOT 512 bytes.
125 CRC32 for partition entries (field "CRC32 of partition array") is calculated for
126 the whole array entry ( Number_of_partition_entries *
127 sizeof(partition_entry_size (usually 128)))
129 Observe, how Backup GPT is placed in the memory. It is NOT a mirror reflect
132 Partition Entry Format:
133 ----------------------
134 Offset Size Description
136 0 16 B Partition type GUID (Big Endian)
137 16 16 B Unique partition GUID in (Big Endian)
138 32 8 B First LBA (Little Endian)
139 40 8 B Last LBA (inclusive)
140 48 8 B Attribute flags [+]
141 56 72 B Partition name (text)
144 Bit 0 - System partition
145 Bit 1 - Hide from EFI
146 Bit 2 - Legacy BIOS bootable
147 Bit 48-63 - Defined and used by the individual partition type
148 For Basic data partition :
153 Creating GPT partitions in U-Boot:
156 To restore GUID partition table one needs to:
157 1. Define partition layout in the environment.
158 Format of partitions layout:
159 "uuid_disk=...;name=u-boot,size=60MiB,uuid=...;
160 name=kernel,size=60MiB,uuid=...;"
162 "uuid_disk=${uuid_gpt_disk};name=${uboot_name},
163 size=${uboot_size},uuid=${uboot_uuid};"
165 The fields 'name' and 'size' are mandatory for every partition.
166 The field 'start' is optional.
168 If field 'size' of the last partition is 0, the partition is extended
169 up to the end of the device.
171 The fields 'uuid' and 'uuid_disk' are optional if CONFIG_RANDOM_UUID is
172 enabled. A random uuid will be used if omitted or they point to an empty/
173 non-existent environment variable. The environment variable will be set to
174 the generated UUID. The 'gpt guid' command reads the current value of the
175 uuid_disk from the GPT.
177 The field 'bootable' is optional, it is used to mark the GPT partition
178 bootable (set attribute flags "Legacy BIOS bootable").
179 "name=u-boot,size=60MiB;name=boot,size=60Mib,bootable;name=rootfs,size=0"
180 It can be used to locate bootable disks with command
181 "part list <interface> <dev> -bootable <varname>",
182 please check out doc/README.distro for use.
184 2. Define 'CONFIG_EFI_PARTITION' and 'CONFIG_CMD_GPT'
186 3. From u-boot prompt type:
187 gpt write mmc 0 $partitions
189 Checking (validating) GPT partitions in U-Boot:
190 ===============================================
192 Procedure is the same as above. The only change is at point 3.
194 At u-boot prompt one needs to write:
195 gpt verify mmc 0 [$partitions]
197 where [$partitions] is an optional parameter.
199 When it is not provided, only basic checks based on CRC32 calculation for GPT
200 header and PTEs are performed.
201 When provided, additionally partition data - name, size and starting
202 offset (last two in LBA) - are compared with data defined in '$partitions'
203 environment variable.
205 After running this command, return code is set to 0 if no errors found in
206 on non-volatile medium stored GPT.
208 Following line can be used to assess if GPT verification has succeed:
210 U-BOOT> gpt verify mmc 0 $partitions
211 U-BOOT> if test $? = 0; then echo "GPT OK"; else echo "GPT ERR"; fi
213 Renaming GPT partitions from U-Boot:
214 ====================================
216 GPT partition names are a mechanism via which userspace and U-Boot can
217 communicate about software updates and boot failure. The 'gpt guid',
218 'gpt read', 'gpt rename' and 'gpt swap' commands facilitate
219 programmatic renaming of partitions from bootscripts by generating and
220 modifying the partitions layout string. Here is an illustration of
221 employing 'swap' to exchange 'primary' and 'backup' partition names:
223 U-BOOT> gpt swap mmc 0 primary backup
225 Afterwards, all partitions previously named 'primary' will be named
226 'backup', and vice-versa. Alternatively, single partitions may be
227 renamed. In this example, mmc0's first partition will be renamed
230 U-BOOT> gpt rename mmc 0 1 primary
232 The GPT functionality may be tested with the 'sandbox' board by
233 creating a disk image as described under 'Block Device Emulation' in
234 board/sandbox/README.sandbox:
236 =>host bind 0 ./disk.raw
242 The GPT functionality may be tested with the 'sandbox' board by
243 creating a disk image as described under 'Block Device Emulation' in
244 board/sandbox/README.sandbox:
246 =>host bind 0 ./disk.raw
249 => gpt swap host 0 name othername
255 For created partition, the used partition type GUID is
256 PARTITION_BASIC_DATA_GUID (EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7).
258 If you define 'CONFIG_PARTITION_TYPE_GUID', a optionnal parameter 'type'
259 can specify a other partition type guid:
261 "uuid_disk=...;name=u-boot,size=60MiB,uuid=...;
262 name=kernel,size=60MiB,uuid=...,
263 type=0FC63DAF-8483-4772-8E79-3D69D8477DE4;"
265 Some strings can be also used at the place of known GUID :
266 "system" = PARTITION_SYSTEM_GUID
267 (C12A7328-F81F-11D2-BA4B-00A0C93EC93B)
268 "mbr" = LEGACY_MBR_PARTITION_GUID
269 (024DEE41-33E7-11D3-9D69-0008C781F39F)
270 "msft" = PARTITION_MSFT_RESERVED_GUID
271 (E3C9E316-0B5C-4DB8-817D-F92DF00215AE)
272 "data" = PARTITION_BASIC_DATA_GUID
273 (EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7)
274 "linux" = PARTITION_LINUX_FILE_SYSTEM_DATA_GUID
275 (0FC63DAF-8483-4772-8E79-3D69D8477DE4)
276 "raid" = PARTITION_LINUX_RAID_GUID
277 (A19D880F-05FC-4D3B-A006-743F0F84911E)
278 "swap" = PARTITION_LINUX_SWAP_GUID
279 (0657FD6D-A4AB-43C4-84E5-0933C84B4F4F)
280 "lvm" = PARTITION_LINUX_LVM_GUID
281 (E6D6D379-F507-44C2-A23C-238F2A3DF928)
283 "uuid_disk=...;name=u-boot,size=60MiB,uuid=...;
284 name=kernel,size=60MiB,uuid=...,type=linux;"
286 They are also used to display the type of partition in "part list" command.
292 Two programs, namely: 'gdisk' and 'parted' are recommended to work with GPT
293 recovery. Both are able to handle GUID partitions.
294 Please, pay attention at -l switch for parted.
296 "uuid" program is recommended to generate UUID string. Moreover it can decode
297 (-d switch) passed in UUID string. It can be used to generate partitions UUID
298 passed to u-boot environment variables.
299 If optional CONFIG_RANDOM_UUID is defined then for any partition which environment
300 uuid is unset, uuid is randomly generated and stored in correspond environment
304 Each string block of UUID generated by program "uuid" is in big endian and it is
305 also stored in big endian in disk GPT.
306 Partitions layout can be printed by typing "mmc part". Note that each partition
307 GUID has different byte order than UUID generated before, this is because first
308 three blocks of GUID string are in Little Endian.