1 # SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
3 # Copyright (c) 2011 The Chromium OS Authors.
5 Device Tree Control in U-Boot
6 =============================
8 This feature provides for run-time configuration of U-Boot via a flat
9 device tree (fdt). U-Boot configuration has traditionally been done
10 using CONFIG options in the board config file. This feature aims to
11 make it possible for a single U-Boot binary to support multiple boards,
12 with the exact configuration of each board controlled by a flat device
13 tree (fdt). This is the approach recently taken by the ARM Linux kernel
14 and has been used by PowerPC for some time.
16 The fdt is a convenient vehicle for implementing run-time configuration
17 for three reasons. Firstly it is easy to use, being a simple text file.
18 It is extensible since it consists of nodes and properties in a nice
21 Finally, there is already excellent infrastructure for the fdt: a
22 compiler checks the text file and converts it to a compact binary
23 format, and a library is already available in U-Boot (libfdt) for
26 The dts directory contains a Makefile for building the device tree blob
27 and embedding it in your U-Boot image. This is useful since it allows
28 U-Boot to configure itself according to what it finds there. If you have
29 a number of similar boards with different peripherals, you can describe
30 the features of each board in the device tree file, and have a single
33 To enable this feature, add CONFIG_OF_CONTROL to your board config file.
36 What is a Flat Device Tree?
37 ---------------------------
39 An fdt can be specified in source format as a text file. To read about
40 the fdt syntax, take a look at the specification here:
42 https://www.power.org/resources/downloads/Power_ePAPR_APPROVED_v1.0.pdf
44 You also might find this section of the Linux kernel documentation
45 useful: (access this in the Linux kernel source code)
47 Documentation/devicetree/booting-without-of.txt
49 There is also a mailing list:
51 http://lists.ozlabs.org/listinfo/devicetree-discuss
53 In case you are wondering, OF stands for Open Firmware.
59 To use this feature you will need to get the device tree compiler here:
61 git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/dtc/dtc.git
65 $ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/dtc/dtc.git
70 Then run the compiler (your version will vary):
73 Version: DTC 1.2.0-g2cb4b51f
77 ********** TEST SUMMARY
78 * Total testcases: 1371
81 * Bad configuration: 0
82 * Strange test result: 0
84 You will also find a useful fdtdump utility for decoding a binary file, as
85 well as fdtget/fdtput for reading and writing properties in a binary file.
88 Where do I get an fdt file for my board?
89 ----------------------------------------
91 You may find that the Linux kernel has a suitable file. Look in the
92 kernel source in arch/<arch>/boot/dts.
94 If not you might find other boards with suitable files that you can
95 modify to your needs. Look in the board directories for files with a
98 Failing that, you could write one from scratch yourself!
106 #define CONFIG_DEFAULT_DEVICE_TREE "<name>"
108 to set the filename of the device tree source. Then put your device tree
111 board/<vendor>/dts/<name>.dts
113 This should include your CPU or SOC's device tree file, placed in
114 arch/<arch>/dts, and then make any adjustments required.
116 If CONFIG_OF_EMBED is defined, then it will be picked up and built into
117 the U-Boot image (including u-boot.bin). This is suitable for debugging
118 and development only and is not recommended for production devices.
120 If CONFIG_OF_SEPARATE is defined, then it will be built and placed in
121 a u-boot.dtb file alongside u-boot.bin. A common approach is then to
124 cat u-boot.bin u-boot.dtb >image.bin
126 and then flash image.bin onto your board. Note that U-Boot creates
127 u-boot-dtb.bin which does the above step for you also. If you are using
128 CONFIG_SPL_FRAMEWORK, then u-boot.img will be built to include the device
131 If CONFIG_OF_BOARD is defined, a board-specific routine will provide the
132 device tree at runtime, for example if an earlier bootloader stage creates
133 it and passes it to U-Boot.
135 If CONFIG_OF_HOSTFILE is defined, then it will be read from a file on
136 startup. This is only useful for sandbox. Use the -d flag to U-Boot to
137 specify the file to read.
139 You cannot use more than one of these options at the same time.
141 To use a device tree file that you have compiled yourself, pass
142 EXT_DTB=<filename> to 'make', as in:
144 make EXT_DTB=boot/am335x-boneblack-pubkey.dtb
146 Then U-Boot will copy that file to u-boot.dtb, put it in the .img file
147 if used, and u-boot-dtb.bin.
149 If you wish to put the fdt at a different address in memory, you can
150 define the "fdtcontroladdr" environment variable. This is the hex
151 address of the fdt binary blob, and will override either of the options.
152 Be aware that this environment variable is checked prior to relocation,
153 when only the compiled-in environment is available. Therefore it is not
154 possible to define this variable in the saved SPI/NAND flash
155 environment, for example (it will be ignored). After relocation, this
156 variable will be set to the address of the newly relocated fdt blob.
157 It is read-only and cannot be changed. It can optionally be used to
158 control the boot process of Linux with bootm/bootz commands.
160 To use this, put something like this in your board header file:
162 #define CONFIG_EXTRA_ENV_SETTINGS "fdtcontroladdr=10000\0"
166 After board configuration is done, fdt supported u-boot can be build in two ways:
167 1) build the default dts which is defined from CONFIG_DEFAULT_DEVICE_TREE
169 2) build the user specified dts file
170 $ make DEVICE_TREE=<dts-file-name>
176 U-Boot is designed to build with a single architecture type and CPU
177 type. So for example it is not possible to build a single ARM binary
178 which runs on your AT91 and OMAP boards, relying on an fdt to configure
179 the various features. This is because you must select one of
180 the CPU families within arch/arm/cpu/arm926ejs (omap or at91) at build
181 time. Similarly you cannot build for multiple cpu types or
184 That said the complexity reduction by using fdt to support variants of
185 boards which use the same SOC / CPU can be substantial.
187 It is important to understand that the fdt only selects options
188 available in the platform / drivers. It cannot add new drivers (yet). So
189 you must still have the CONFIG option to enable the driver. For example,
190 you need to define CONFIG_SYS_NS16550 to bring in the NS16550 driver,
191 but can use the fdt to specific the UART clock, peripheral address, etc.
192 In very broad terms, the CONFIG options in general control *what* driver
193 files are pulled in, and the fdt controls *how* those files work.
196 Simon Glass <sjg@chromium.org>