1 # SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
3 # Copyright (C) 2012 Samsung Electronics
5 # Lukasz Majewski <l.majewski@samsung.com>
9 - UUID -(Universally Unique Identifier)
10 - GUID - (Globally Unique ID)
11 - EFI - (Extensible Firmware Interface)
12 - UEFI - (Unified EFI) - EFI evolution
13 - GPT (GUID Partition Table) - it is the EFI standard part
14 - partitions - lists of available partitions (defined at u-boot):
15 ./include/configs/{target}.h
19 This document describes the GPT partition table format and usage of
20 the gpt command in u-boot.
25 GPT for marking disks/partitions is using the UUID. It is supposed to be a
26 globally unique value. A UUID is a 16-byte (128-bit) number. The number of
27 theoretically possible UUIDs is therefore about 3 x 10^38.
28 More often UUID is displayed as 32 hexadecimal digits, in 5 groups,
29 separated by hyphens, in the form 8-4-4-4-12 for a total of 36 characters
30 (32 digits and 4 hyphens)
32 For instance, GUID of Basic data partition: EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7
33 and GUID of Linux filesystem data: 0FC63DAF-8483-4772-8E79-3D69D8477DE4
35 Historically there are 5 methods to generate this number. The oldest one is
36 combining machine's MAC address and timer (epoch) value.
38 Successive versions are using MD5 hash, random numbers and SHA-1 hash. All major
39 OSes and programming languages are providing libraries to compute UUID (e.g.
40 uuid command line tool).
42 GPT brief explanation:
43 ======================
48 --------------------------------------------------
49 LBA 0 |Protective MBR |
50 ----------------------------------------------------------
51 LBA 1 |Primary GPT Header | Primary
52 -------------------------------------------------- GPT
53 LBA 2 |Entry 1|Entry 2| Entry 3| Entry 4|
54 --------------------------------------------------
55 LBA 3 |Entries 5 - 128 |
58 ----------------------------------------------------------
61 -----------------------------------
64 -----------------------------------
67 ----------------------------------------------------------
68 LBA -34 |Entry 1|Entry 2| Entry 3| Entry 4| Backup
69 -------------------------------------------------- GPT
70 LBA -33 |Entries 5 - 128 |
74 --------------------------------------------------
75 LBA -1 |Backup GPT Header |
76 ----------------------------------------------------------
78 For a legacy reasons, GPT's LBA 0 sector has a MBR structure. It is called
80 Its first partition entry ID has 0xEE value, and disk software, which is not
81 handling the GPT sees it as a storage device without free space.
83 It is possible to define 128 linearly placed partition entries.
85 "LBA -1" means the last addressable block (in the mmc subsystem:
88 Primary/Backup GPT header:
89 ----------------------------
90 Offset Size Description
92 0 8 B Signature ("EFI PART", 45 46 49 20 50 41 52 54)
93 8 4 B Revision (For version 1.0, the value is 00 00 01 00)
94 12 4 B Header size (in bytes, usually 5C 00 00 00 meaning 92 bytes)
95 16 4 B CRC32 of header (0 to header size), with this field zeroed
97 20 4 B Reserved (ZERO);
98 24 8 B Current LBA (location of this header copy)
99 32 8 B Backup LBA (location of the other header copy)
100 40 8 B First usable LBA for partitions (primary partition table last
102 48 8 B Last usable LBA (secondary partition table first LBA - 1)
103 56 16 B Disk GUID (also referred as UUID on UNIXes)
104 72 8 B Partition entries starting LBA (always 2 in primary copy)
105 80 4 B Number of partition entries
106 84 4 B Size of a partition entry (usually 128)
107 88 4 B CRC32 of partition array
108 92 * Reserved; must be ZERO (420 bytes for a 512-byte LBA)
115 GPT headers and partition entries are protected by CRC32 (the POSIX CRC32).
117 Primary GPT header and Backup GPT header have swapped values of "Current LBA"
118 and "Backup LBA" and therefore different CRC32 check-sum.
