1 # SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
3 # Copyright (c) 2011 The Chromium OS Authors.
5 Device Tree Control in U-Boot
6 =============================
8 This feature provides for run-time configuration of U-Boot via a flat
9 device tree (fdt). U-Boot configuration has traditionally been done
10 using CONFIG options in the board config file. This feature aims to
11 make it possible for a single U-Boot binary to support multiple boards,
12 with the exact configuration of each board controlled by a flat device
13 tree (fdt). This is the approach recently taken by the ARM Linux kernel
14 and has been used by PowerPC for some time.
16 The fdt is a convenient vehicle for implementing run-time configuration
17 for three reasons. Firstly it is easy to use, being a simple text file.
18 It is extensible since it consists of nodes and properties in a nice
21 Finally, there is already excellent infrastructure for the fdt: a
22 compiler checks the text file and converts it to a compact binary
23 format, and a library is already available in U-Boot (libfdt) for
26 The dts directory contains a Makefile for building the device tree blob
27 and embedding it in your U-Boot image. This is useful since it allows
28 U-Boot to configure itself according to what it finds there. If you have
29 a number of similar boards with different peripherals, you can describe
30 the features of each board in the device tree file, and have a single
33 To enable this feature, add CONFIG_OF_CONTROL to your board config file.
36 What is a Flat Device Tree?
37 ---------------------------
39 An fdt can be specified in source format as a text file. To read about
40 the fdt syntax, take a look at the specification here:
42 https://www.power.org/resources/downloads/Power_ePAPR_APPROVED_v1.0.pdf
44 You also might find this section of the Linux kernel documentation
45 useful: (access this in the Linux kernel source code)
47 Documentation/devicetree/booting-without-of.txt
49 There is also a mailing list:
51 http://lists.ozlabs.org/listinfo/devicetree-discuss
53 In case you are wondering, OF stands for Open Firmware.
59 To use this feature you will need to get the device tree compiler. This is
60 provided by U-Boot automatically. If you have a system version of dtc
61 (typically in the 'device-tree-compiler' package), it is currently not used.
63 If you want to build your own dtc, it is kept here:
65 git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/dtc/dtc.git
69 $ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/dtc/dtc.git
74 Then run the compiler (your version will vary):
77 Version: DTC 1.2.0-g2cb4b51f
81 ********** TEST SUMMARY
82 * Total testcases: 1371
85 * Bad configuration: 0
86 * Strange test result: 0
88 You will also find a useful fdtdump utility for decoding a binary file, as
89 well as fdtget/fdtput for reading and writing properties in a binary file.
92 Where do I get an fdt file for my board?
93 ----------------------------------------
95 You may find that the Linux kernel has a suitable file. Look in the
96 kernel source in arch/<arch>/boot/dts.
98 If not you might find other boards with suitable files that you can
99 modify to your needs. Look in the board directories for files with a
102 Failing that, you could write one from scratch yourself!
110 #define CONFIG_DEFAULT_DEVICE_TREE "<name>"
112 to set the filename of the device tree source. Then put your device tree
115 board/<vendor>/dts/<name>.dts
117 This should include your CPU or SOC's device tree file, placed in
118 arch/<arch>/dts, and then make any adjustments required.
120 If CONFIG_OF_EMBED is defined, then it will be picked up and built into
121 the U-Boot image (including u-boot.bin). This is suitable for debugging
122 and development only and is not recommended for production devices.
124 If CONFIG_OF_SEPARATE is defined, then it will be built and placed in
125 a u-boot.dtb file alongside u-boot.bin. A common approach is then to
128 cat u-boot.bin u-boot.dtb >image.bin
130 and then flash image.bin onto your board. Note that U-Boot creates
131 u-boot-dtb.bin which does the above step for you also. If you are using
132 CONFIG_SPL_FRAMEWORK, then u-boot.img will be built to include the device
135 If CONFIG_OF_BOARD is defined, a board-specific routine will provide the
136 device tree at runtime, for example if an earlier bootloader stage creates
137 it and passes it to U-Boot.
