1 SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
3 * (C) Copyright 2014 Red Hat Inc.
4 * Copyright (c) 2014-2015, NVIDIA CORPORATION. All rights reserved.
5 * Copyright (C) 2015 K. Merker <merker@debian.org>
8 Generic Distro Configuration Concept
9 ====================================
11 Linux distributions are faced with supporting a variety of boot mechanisms,
12 environments or bootloaders (PC BIOS, EFI, U-Boot, Barebox, ...). This makes
13 life complicated. Worse, bootloaders such as U-Boot have a configurable set
14 of features, and each board chooses to enable a different set of features.
15 Hence, distros typically need to have board-specific knowledge in order to
16 set up a bootable system.
18 This document defines a common set of U-Boot features that are required for
19 a distro to support the board in a generic fashion. Any board wishing to
20 allow distros to install and boot in an out-of-the-box fashion should enable
21 all these features. Linux distros can then create a single set of boot
22 support/install logic that targets these features. This will allow distros
23 to install on many boards without the need for board-specific logic.
25 In fact, some of these features can be implemented by any bootloader, thus
26 decoupling distro install/boot logic from any knowledge of the bootloader.
28 This model assumes that boards will load boot configuration files from a
29 regular storage mechanism (eMMC, SD card, USB Disk, SATA disk, etc.) with
30 a standard partitioning scheme (MBR, GPT). Boards that cannot support this
31 storage model are outside the scope of this document, and may still need
32 board-specific installer/boot-configuration support in a distro.
34 To some extent, this model assumes that a board has a separate boot flash
35 that contains U-Boot, and that the user has somehow installed U-Boot to this
36 flash before running the distro installer. Even on boards that do not conform
37 to this aspect of the model, the extent of the board-specific support in the
38 distro installer logic would be to install a board-specific U-Boot package to
39 the boot partition during installation. This distro-supplied U-Boot can still
40 implement the same features as on any other board, and hence the distro's boot
41 configuration file generation logic can still be board-agnostic.
43 Locating Bootable Disks
44 -----------------------
46 Typical desktop/server PCs search all (or a user-defined subset of) attached
47 storage devices for a bootable partition, then load the bootloader or boot
48 configuration files from there. A U-Boot board port that enables the features
49 mentioned in this document will search for boot configuration files in the
52 Thus, distros do not need to manipulate any kind of bootloader-specific
53 configuration data to indicate which storage device the system should boot
56 Distros simply need to install the boot configuration files (see next
57 section) in an ext2/3/4 or FAT partition, mark the partition bootable (via
58 the MBR bootable flag, or GPT legacy_bios_bootable attribute), and U-Boot (or
59 any other bootloader) will find those boot files and execute them. This is
60 conceptually identical to creating a grub2 configuration file on a desktop
63 Note that in the absence of any partition that is explicitly marked bootable,
64 U-Boot falls back to searching the first valid partition of a disk for boot
65 configuration files. Other bootloaders are recommended to do the same, since
66 I believe that partition table bootable flags aren't so commonly used outside
69 U-Boot can also search for boot configuration files from a TFTP server.
71 Boot Configuration Files
72 ------------------------
74 The standard format for boot configuration files is that of extlinux.conf, as
75 handled by U-Boot's "syslinux" (disk) or "pxe boot" (network). This is roughly
78 http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Specifications/BootLoaderSpec/
80 ... with the exceptions that the BootLoaderSpec document:
82 * Prescribes a separate configuration per boot menu option, whereas U-Boot
83 lumps all options into a single extlinux.conf file. Hence, U-Boot searches
84 for /extlinux/extlinux.conf then /boot/extlinux/extlinux.conf on disk, or
85 pxelinux.cfg/default over the network.
87 * Does not document the fdtdir option, which automatically selects the DTB to
90 One example extlinux.conf generated by the Fedora installer is:
92 ------------------------------------------------------------
93 # extlinux.conf generated by anaconda
97 menu autoboot Welcome to Fedora. Automatic boot in # second{,s}. Press a key for options.
98 menu title Fedora Boot Options.