120 CRC32 for GPT headers (field "CRC of header") are calculated up till
121 "Header size" (92), NOT 512 bytes.
123 CRC32 for partition entries (field "CRC32 of partition array") is calculated for
124 the whole array entry ( Number_of_partition_entries *
125 sizeof(partition_entry_size (usually 128)))
127 Observe, how Backup GPT is placed in the memory. It is NOT a mirror reflect
130 Partition Entry Format:
131 ----------------------
132 Offset Size Description
134 0 16 B Partition type GUID (Big Endian)
135 16 16 B Unique partition GUID in (Big Endian)
136 32 8 B First LBA (Little Endian)
137 40 8 B Last LBA (inclusive)
138 48 8 B Attribute flags [+]
139 56 72 B Partition name (text)
142 Bit 0 - System partition
143 Bit 1 - Hide from EFI
144 Bit 2 - Legacy BIOS bootable
145 Bit 48-63 - Defined and used by the individual partition type
146 For Basic data partition :
151 Creating GPT partitions in U-Boot:
154 To restore GUID partition table one needs to:
155 1. Define partition layout in the environment.
156 Format of partitions layout:
157 "uuid_disk=...;name=u-boot,size=60MiB,uuid=...;
158 name=kernel,size=60MiB,uuid=...;"
160 "uuid_disk=${uuid_gpt_disk};name=${uboot_name},
161 size=${uboot_size},uuid=${uboot_uuid};"
163 The fields 'name' and 'size' are mandatory for every partition.
164 The field 'start' is optional.
166 If field 'size' of the last partition is 0, the partition is extended
167 up to the end of the device.
169 The fields 'uuid' and 'uuid_disk' are optional if CONFIG_RANDOM_UUID is
170 enabled. A random uuid will be used if omitted or they point to an empty/
171 non-existent environment variable. The environment variable will be set to
172 the generated UUID. The 'gpt guid' command reads the current value of the
173 uuid_disk from the GPT.
175 The field 'bootable' is optional, it is used to mark the GPT partition
176 bootable (set attribute flags "Legacy BIOS bootable").
177 "name=u-boot,size=60MiB;name=boot,size=60Mib,bootable;name=rootfs,size=0"
178 It can be used to locate bootable disks with command
179 "part list <interface> <dev> -bootable <varname>",
180 please check out doc/README.distro for use.
182 2. Define 'CONFIG_EFI_PARTITION' and 'CONFIG_CMD_GPT'
184 3. From u-boot prompt type:
185 gpt write mmc 0 $partitions
187 Checking (validating) GPT partitions in U-Boot:
188 ===============================================
190 Procedure is the same as above. The only change is at point 3.
192 At u-boot prompt one needs to write:
193 gpt verify mmc 0 [$partitions]
195 where [$partitions] is an optional parameter.
197 When it is not provided, only basic checks based on CRC32 calculation for GPT
198 header and PTEs are performed.
199 When provided, additionally partition data - name, size and starting
200 offset (last two in LBA) - are compared with data defined in '$partitions'
201 environment variable.
203 After running this command, return code is set to 0 if no errors found in
204 on non-volatile medium stored GPT.
