2 * (C) Copyright 2014 Red Hat Inc.
3 * Copyright (c) 2014-2015, NVIDIA CORPORATION. All rights reserved.
4 * Copyright (C) 2015 K. Merker <merker@debian.org>
6 * SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
9 Generic Distro Configuration Concept
10 ====================================
12 Linux distributions are faced with supporting a variety of boot mechanisms,
13 environments or bootloaders (PC BIOS, EFI, U-Boot, Barebox, ...). This makes
14 life complicated. Worse, bootloaders such as U-Boot have a configurable set
15 of features, and each board chooses to enable a different set of features.
16 Hence, distros typically need to have board-specific knowledge in order to
17 set up a bootable system.
19 This document defines a common set of U-Boot features that are required for
20 a distro to support the board in a generic fashion. Any board wishing to
21 allow distros to install and boot in an out-of-the-box fashion should enable
22 all these features. Linux distros can then create a single set of boot
23 support/install logic that targets these features. This will allow distros
24 to install on many boards without the need for board-specific logic.
26 In fact, some of these features can be implemented by any bootloader, thus
27 decoupling distro install/boot logic from any knowledge of the bootloader.
29 This model assumes that boards will load boot configuration files from a
30 regular storage mechanism (eMMC, SD card, USB Disk, SATA disk, etc.) with
31 a standard partitioning scheme (MBR, GPT). Boards that cannot support this
32 storage model are outside the scope of this document, and may still need
33 board-specific installer/boot-configuration support in a distro.
35 To some extent, this model assumes that a board has a separate boot flash
36 that contains U-Boot, and that the user has somehow installed U-Boot to this
37 flash before running the distro installer. Even on boards that do not conform
38 to this aspect of the model, the extent of the board-specific support in the
39 distro installer logic would be to install a board-specific U-Boot package to
40 the boot partition during installation. This distro-supplied U-Boot can still
41 implement the same features as on any other board, and hence the distro's boot
42 configuration file generation logic can still be board-agnostic.
44 Locating Bootable Disks
45 -----------------------
47 Typical desktop/server PCs search all (or a user-defined subset of) attached
48 storage devices for a bootable partition, then load the bootloader or boot
49 configuration files from there. A U-Boot board port that enables the features
50 mentioned in this document will search for boot configuration files in the
53 Thus, distros do not need to manipulate any kind of bootloader-specific
54 configuration data to indicate which storage device the system should boot
57 Distros simply need to install the boot configuration files (see next
58 section) in an ext2/3/4 or FAT partition, mark the partition bootable (via
59 the MBR bootable flag, or GPT legacy_bios_bootable attribute), and U-Boot (or
60 any other bootloader) will find those boot files and execute them. This is
61 conceptually identical to creating a grub2 configuration file on a desktop
64 Note that in the absence of any partition that is explicitly marked bootable,
65 U-Boot falls back to searching the first valid partition of a disk for boot
66 configuration files. Other bootloaders are recommended to do the same, since
67 I believe that partition table bootable flags aren't so commonly used outside
70 U-Boot can also search for boot configuration files from a TFTP server.
72 Boot Configuration Files
73 ------------------------
75 The standard format for boot configuration files is that of extlinux.conf, as
76 handled by U-Boot's "syslinux" (disk) or "pxe boot" (network). This is roughly
79 http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Specifications/BootLoaderSpec/
81 ... with the exceptions that the BootLoaderSpec document:
83 * Prescribes a separate configuration per boot menu option, whereas U-Boot
84 lumps all options into a single extlinux.conf file. Hence, U-Boot searches
85 for /extlinux/extlinux.conf then /boot/extlinux/extlinux.conf on disk, or
86 pxelinux.cfg/default over the network.
88 * Does not document the fdtdir option, which automatically selects the DTB to
91 One example extlinux.conf generated by the Fedora installer is:
93 ------------------------------------------------------------
94 # extlinux.conf generated by anaconda
98 menu autoboot Welcome to Fedora. Automatic boot in # second{,s}. Press a key for options.
99 menu title Fedora Boot Options.
