1 .. Copyright 2010 Nicolas Palix <npalix@diku.dk>
2 .. Copyright 2010 Julia Lawall <julia@diku.dk>
3 .. Copyright 2010 Gilles Muller <Gilles.Muller@lip6.fr>
10 Coccinelle is a tool for pattern matching and text transformation that has
11 many uses in kernel development, including the application of complex,
12 tree-wide patches and detection of problematic programming patterns.
17 The semantic patches included in the kernel use features and options
18 which are provided by Coccinelle version 1.0.0-rc11 and above.
19 Using earlier versions will fail as the option names used by
20 the Coccinelle files and coccicheck have been updated.
22 Coccinelle is available through the package manager
23 of many distributions, e.g. :
33 You can get the latest version released from the Coccinelle homepage at
34 http://coccinelle.lip6.fr/
36 Information and tips about Coccinelle are also provided on the wiki
37 pages at http://cocci.ekstranet.diku.dk/wiki/doku.php
39 Once you have it, run the following command::
44 as a regular user, and install it with::
48 Supplemental documentation
49 ---------------------------
51 For supplemental documentation refer to the wiki:
53 https://bottest.wiki.kernel.org/coccicheck
55 The wiki documentation always refers to the linux-next version of the script.
57 Using Coccinelle on the Linux kernel
58 ------------------------------------
60 A Coccinelle-specific target is defined in the top level
61 Makefile. This target is named ``coccicheck`` and calls the ``coccicheck``
62 front-end in the ``scripts`` directory.
64 Four basic modes are defined: ``patch``, ``report``, ``context``, and
65 ``org``. The mode to use is specified by setting the MODE variable with
68 - ``patch`` proposes a fix, when possible.
70 - ``report`` generates a list in the following format:
71 file:line:column-column: message
73 - ``context`` highlights lines of interest and their context in a
74 diff-like style.Lines of interest are indicated with ``-``.
76 - ``org`` generates a report in the Org mode format of Emacs.
78 Note that not all semantic patches implement all modes. For easy use
79 of Coccinelle, the default mode is "report".
81 Two other modes provide some common combinations of these modes.
83 - ``chain`` tries the previous modes in the order above until one succeeds.
85 - ``rep+ctxt`` runs successively the report mode and the context mode.
86 It should be used with the C option (described later)
87 which checks the code on a file basis.
92 To make a report for every semantic patch, run the following command::
94 make coccicheck MODE=report
96 To produce patches, run::
98 make coccicheck MODE=patch
101 The coccicheck target applies every semantic patch available in the
102 sub-directories of ``scripts/coccinelle`` to the entire Linux kernel.
104 For each semantic patch, a commit message is proposed. It gives a
105 description of the problem being checked by the semantic patch, and
106 includes a reference to Coccinelle.
108 As any static code analyzer, Coccinelle produces false
109 positives. Thus, reports must be carefully checked, and patches
112 To enable verbose messages set the V= variable, for example::
114 make coccicheck MODE=report V=1
116 Coccinelle parallelization
117 ---------------------------
119 By default, coccicheck tries to run as parallel as possible. To change
120 the parallelism, set the J= variable. For example, to run across 4 CPUs::
122 make coccicheck MODE=report J=4
124 As of Coccinelle 1.0.2 Coccinelle uses Ocaml parmap for parallelization,
125 if support for this is detected you will benefit from parmap parallelization.
127 When parmap is enabled coccicheck will enable dynamic load balancing by using
128 ``--chunksize 1`` argument, this ensures we keep feeding threads with work
129 one by one, so that we avoid the situation where most work gets done by only
130 a few threads. With dynamic load balancing, if a thread finishes early we keep
131 feeding it more work.
133 When parmap is enabled, if an error occurs in Coccinelle, this error
134 value is propagated back, the return value of the ``make coccicheck``
135 captures this return value.
137 Using Coccinelle with a single semantic patch
138 ---------------------------------------------
140 The optional make variable COCCI can be used to check a single
141 semantic patch. In that case, the variable must be initialized with
142 the name of the semantic patch to apply.
146 make coccicheck COCCI=<my_SP.cocci> MODE=patch
150 make coccicheck COCCI=<my_SP.cocci> MODE=report
153 Controlling Which Files are Processed by Coccinelle
154 ---------------------------------------------------
156 By default the entire kernel source tree is checked.
158 To apply Coccinelle to a specific directory, ``M=`` can be used.
159 For example, to check drivers/net/wireless/ one may write::
161 make coccicheck M=drivers/net/wireless/
163 To apply Coccinelle on a file basis, instead of a directory basis, the
164 following command may be used::
166 make C=1 CHECK="scripts/coccicheck"
168 To check only newly edited code, use the value 2 for the C flag, i.e.::
170 make C=2 CHECK="scripts/coccicheck"
172 In these modes, which works on a file basis, there is no information
173 about semantic patches displayed, and no commit message proposed.
175 This runs every semantic patch in scripts/coccinelle by default. The
176 COCCI variable may additionally be used to only apply a single
177 semantic patch as shown in the previous section.