104 default Fedora (3.17.0-0.rc4.git2.1.fc22.armv7hl+lpae) 22 (Rawhide)
106 label Fedora (3.17.0-0.rc4.git2.1.fc22.armv7hl) 22 (Rawhide)
107 kernel /boot/vmlinuz-3.17.0-0.rc4.git2.1.fc22.armv7hl
108 append ro root=UUID=8eac677f-8ea8-4270-8479-d5ddbb797450 console=ttyS0,115200n8 LANG=en_US.UTF-8 drm.debug=0xf
109 fdtdir /boot/dtb-3.17.0-0.rc4.git2.1.fc22.armv7hl
110 initrd /boot/initramfs-3.17.0-0.rc4.git2.1.fc22.armv7hl.img
112 label Fedora (3.17.0-0.rc4.git2.1.fc22.armv7hl+lpae) 22 (Rawhide)
113 kernel /boot/vmlinuz-3.17.0-0.rc4.git2.1.fc22.armv7hl+lpae
114 append ro root=UUID=8eac677f-8ea8-4270-8479-d5ddbb797450 console=ttyS0,115200n8 LANG=en_US.UTF-8 drm.debug=0xf
115 fdtdir /boot/dtb-3.17.0-0.rc4.git2.1.fc22.armv7hl+lpae
116 initrd /boot/initramfs-3.17.0-0.rc4.git2.1.fc22.armv7hl+lpae.img
118 label Fedora-0-rescue-8f6ba7b039524e0eb957d2c9203f04bc (0-rescue-8f6ba7b039524e0eb957d2c9203f04bc)
119 kernel /boot/vmlinuz-0-rescue-8f6ba7b039524e0eb957d2c9203f04bc
120 initrd /boot/initramfs-0-rescue-8f6ba7b039524e0eb957d2c9203f04bc.img
121 append ro root=UUID=8eac677f-8ea8-4270-8479-d5ddbb797450 console=ttyS0,115200n8
122 fdtdir /boot/dtb-3.16.0-0.rc6.git1.1.fc22.armv7hl+lpae
123 ------------------------------------------------------------
125 Another hand-crafted network boot configuration file is:
127 ------------------------------------------------------------
130 MENU TITLE TFTP boot options
132 LABEL jetson-tk1-emmc
133 MENU LABEL ../zImage root on Jetson TK1 eMMC
136 APPEND console=ttyS0,115200n8 console=tty1 loglevel=8 rootwait rw earlyprintk root=PARTUUID=80a5a8e9-c744-491a-93c1-4f4194fd690b
139 MENU LABEL ../zImage root on Venice2 eMMC
142 APPEND console=ttyS0,115200n8 console=tty1 loglevel=8 rootwait rw earlyprintk root=PARTUUID=5f71e06f-be08-48ed-b1ef-ee4800cc860f
145 MENU LABEL ../zImage, root on 2GB sdcard
148 APPEND console=ttyS0,115200n8 console=tty1 loglevel=8 rootwait rw earlyprintk root=PARTUUID=b2f82cda-2535-4779-b467-094a210fbae7
150 LABEL fedora-installer-fk
151 MENU LABEL Fedora installer w/ Fedora kernel
152 LINUX fedora-installer/vmlinuz
153 INITRD fedora-installer/initrd.img.orig
154 FDTDIR fedora-installer/dtb
155 APPEND loglevel=8 ip=dhcp inst.repo=http://10.0.0.2/mirrors/fedora/linux/development/rawhide/armhfp/os/ rd.shell cma=64M
156 ------------------------------------------------------------
158 U-Boot Implementation
159 =====================
161 Enabling the distro options
162 ---------------------------
164 In your board's defconfig, enable the DISTRO_DEFAULTS option by adding
165 a line with "CONFIG_DISTRO_DEFAULTS=y". If you want to enable this
166 from Kconfig itself, for e.g. all boards using a specific SoC then
167 add a "imply DISTRO_DEFAULTS" to your SoC CONFIG option.
169 In your board configuration file, include the following:
171 ------------------------------------------------------------
172 #ifndef CONFIG_SPL_BUILD
173 #include <config_distro_bootcmd.h>
175 ------------------------------------------------------------
177 The first of those headers primarily enables a core set of U-Boot features,
178 such as support for MBR and GPT partitions, ext* and FAT filesystems, booting
179 raw zImage and initrd (rather than FIT- or uImage-wrapped files), etc. Network
180 boot support is also enabled here, which is useful in order to boot distro
181 installers given that distros do not commonly distribute bootable install
182 media for non-PC targets at present.