206 Following line can be used to assess if GPT verification has succeed:
208 U-BOOT> gpt verify mmc 0 $partitions
209 U-BOOT> if test $? = 0; then echo "GPT OK"; else echo "GPT ERR"; fi
211 Renaming GPT partitions from U-Boot:
212 ====================================
214 GPT partition names are a mechanism via which userspace and U-Boot can
215 communicate about software updates and boot failure. The 'gpt guid',
216 'gpt read', 'gpt rename' and 'gpt swap' commands facilitate
217 programmatic renaming of partitions from bootscripts by generating and
218 modifying the partitions layout string. Here is an illustration of
219 employing 'swap' to exchange 'primary' and 'backup' partition names:
221 U-BOOT> gpt swap mmc 0 primary backup
223 Afterwards, all partitions previously named 'primary' will be named
224 'backup', and vice-versa. Alternatively, single partitions may be
225 renamed. In this example, mmc0's first partition will be renamed
228 U-BOOT> gpt rename mmc 0 1 primary
230 The GPT functionality may be tested with the 'sandbox' board by
231 creating a disk image as described under 'Block Device Emulation' in
234 =>host bind 0 ./disk.raw
237 => gpt swap host 0 name othername
240 Modifying GPT partition layout from U-Boot:
241 ===========================================
243 The entire GPT partition layout can be exported to an environment
244 variable and then modified enmasse. Users can change the partition
245 numbers, offsets, names and sizes. The resulting variable can used to
246 reformat the device. Here is an example of reading the GPT partitions
247 into a variable and then modifying them:
249 U-BOOT> gpt read mmc 0 current_partitions
250 U-BOOT> env edit current_partitions
251 edit: uuid_disk=[...];name=part1,start=0x4000,size=0x4000,uuid=[...];
252 name=part2,start=0xc000,size=0xc000,uuid=[...];[ . . . ]
254 U-BOOT> gpt write mmc 0 $current_partitions
255 U-BOOT> gpt verify mmc 0 $current_partitions
260 For created partition, the used partition type GUID is
261 PARTITION_BASIC_DATA_GUID (EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7).
263 If you define 'CONFIG_PARTITION_TYPE_GUID', a optionnal parameter 'type'
264 can specify a other partition type guid:
266 "uuid_disk=...;name=u-boot,size=60MiB,uuid=...;
267 name=kernel,size=60MiB,uuid=...,
268 type=0FC63DAF-8483-4772-8E79-3D69D8477DE4;"
270 Some strings can be also used at the place of known GUID :
271 "system" = PARTITION_SYSTEM_GUID
272 (C12A7328-F81F-11D2-BA4B-00A0C93EC93B)
273 "mbr" = LEGACY_MBR_PARTITION_GUID
274 (024DEE41-33E7-11D3-9D69-0008C781F39F)
275 "msft" = PARTITION_MSFT_RESERVED_GUID
276 (E3C9E316-0B5C-4DB8-817D-F92DF00215AE)
277 "data" = PARTITION_BASIC_DATA_GUID
278 (EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7)
279 "linux" = PARTITION_LINUX_FILE_SYSTEM_DATA_GUID
280 (0FC63DAF-8483-4772-8E79-3D69D8477DE4)
281 "raid" = PARTITION_LINUX_RAID_GUID
282 (A19D880F-05FC-4D3B-A006-743F0F84911E)
283 "swap" = PARTITION_LINUX_SWAP_GUID
284 (0657FD6D-A4AB-43C4-84E5-0933C84B4F4F)
285 "lvm" = PARTITION_LINUX_LVM_GUID
286 (E6D6D379-F507-44C2-A23C-238F2A3DF928)
287 "u-boot-env" = PARTITION_U_BOOT_ENVIRONMENT
288 (3DE21764-95BD-54BD-A5C3-4ABE786F38A8)
290 "uuid_disk=...;name=u-boot,size=60MiB,uuid=...;
291 name=kernel,size=60MiB,uuid=...,type=linux;"
293 They are also used to display the type of partition in "part list" command.
299 Two programs, namely: 'gdisk' and 'parted' are recommended to work with GPT
300 recovery. Both are able to handle GUID partitions.
301 Please, pay attention at -l switch for parted.
303 "uuid" program is recommended to generate UUID string. Moreover it can decode
304 (-d switch) passed in UUID string. It can be used to generate partitions UUID
305 passed to u-boot environment variables.
306 If optional CONFIG_RANDOM_UUID is defined then for any partition which environment
307 uuid is unset, uuid is randomly generated and stored in correspond environment
311 Each string block of UUID generated by program "uuid" is in big endian and it is
312 also stored in big endian in disk GPT.
313 Partitions layout can be printed by typing "mmc part". Note that each partition
314 GUID has different byte order than UUID generated before, this is because first
315 three blocks of GUID string are in Little Endian.