2 # Copyright (c) 2011 The Chromium OS Authors.
4 # SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
7 Device Tree Control in U-Boot
8 =============================
10 This feature provides for run-time configuration of U-Boot via a flat
11 device tree (fdt). U-Boot configuration has traditionally been done
12 using CONFIG options in the board config file. This feature aims to
13 make it possible for a single U-Boot binary to support multiple boards,
14 with the exact configuration of each board controlled by a flat device
15 tree (fdt). This is the approach recently taken by the ARM Linux kernel
16 and has been used by PowerPC for some time.
18 The fdt is a convenient vehicle for implementing run-time configuration
19 for three reasons. Firstly it is easy to use, being a simple text file.
20 It is extensible since it consists of nodes and properties in a nice
23 Finally, there is already excellent infrastructure for the fdt: a
24 compiler checks the text file and converts it to a compact binary
25 format, and a library is already available in U-Boot (libfdt) for
28 The dts directory contains a Makefile for building the device tree blob
29 and embedding it in your U-Boot image. This is useful since it allows
30 U-Boot to configure itself according to what it finds there. If you have
31 a number of similar boards with different peripherals, you can describe
32 the features of each board in the device tree file, and have a single
35 To enable this feature, add CONFIG_OF_CONTROL to your board config file.
36 It is currently supported on ARM, x86 and Microblaze - other architectures
37 will need to add code to their arch/xxx/lib/board.c file to locate the
38 FDT. Alternatively you can enable generic board support on your board
39 (with CONFIG_SYS_GENERIC_BOARD) if this is available (as it is for
40 PowerPC). For ARM, Tegra and Exynos5 have device trees available for
44 What is a Flat Device Tree?
45 ---------------------------
47 An fdt can be specified in source format as a text file. To read about
48 the fdt syntax, take a look at the specification here:
50 https://www.power.org/resources/downloads/Power_ePAPR_APPROVED_v1.0.pdf
52 You also might find this section of the Linux kernel documentation
53 useful: (access this in the Linux kernel source code)
55 Documentation/devicetree/booting-without-of.txt
57 There is also a mailing list:
59 http://lists.ozlabs.org/listinfo/devicetree-discuss
61 In case you are wondering, OF stands for Open Firmware.
67 To use this feature you will need to get the device tree compiler here:
69 git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/dtc/dtc.git
73 $ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/dtc/dtc.git
78 Then run the compiler (your version will vary):
81 Version: DTC 1.2.0-g2cb4b51f
85 ********** TEST SUMMARY
86 * Total testcases: 1371
89 * Bad configuration: 0
90 * Strange test result: 0
92 You will also find a useful fdtdump utility for decoding a binary file, as
93 well as fdtget/fdtput for reading and writing properties in a binary file.
96 Where do I get an fdt file for my board?
97 ----------------------------------------
99 You may find that the Linux kernel has a suitable file. Look in the
100 kernel source in arch/<arch>/boot/dts.
102 If not you might find other boards with suitable files that you can
103 modify to your needs. Look in the board directories for files with a
106 Failing that, you could write one from scratch yourself!
114 #define CONFIG_DEFAULT_DEVICE_TREE "<name>"
116 to set the filename of the device tree source. Then put your device tree
119 board/<vendor>/dts/<name>.dts
121 This should include your CPU or SOC's device tree file, placed in
122 arch/<arch>/dts, and then make any adjustments required.
124 If CONFIG_OF_EMBED is defined, then it will be picked up and built into
125 the U-Boot image (including u-boot.bin).
127 If CONFIG_OF_SEPARATE is defined, then it will be built and placed in
128 a u-boot.dtb file alongside u-boot.bin. A common approach is then to
131 cat u-boot.bin u-boot.dtb >image.bin
133 and then flash image.bin onto your board.
135 If CONFIG_OF_HOSTFILE is defined, then it will be read from a file on
136 startup. This is only useful for sandbox. Use the -d flag to U-Boot to
137 specify the file to read.
139 You cannot use more than one of these options at the same time.
141 If you wish to put the fdt at a different address in memory, you can
142 define the "fdtcontroladdr" environment variable. This is the hex
143 address of the fdt binary blob, and will override either of the options.
144 Be aware that this environment variable is checked prior to relocation,
145 when only the compiled-in environment is available. Therefore it is not
146 possible to define this variable in the saved SPI/NAND flash
147 environment, for example (it will be ignored).
149 To use this, put something like this in your board header file:
151 #define CONFIG_EXTRA_ENV_SETTINGS "fdtcontroladdr=10000\0"
155 After board configuration is done, fdt supported u-boot can be build in two ways:
156 1) build the default dts which is defined from CONFIG_DEFAULT_DEVICE_TREE
158 2) build the user specified dts file
159 $ make DEVICE_TREE=<dts-file-name>
165 U-Boot is designed to build with a single architecture type and CPU
166 type. So for example it is not possible to build a single ARM binary
167 which runs on your AT91 and OMAP boards, relying on an fdt to configure
168 the various features. This is because you must select one of
169 the CPU families within arch/arm/cpu/arm926ejs (omap or at91) at build
170 time. Similarly you cannot build for multiple cpu types or
173 That said the complexity reduction by using fdt to support variants of
174 boards which use the same SOC / CPU can be substantial.
176 It is important to understand that the fdt only selects options
177 available in the platform / drivers. It cannot add new drivers (yet). So
178 you must still have the CONFIG option to enable the driver. For example,
179 you need to define CONFIG_SYS_NS16550 to bring in the NS16550 driver,
180 but can use the fdt to specific the UART clock, peripheral address, etc.
181 In very broad terms, the CONFIG options in general control *what* driver
182 files are pulled in, and the fdt controls *how* those files work.
185 Simon Glass <sjg@chromium.org>