184 Finally, a few options that are mostly relevant only when using U-Boot-
185 specific boot.scr scripts are enabled. This enables distros to generate a
186 U-Boot-specific boot.scr script rather than extlinux.conf as the boot
187 configuration file. While doing so is fully supported, and
188 CONFIG_DISTRO_DEFAULTS exposes enough parameterization to boot.scr to
189 allow for board-agnostic boot.scr content, this document recommends that
190 distros generate extlinux.conf rather than boot.scr. extlinux.conf is intended
191 to work across multiple bootloaders, whereas boot.scr will only work with
192 U-Boot. TODO: document the contract between U-Boot and boot.scr re: which
193 environment variables a generic boot.scr may rely upon.
195 The second of those headers sets up the default environment so that $bootcmd
196 is defined in a way that searches attached disks for boot configuration files,
197 and executes them if found.
199 Required Environment Variables
200 ------------------------------
202 The U-Boot "syslinux" and "pxe boot" commands require a number of environment
203 variables be set. Default values for these variables are often hard-coded into
204 CONFIG_EXTRA_ENV_SETTINGS in the board's U-Boot configuration file, so that
205 the user doesn't have to configure them.
209 Mandatory for any system that provides the DTB in HW (e.g. ROM) and wishes
210 to pass that DTB to Linux, rather than loading a DTB from the boot
211 filesystem. Prohibited for any other system.
213 If specified a DTB to boot the system must be available at the given
218 Mandatory. The location in RAM where the DTB will be loaded or copied to when
219 processing the fdtdir/devicetreedir or fdt/devicetree options in
222 This is mandatory even when fdt_addr is provided, since extlinux.conf must
223 always be able to provide a DTB which overrides any copy provided by the HW.
225 A size of 1MB for the FDT/DTB seems reasonable.
229 Mandatory. the name of the DTB file for the specific board for instance
230 the espressobin v5 board the value is "marvell/armada-3720-espressobin.dtb"
231 while on a clearfog pro it is "armada-388-clearfog-pro.dtb" in the case of
232 a board providing its firmware based DTB this value can be used to override
233 the DTB with a different DTB. fdtfile will automatically be set for you if
234 it matches the format ${soc}-${board}.dtb which covers most 32 bit use cases.
235 AArch64 generally does not match as the Linux kernel put the dtb files under
236 SoC vendor directories.
240 Mandatory. The location in RAM where the initial ramdisk will be loaded to
241 when processing the initrd option in extlinux.conf.
243 It is recommended that this location be highest in RAM out of fdt_addr_,
244 kernel_addr_r, and ramdisk_addr_r, so that the RAM disk can vary in size
245 and use any available RAM.
249 Mandatory. The location in RAM where the kernel will be loaded to when
250 processing the kernel option in the extlinux.conf.
252 The kernel should be located within the first 128M of RAM in order for the
253 kernel CONFIG_AUTO_ZRELADDR option to work, which is likely enabled on any
254 distro kernel. Since the kernel will decompress itself to 0x8000 after the
255 start of RAM, kernel_addr_r should not overlap that area, or the kernel will
256 have to copy itself somewhere else first before decompression.
258 A size of 16MB for the kernel is likely adequate.
261 Optional. This is only required if user wants to boot Linux from a compressed
262 Image(.gz, .bz2, .lzma, .lzo) using the booti command. It represents the
263 location in RAM where the compressed Image will be decompressed temporarily.
264 Once the decompression is complete, the decompressed data will be moved to
265 kernel_addr_r for booting.
268 Optional. This is only required if user wants to boot Linux from a compressed
269 Image using booti command. It represents the size of the compressed file. The
270 size has to at least the size of loaded image for decompression to succeed.
274 Mandatory. The location in RAM where extlinux.conf will be loaded to prior
277 A size of 1MB for extlinux.conf is more than adequate.
281 Mandatory, if the boot script is boot.scr rather than extlinux.conf. The
282 location in RAM where boot.scr will be loaded to prior to execution.
284 A size of 1MB for extlinux.conf is more than adequate.
286 For suggestions on memory locations for ARM systems, you must follow the
287 guidelines specified in Documentation/arm/Booting in the Linux kernel tree.