179 The "report" mode is the default. You can select another one with the
180 MODE variable explained above.
182 Debugging Coccinelle SmPL patches
183 ---------------------------------
185 Using coccicheck is best as it provides in the spatch command line
186 include options matching the options used when we compile the kernel.
187 You can learn what these options are by using V=1, you could then
188 manually run Coccinelle with debug options added.
190 Alternatively you can debug running Coccinelle against SmPL patches
191 by asking for stderr to be redirected to stderr, by default stderr
192 is redirected to /dev/null, if you'd like to capture stderr you
193 can specify the ``DEBUG_FILE="file.txt"`` option to coccicheck. For
197 make coccicheck COCCI=scripts/coccinelle/free/kfree.cocci MODE=report DEBUG_FILE=cocci.err
200 You can use SPFLAGS to add debugging flags, for instance you may want to
201 add both --profile --show-trying to SPFLAGS when debugging. For instance
202 you may want to use::
205 export COCCI=scripts/coccinelle/misc/irqf_oneshot.cocci
206 make coccicheck DEBUG_FILE="err.log" MODE=report SPFLAGS="--profile --show-trying" M=./drivers/mfd/arizona-irq.c
208 err.log will now have the profiling information, while stdout will
209 provide some progress information as Coccinelle moves forward with
212 DEBUG_FILE support is only supported when using coccinelle >= 1.2.
217 Coccinelle supports reading .cocciconfig for default Coccinelle options that
218 should be used every time spatch is spawned, the order of precedence for
219 variables for .cocciconfig is as follows:
221 - Your current user's home directory is processed first
222 - Your directory from which spatch is called is processed next
223 - The directory provided with the --dir option is processed last, if used
225 Since coccicheck runs through make, it naturally runs from the kernel
226 proper dir, as such the second rule above would be implied for picking up a
227 .cocciconfig when using ``make coccicheck``.
229 ``make coccicheck`` also supports using M= targets.If you do not supply
230 any M= target, it is assumed you want to target the entire kernel.
231 The kernel coccicheck script has::
233 if [ "$KBUILD_EXTMOD" = "" ] ; then
234 OPTIONS="--dir $srctree $COCCIINCLUDE"
236 OPTIONS="--dir $KBUILD_EXTMOD $COCCIINCLUDE"
239 KBUILD_EXTMOD is set when an explicit target with M= is used. For both cases
240 the spatch --dir argument is used, as such third rule applies when whether M=
241 is used or not, and when M= is used the target directory can have its own
242 .cocciconfig file. When M= is not passed as an argument to coccicheck the
243 target directory is the same as the directory from where spatch was called.
245 If not using the kernel's coccicheck target, keep the above precedence
246 order logic of .cocciconfig reading. If using the kernel's coccicheck target,
247 override any of the kernel's .coccicheck's settings using SPFLAGS.
249 We help Coccinelle when used against Linux with a set of sensible defaults
250 options for Linux with our own Linux .cocciconfig. This hints to coccinelle
251 git can be used for ``git grep`` queries over coccigrep. A timeout of 200
252 seconds should suffice for now.
254 The options picked up by coccinelle when reading a .cocciconfig do not appear
255 as arguments to spatch processes running on your system, to confirm what
256 options will be used by Coccinelle run::
258 spatch --print-options-only
260 You can override with your own preferred index option by using SPFLAGS. Take
261 note that when there are conflicting options Coccinelle takes precedence for
262 the last options passed. Using .cocciconfig is possible to use idutils, however
263 given the order of precedence followed by Coccinelle, since the kernel now
264 carries its own .cocciconfig, you will need to use SPFLAGS to use idutils if
265 desired. See below section "Additional flags" for more details on how to use
271 Additional flags can be passed to spatch through the SPFLAGS
272 variable. This works as Coccinelle respects the last flags
273 given to it when options are in conflict. ::
275 make SPFLAGS=--use-glimpse coccicheck
277 Coccinelle supports idutils as well but requires coccinelle >= 1.0.6.
278 When no ID file is specified coccinelle assumes your ID database file
279 is in the file .id-utils.index on the top level of the kernel, coccinelle
280 carries a script scripts/idutils_index.sh which creates the database with::
282 mkid -i C --output .id-utils.index
284 If you have another database filename you can also just symlink with this
287 make SPFLAGS=--use-idutils coccicheck
289 Alternatively you can specify the database filename explicitly, for
292 make SPFLAGS="--use-idutils /full-path/to/ID" coccicheck
294 See ``spatch --help`` to learn more about spatch options.
296 Note that the ``--use-glimpse`` and ``--use-idutils`` options
297 require external tools for indexing the code. None of them is
298 thus active by default. However, by indexing the code with
299 one of these tools, and according to the cocci file used,
300 spatch could proceed the entire code base more quickly.