105 default Fedora (3.17.0-0.rc4.git2.1.fc22.armv7hl+lpae) 22 (Rawhide)
107 label Fedora (3.17.0-0.rc4.git2.1.fc22.armv7hl) 22 (Rawhide)
108 kernel /boot/vmlinuz-3.17.0-0.rc4.git2.1.fc22.armv7hl
109 append ro root=UUID=8eac677f-8ea8-4270-8479-d5ddbb797450 console=ttyS0,115200n8 LANG=en_US.UTF-8 drm.debug=0xf
110 fdtdir /boot/dtb-3.17.0-0.rc4.git2.1.fc22.armv7hl
111 initrd /boot/initramfs-3.17.0-0.rc4.git2.1.fc22.armv7hl.img
113 label Fedora (3.17.0-0.rc4.git2.1.fc22.armv7hl+lpae) 22 (Rawhide)
114 kernel /boot/vmlinuz-3.17.0-0.rc4.git2.1.fc22.armv7hl+lpae
115 append ro root=UUID=8eac677f-8ea8-4270-8479-d5ddbb797450 console=ttyS0,115200n8 LANG=en_US.UTF-8 drm.debug=0xf
116 fdtdir /boot/dtb-3.17.0-0.rc4.git2.1.fc22.armv7hl+lpae
117 initrd /boot/initramfs-3.17.0-0.rc4.git2.1.fc22.armv7hl+lpae.img
119 label Fedora-0-rescue-8f6ba7b039524e0eb957d2c9203f04bc (0-rescue-8f6ba7b039524e0eb957d2c9203f04bc)
120 kernel /boot/vmlinuz-0-rescue-8f6ba7b039524e0eb957d2c9203f04bc
121 initrd /boot/initramfs-0-rescue-8f6ba7b039524e0eb957d2c9203f04bc.img
122 append ro root=UUID=8eac677f-8ea8-4270-8479-d5ddbb797450 console=ttyS0,115200n8
123 fdtdir /boot/dtb-3.16.0-0.rc6.git1.1.fc22.armv7hl+lpae
124 ------------------------------------------------------------
126 Another hand-crafted network boot configuration file is:
128 ------------------------------------------------------------
131 MENU TITLE TFTP boot options
133 LABEL jetson-tk1-emmc
134 MENU LABEL ../zImage root on Jetson TK1 eMMC
137 APPEND console=ttyS0,115200n8 console=tty1 loglevel=8 rootwait rw earlyprintk root=PARTUUID=80a5a8e9-c744-491a-93c1-4f4194fd690b
140 MENU LABEL ../zImage root on Venice2 eMMC
143 APPEND console=ttyS0,115200n8 console=tty1 loglevel=8 rootwait rw earlyprintk root=PARTUUID=5f71e06f-be08-48ed-b1ef-ee4800cc860f
146 MENU LABEL ../zImage, root on 2GB sdcard
149 APPEND console=ttyS0,115200n8 console=tty1 loglevel=8 rootwait rw earlyprintk root=PARTUUID=b2f82cda-2535-4779-b467-094a210fbae7
151 LABEL fedora-installer-fk
152 MENU LABEL Fedora installer w/ Fedora kernel
153 LINUX fedora-installer/vmlinuz
154 INITRD fedora-installer/initrd.img.orig
155 FDTDIR fedora-installer/dtb
156 APPEND loglevel=8 ip=dhcp inst.repo=http://10.0.0.2/mirrors/fedora/linux/development/rawhide/armhfp/os/ rd.shell cma=64M
157 ------------------------------------------------------------
159 U-Boot Implementation
160 =====================
162 Enabling the distro options
163 ---------------------------
165 In your board configuration file, include the following:
167 ------------------------------------------------------------
168 #ifndef CONFIG_SPL_BUILD
169 #include <config_distro_defaults.h>
170 #include <config_distro_bootcmd.h>
172 ------------------------------------------------------------
174 The first of those headers primarily enables a core set of U-Boot features,
175 such as support for MBR and GPT partitions, ext* and FAT filesystems, booting
176 raw zImage and initrd (rather than FIT- or uImage-wrapped files), etc. Network
177 boot support is also enabled here, which is useful in order to boot distro
178 installers given that distros do not commonly distribute bootable install
179 media for non-PC targets at present.
181 Finally, a few options that are mostly relevant only when using U-Boot-
182 specific boot.scr scripts are enabled. This enables distros to generate a
183 U-Boot-specific boot.scr script rather than extlinux.conf as the boot
184 configuration file. While doing so is fully supported, and
185 <config_distro_defaults.h> exposes enough parameterization to boot.scr to
186 allow for board-agnostic boot.scr content, this document recommends that
187 distros generate extlinux.conf rather than boot.scr. extlinux.conf is intended
188 to work across multiple bootloaders, whereas boot.scr will only work with
189 U-Boot. TODO: document the contract between U-Boot and boot.scr re: which
190 environment variables a generic boot.scr may rely upon.
192 The second of those headers sets up the default environment so that $bootcmd
193 is defined in a way that searches attached disks for boot configuration files,
194 and executes them if found.
196 Required Environment Variables
197 ------------------------------
199 The U-Boot "syslinux" and "pxe boot" commands require a number of environment
200 variables be set. Default values for these variables are often hard-coded into
201 CONFIG_EXTRA_ENV_SETTINGS in the board's U-Boot configuration file, so that
202 the user doesn't have to configure them.
206 Mandatory for any system that provides the DTB in HW (e.g. ROM) and wishes
207 to pass that DTB to Linux, rather than loading a DTB from the boot
208 filesystem. Prohibited for any other system.
210 If specified a DTB to boot the system must be available at the given
215 Mandatory. The location in RAM where the DTB will be loaded or copied to when
216 processing the fdtdir/devicetreedir or fdt/devicetree options in
219 This is mandatory even when fdt_addr is provided, since extlinux.conf must
220 always be able to provide a DTB which overrides any copy provided by the HW.