289 For a commented example of setting these values, please see the definition of
290 MEM_LAYOUT_ENV_SETTINGS in include/configs/tegra124-common.h.
292 Boot Target Configuration
293 -------------------------
295 <config_distro_bootcmd.h> defines $bootcmd and many helper command variables
296 that automatically search attached disks for boot configuration files and
297 execute them. Boards must provide configure <config_distro_bootcmd.h> so that
298 it supports the correct set of possible boot device types. To provide this
299 configuration, simply define macro BOOT_TARGET_DEVICES prior to including
300 <config_distro_bootcmd.h>. For example:
302 ------------------------------------------------------------
303 #ifndef CONFIG_SPL_BUILD
304 #define BOOT_TARGET_DEVICES(func) \
310 #include <config_distro_bootcmd.h>
312 ------------------------------------------------------------
314 Each entry in the macro defines a single boot device (e.g. a specific eMMC
315 device or SD card) or type of boot device (e.g. USB disk). The parameters to
316 the func macro (passed in by the internal implementation of the header) are:
318 - Upper-case disk type (MMC, SATA, SCSI, IDE, USB, DHCP, PXE, VIRTIO).
319 - Lower-case disk type (same options as above).
320 - ID of the specific disk (MMC only) or ignored for other types.
325 Once the user has installed U-Boot, it is expected that the environment will
326 be reset to the default values in order to enable $bootcmd and friends, as set
327 up by <config_distro_bootcmd.h>. After this, various environment variables may
328 be altered to influence the boot process:
332 The list of boot locations searched.
334 Example: mmc0, mmc1, usb, pxe
336 Entries may be removed or re-ordered in this list to affect the boot order.
340 For disk-based booting, the list of directories within a partition that are
341 searched for boot configuration files (extlinux.conf, boot.scr).
345 Entries may be removed or re-ordered in this list to affect the set of
346 directories which are searched.
350 The name of U-Boot style boot.scr files that $bootcmd searches for.
352 Example: boot.scr.uimg boot.scr
354 (Typically we expect extlinux.conf to be used, but execution of boot.scr is
355 maintained for backwards-compatibility.)
357 Entries may be removed or re-ordered in this list to affect the set of
358 filenames which are supported.
360 scan_dev_for_extlinux:
362 If you want to disable extlinux.conf on all disks, set the value to something
363 innocuous, e.g. setenv scan_dev_for_extlinux true.
365 scan_dev_for_scripts:
367 If you want to disable boot.scr on all disks, set the value to something
368 innocuous, e.g. setenv scan_dev_for_scripts true.
372 If you want to prevent USB enumeration by distro boot commands which execute
373 network operations, set the value to something innocuous, e.g. setenv
374 boot_net_usb_start true. This would be useful if you know your Ethernet
375 device is not attached to USB, and you wish to increase boot speed by
376 avoiding unnecessary actions.
380 If you want to prevent PCI enumeration by distro boot commands which execute
381 network operations, set the value to something innocuous, e.g. setenv
382 boot_net_pci_enum true. This would be useful if you know your Ethernet
383 device is not attached to PCI, and you wish to increase boot speed by
384 avoiding unnecessary actions.
386 Interactively booting from a specific device at the u-boot prompt
387 =================================================================
389 For interactively booting from a user-selected device at the u-boot command
390 prompt, the environment provides predefined bootcmd_<target> variables for
391 every target defined in boot_targets, which can be run be the user.
393 If the target is a storage device, the format of the target is always
394 <device type><device number>, e.g. mmc0. Specifying the device number is
395 mandatory for storage devices, even if only support for a single instance
396 of the storage device is actually implemented.
398 For network targets (dhcp, pxe), only the device type gets specified;
399 they do not have a device number.
404 boots from the first USB mass storage device
407 boots from the second MMC device
410 boots by tftp using a pxelinux.cfg
412 The list of possible targets consists of:
418 - storage targets (to which a device number must be appended)
426 Other *boot* variables than the ones defined above are only for internal use
427 of the boot environment and are not guaranteed to exist or work in the same
428 way in future u-boot versions. In particular the <device type>_boot
429 variables (e.g. mmc_boot, usb_boot) are a strictly internal implementation
430 detail and must not be used as a public interface.