302 SmPL patch specific options
303 ---------------------------
305 SmPL patches can have their own requirements for options passed
306 to Coccinelle. SmPL patch specific options can be provided by
307 providing them at the top of the SmPL patch, for instance::
309 // Options: --no-includes --include-headers
311 SmPL patch Coccinelle requirements
312 ----------------------------------
314 As Coccinelle features get added some more advanced SmPL patches
315 may require newer versions of Coccinelle. If an SmPL patch requires
316 at least a version of Coccinelle, this can be specified as follows,
317 as an example if requiring at least Coccinelle >= 1.0.5::
321 Proposing new semantic patches
322 -------------------------------
324 New semantic patches can be proposed and submitted by kernel
325 developers. For sake of clarity, they should be organized in the
326 sub-directories of ``scripts/coccinelle/``.
329 Detailed description of the ``report`` mode
330 -------------------------------------------
332 ``report`` generates a list in the following format::
334 file:line:column-column: message
341 make coccicheck MODE=report COCCI=scripts/coccinelle/api/err_cast.cocci
343 will execute the following part of the SmPL script::
346 @r depends on !context && !patch && (org || report)@
351 ERR_PTR@p(PTR_ERR(x))
353 @script:python depends on report@
358 msg="ERR_CAST can be used with %s" % (x)
359 coccilib.report.print_report(p[0], msg)
362 This SmPL excerpt generates entries on the standard output, as
365 /home/user/linux/crypto/ctr.c:188:9-16: ERR_CAST can be used with alg
366 /home/user/linux/crypto/authenc.c:619:9-16: ERR_CAST can be used with auth
367 /home/user/linux/crypto/xts.c:227:9-16: ERR_CAST can be used with alg
370 Detailed description of the ``patch`` mode
371 ------------------------------------------
373 When the ``patch`` mode is available, it proposes a fix for each problem
381 make coccicheck MODE=patch COCCI=scripts/coccinelle/api/err_cast.cocci
383 will execute the following part of the SmPL script::
386 @ depends on !context && patch && !org && !report @
390 - ERR_PTR(PTR_ERR(x))
394 This SmPL excerpt generates patch hunks on the standard output, as
397 diff -u -p a/crypto/ctr.c b/crypto/ctr.c
398 --- a/crypto/ctr.c 2010-05-26 10:49:38.000000000 +0200
399 +++ b/crypto/ctr.c 2010-06-03 23:44:49.000000000 +0200
400 @@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ static struct crypto_instance *crypto_ct
401 alg = crypto_attr_alg(tb[1], CRYPTO_ALG_TYPE_CIPHER,
402 CRYPTO_ALG_TYPE_MASK);
404 - return ERR_PTR(PTR_ERR(alg));
405 + return ERR_CAST(alg);
407 /* Block size must be >= 4 bytes. */
410 Detailed description of the ``context`` mode
411 --------------------------------------------
413 ``context`` highlights lines of interest and their context
414 in a diff-like style.
416 **NOTE**: The diff-like output generated is NOT an applicable patch. The
417 intent of the ``context`` mode is to highlight the important lines
418 (annotated with minus, ``-``) and gives some surrounding context
419 lines around. This output can be used with the diff mode of
420 Emacs to review the code.
427 make coccicheck MODE=context COCCI=scripts/coccinelle/api/err_cast.cocci
429 will execute the following part of the SmPL script::
432 @ depends on context && !patch && !org && !report@
436 * ERR_PTR(PTR_ERR(x))
439 This SmPL excerpt generates diff hunks on the standard output, as
442 diff -u -p /home/user/linux/crypto/ctr.c /tmp/nothing
443 --- /home/user/linux/crypto/ctr.c 2010-05-26 10:49:38.000000000 +0200
445 @@ -185,7 +185,6 @@ static struct crypto_instance *crypto_ct
446 alg = crypto_attr_alg(tb[1], CRYPTO_ALG_TYPE_CIPHER,
447 CRYPTO_ALG_TYPE_MASK);
449 - return ERR_PTR(PTR_ERR(alg));
451 /* Block size must be >= 4 bytes. */
454 Detailed description of the ``org`` mode
455 ----------------------------------------
457 ``org`` generates a report in the Org mode format of Emacs.
464 make coccicheck MODE=org COCCI=scripts/coccinelle/api/err_cast.cocci
466 will execute the following part of the SmPL script::
469 @r depends on !context && !patch && (org || report)@
474 ERR_PTR@p(PTR_ERR(x))
476 @script:python depends on org@
481 msg="ERR_CAST can be used with %s" % (x)
482 msg_safe=msg.replace("[","@(").replace("]",")")
483 coccilib.org.print_todo(p[0], msg_safe)
486 This SmPL excerpt generates Org entries on the standard output, as
489 * TODO [[view:/home/user/linux/crypto/ctr.c::face=ovl-face1::linb=188::colb=9::cole=16][ERR_CAST can be used with alg]]
490 * TODO [[view:/home/user/linux/crypto/authenc.c::face=ovl-face1::linb=619::colb=9::cole=16][ERR_CAST can be used with auth]]
491 * TODO [[view:/home/user/linux/crypto/xts.c::face=ovl-face1::linb=227::colb=9::cole=16][ERR_CAST can be used with alg]]