139 If CONFIG_OF_HOSTFILE is defined, then it will be read from a file on
140 startup. This is only useful for sandbox. Use the -d flag to U-Boot to
141 specify the file to read.
143 You cannot use more than one of these options at the same time.
145 To use a device tree file that you have compiled yourself, pass
146 EXT_DTB=<filename> to 'make', as in:
148 make EXT_DTB=boot/am335x-boneblack-pubkey.dtb
150 Then U-Boot will copy that file to u-boot.dtb, put it in the .img file
151 if used, and u-boot-dtb.bin.
153 If you wish to put the fdt at a different address in memory, you can
154 define the "fdtcontroladdr" environment variable. This is the hex
155 address of the fdt binary blob, and will override either of the options.
156 Be aware that this environment variable is checked prior to relocation,
157 when only the compiled-in environment is available. Therefore it is not
158 possible to define this variable in the saved SPI/NAND flash
159 environment, for example (it will be ignored). After relocation, this
160 variable will be set to the address of the newly relocated fdt blob.
161 It is read-only and cannot be changed. It can optionally be used to
162 control the boot process of Linux with bootm/bootz commands.
164 To use this, put something like this in your board header file:
166 #define CONFIG_EXTRA_ENV_SETTINGS "fdtcontroladdr=10000\0"
170 After board configuration is done, fdt supported u-boot can be build in two ways:
171 1) build the default dts which is defined from CONFIG_DEFAULT_DEVICE_TREE
173 2) build the user specified dts file
174 $ make DEVICE_TREE=<dts-file-name>
177 Relocation, SPL and TPL
178 -----------------------
180 U-Boot can be divided into three phases: TPL, SPL and U-Boot proper.
182 The full device tree is available to U-Boot proper, but normally only a subset
183 (or none at all) is available to TPL and SPL. See 'Pre-Relocation Support' and
184 'SPL Support' in doc/driver-model/README.txt for more details.
187 Using several DTBs in the SPL (CONFIG_SPL_MULTI_DTB)
188 ----------------------------------------------------
189 In some rare cases it is desirable to let SPL be able to select one DTB among
190 many. This usually not very useful as the DTB for the SPL is small and usually
191 fits several platforms. However the DTB sometimes include information that do
192 work on several platforms (like IO tuning parameters).
193 In this case it is possible to use CONFIG_SPL_MULTI_DTB. This option appends to
194 the SPL a FIT image containing several DTBs listed in SPL_OF_LIST.
195 board_fit_config_name_match() is called to select the right DTB.
197 If board_fit_config_name_match() relies on DM (DM driver to access an EEPROM
198 containing the board ID for example), it possible to start with a generic DTB
199 and then switch over to the right DTB after the detection. For this purpose,
200 the platform code must call fdtdec_resetup(). Based on the returned flag, the
201 platform may have to re-initiliaze the DM subusystem using dm_uninit() and
208 U-Boot is designed to build with a single architecture type and CPU
209 type. So for example it is not possible to build a single ARM binary
210 which runs on your AT91 and OMAP boards, relying on an fdt to configure
211 the various features. This is because you must select one of
212 the CPU families within arch/arm/cpu/arm926ejs (omap or at91) at build
213 time. Similarly you cannot build for multiple cpu types or
216 That said the complexity reduction by using fdt to support variants of
217 boards which use the same SOC / CPU can be substantial.
219 It is important to understand that the fdt only selects options
220 available in the platform / drivers. It cannot add new drivers (yet). So
221 you must still have the CONFIG option to enable the driver. For example,
222 you need to define CONFIG_SYS_NS16550 to bring in the NS16550 driver,
223 but can use the fdt to specific the UART clock, peripheral address, etc.
224 In very broad terms, the CONFIG options in general control *what* driver
225 files are pulled in, and the fdt controls *how* those files work.
228 Simon Glass <sjg@chromium.org>