222 A size of 1MB for the FDT/DTB seems reasonable.
226 Mandatory. The location in RAM where the initial ramdisk will be loaded to
227 when processing the initrd option in extlinux.conf.
229 It is recommended that this location be highest in RAM out of fdt_addr_,
230 kernel_addr_r, and ramdisk_addr_r, so that the RAM disk can vary in size
231 and use any available RAM.
235 Mandatory. The location in RAM where the kernel will be loaded to when
236 processing the kernel option in the extlinux.conf.
238 The kernel should be located within the first 128M of RAM in order for the
239 kernel CONFIG_AUTO_ZRELADDR option to work, which is likely enabled on any
240 distro kernel. Since the kernel will decompress itself to 0x8000 after the
241 start of RAM, kernel_addr_r should not overlap that area, or the kernel will
242 have to copy itself somewhere else first before decompression.
244 A size of 16MB for the kernel is likely adequate.
248 Mandatory. The location in RAM where extlinux.conf will be loaded to prior
251 A size of 1MB for extlinux.conf is more than adequate.
255 Mandatory, if the boot script is boot.scr rather than extlinux.conf. The
256 location in RAM where boot.scr will be loaded to prior to execution.
258 A size of 1MB for extlinux.conf is more than adequate.
260 For suggestions on memory locations for ARM systems, you must follow the
261 guidelines specified in Documentation/arm/Booting in the Linux kernel tree.
263 For a commented example of setting these values, please see the definition of
264 MEM_LAYOUT_ENV_SETTINGS in include/configs/tegra124-common.h.
266 Boot Target Configuration
267 -------------------------
269 <config_distro_bootcmd.h> defines $bootcmd and many helper command variables
270 that automatically search attached disks for boot configuration files and
271 execute them. Boards must provide configure <config_distro_bootcmd.h> so that
272 it supports the correct set of possible boot device types. To provide this
273 configuration, simply define macro BOOT_TARGET_DEVICES prior to including
274 <config_distro_bootcmd.h>. For example:
276 ------------------------------------------------------------
277 #ifndef CONFIG_SPL_BUILD
278 #define BOOT_TARGET_DEVICES(func) \
284 #include <config_distro_bootcmd.h>
286 ------------------------------------------------------------
288 Each entry in the macro defines a single boot device (e.g. a specific eMMC
289 device or SD card) or type of boot device (e.g. USB disk). The parameters to
290 the func macro (passed in by the internal implementation of the header) are:
292 - Upper-case disk type (MMC, SATA, SCSI, IDE, USB, DHCP, PXE).
293 - Lower-case disk type (same options as above).
294 - ID of the specific disk (MMC only) or ignored for other types.
299 Once the user has installed U-Boot, it is expected that the environment will
300 be reset to the default values in order to enable $bootcmd and friends, as set
301 up by <config_distro_bootcmd.h>. After this, various environment variables may
302 be altered to influence the boot process:
306 The list of boot locations searched.
308 Example: mmc0, mmc1, usb, pxe
310 Entries may be removed or re-ordered in this list to affect the boot order.
314 For disk-based booting, the list of directories within a partition that are
315 searched for boot configuration files (extlinux.conf, boot.scr).
319 Entries may be removed or re-ordered in this list to affect the set of
320 directories which are searched.
324 The name of U-Boot style boot.scr files that $bootcmd searches for.
326 Example: boot.scr.uimg boot.scr
328 (Typically we expect extlinux.conf to be used, but execution of boot.scr is
329 maintained for backwards-compatibility.)
331 Entries may be removed or re-ordered in this list to affect the set of
332 filenames which are supported.
334 scan_dev_for_extlinux:
336 If you want to disable extlinux.conf on all disks, set the value to something
337 innocuous, e.g. setenv scan_dev_for_extlinux true.
339 scan_dev_for_scripts:
341 If you want to disable boot.scr on all disks, set the value to something
342 innocuous, e.g. setenv scan_dev_for_scripts true.
345 Interactively booting from a specific device at the u-boot prompt
346 =================================================================
348 For interactively booting from a user-selected device at the u-boot command
349 prompt, the environment provides predefined bootcmd_<target> variables for
350 every target defined in boot_targets, which can be run be the user.
352 If the target is a storage device, the format of the target is always
353 <device type><device number>, e.g. mmc0. Specifying the device number is
354 mandatory for storage devices, even if only support for a single instance
355 of the storage device is actually implemented.
357 For network targets (dhcp, pxe), only the device type gets specified;
358 they do not have a device number.
363 boots from the first USB mass storage device
366 boots from the second MMC device
369 boots by tftp using a pxelinux.cfg
371 The list of possible targets consists of:
377 - storage targets (to which a device number must be appended)
384 Other *boot* variables than the ones defined above are only for internal use
385 of the boot environment and are not guaranteed to exist or work in the same
386 way in future u-boot versions. In particular the <device type>_boot
387 variables (e.g. mmc_boot, usb_boot) are a strictly internal implementation
388 detail and must not be used as a public interface.