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64 >Chapter 2. GNU Free Documentation License</A
69 > GNU Free Documentation License<br>
70 Version 1.1, March 2000<br>
72 Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.<br>
73 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA<br>
74 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies<br>
75 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.<br>
80 The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other<br>
81 written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone<br>
82 the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without<br>
83 modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily,<br>
84 this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get<br>
85 credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for<br>
86 modifications made by others.<br>
88 This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative<br>
89 works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It<br>
90 complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft<br>
91 license designed for free software.<br>
93 We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free<br>
94 software, because free software needs free documentation: a free<br>
95 program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the<br>
96 software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;<br>
97 it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or<br>
98 whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License<br>
99 principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.<br>
102 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS<br>
104 This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a<br>
105 notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed<br>
106 under the terms of this License. The "Document", below, refers to any<br>
107 such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is<br>
108 addressed as "you".<br>
110 A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the<br>
111 Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with<br>
112 modifications and/or translated into another language.<br>
114 A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of<br>
115 the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the<br>
116 publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject<br>
117 (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly<br>
118 within that overall subject. (For example, if the Document is in part a<br>
119 textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any<br>
120 mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical<br>
121 connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,<br>
122 commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding<br>
125 The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles<br>
126 are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice<br>
127 that says that the Document is released under this License.<br>
129 The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,<br>
130 as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that<br>
131 the Document is released under this License.<br>
133 A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,<br>
134 represented in a format whose specification is available to the<br>
135 general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and<br>
136 straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of<br>
137 pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available<br>
138 drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or<br>
139 for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input<br>
140 to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file<br>
141 format whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage<br>
142 subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is<br>
143 not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".<br>
145 Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain<br>
146 ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML<br>
147 or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple<br>
148 HTML designed for human modification. Opaque formats include<br>
149 PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that can be read and edited only<br>
150 by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or<br>
151 processing tools are not generally available, and the<br>
152 machine-generated HTML produced by some word processors for output<br>
153 purposes only.<br>
155 The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,<br>
156 plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material<br>
157 this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in<br>
158 formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means<br>
159 the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,<br>
160 preceding the beginning of the body of the text.<br>
163 2. VERBATIM COPYING<br>
165 You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either<br>
166 commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the<br>
167 copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies<br>
168 to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other<br>
169 conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use<br>
170 technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further<br>
171 copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept<br>
172 compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough<br>
173 number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.<br>
175 You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and<br>
176 you may publicly display copies.<br>
179 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY<br>
181 If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100,<br>
182 and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose<br>
183 the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover<br>
184 Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on<br>
185 the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify<br>
186 you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present<br>
187 the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and<br>
188 visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.<br>
189 Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve<br>
190 the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated<br>
191 as verbatim copying in other respects.<br>
193 If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit<br>
194 legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit<br>
195 reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent<br>
198 If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering<br>
199 more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent<br>
200 copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy<br>
201 a publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete<br>
202 Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the<br>
203 general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no<br>
204 charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the latter<br>
205 option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin<br>
206 distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this<br>
207 Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location<br>
208 until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque<br>
209 copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to<br>
212 It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the<br>
213 Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give<br>
214 them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.<br>
217 4. MODIFICATIONS<br>
219 You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under<br>
220 the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release<br>
221 the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified<br>
222 Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution<br>
223 and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy<br>
224 of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:<br>
226 A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct<br>
227 from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions<br>
228 (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section<br>
229 of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version<br>
230 if the original publisher of that version gives permission.<br>
231 B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities<br>
232 responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified<br>
233 Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the<br>
234 Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than five).<br>
235 C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the<br>
236 Modified Version, as the publisher.<br>
237 D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.<br>
238 E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications<br>
239 adjacent to the other copyright notices.<br>
240 F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice<br>
241 giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the<br>
242 terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.<br>
243 G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections<br>
244 and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.<br>
245 H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.<br>
246 I. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and add to<br>
247 it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and<br>
248 publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If<br>
249 there is no section entitled "History" in the Document, create one<br>
250 stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as<br>
251 given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified<br>
252 Version as stated in the previous sentence.<br>
253 J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for<br>
254 public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise<br>
255 the network locations given in the Document for previous versions<br>
256 it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section.<br>
257 You may omit a network location for a work that was published at<br>
258 least four years before the Document itself, or if the original<br>
259 publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.<br>
260 K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",<br>
261 preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the<br>
262 substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements<br>
263 and/or dedications given therein.<br>
264 L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,<br>
265 unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers<br>
266 or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.<br>
267 M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a section<br>
268 may not be included in the Modified Version.<br>
269 N. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements"<br>
270 or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.<br>
272 If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or<br>
273 appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material<br>
274 copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all<br>
275 of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the<br>
276 list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.<br>
277 These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.<br>
279 You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains<br>
280 nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various<br>
281 parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has<br>
282 been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a<br>
285 You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a<br>
286 passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list<br>
287 of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of<br>
288 Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or<br>
289 through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already<br>
290 includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or<br>
291 by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,<br>
292 you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit<br>
293 permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.<br>
295 The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License<br>
296 give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or<br>
297 imply endorsement of any Modified Version.<br>
300 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS<br>
302 You may combine the Document with other documents released under this<br>
303 License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified<br>
304 versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the<br>
305 Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and<br>
306 list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its<br>
307 license notice.<br>
309 The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and<br>
310 multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single<br>
311 copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but<br>
312 different contents, make the title of each such section unique by<br>
313 adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original<br>
314 author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.<br>
315 Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of<br>
316 Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.<br>
318 In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled "History"<br>
319 in the various original documents, forming one section entitled<br>
320 "History"; likewise combine any sections entitled "Acknowledgements",<br>
321 and any sections entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections<br>
322 entitled "Endorsements."<br>
325 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS<br>
327 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents<br>
328 released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this<br>
329 License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in<br>
330 the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for<br>
331 verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.<br>
333 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute<br>
334 it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this<br>
335 License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all<br>
336 other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.<br>
340 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS<br>
342 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate<br>
343 and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or<br>
344 distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version<br>
345 of the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the<br>
346 compilation. Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and this<br>
347 License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled<br>
348 with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they<br>
349 are not themselves derivative works of the Document.<br>
351 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these<br>
352 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter<br>
353 of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on<br>
354 covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate.<br>
355 Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate.<br>
358 8. TRANSLATION<br>
360 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may<br>
361 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.<br>
362 Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special<br>
363 permission from their copyright holders, but you may include<br>
364 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the<br>
365 original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a<br>
366 translation of this License provided that you also include the<br>
367 original English version of this License. In case of a disagreement<br>
368 between the translation and the original English version of this<br>
369 License, the original English version will prevail.<br>
372 9. TERMINATION<br>
374 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except<br>
375 as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to<br>
376 copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will<br>
377 automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,<br>
378 parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this<br>
379 License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such<br>
380 parties remain in full compliance.<br>
383 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE<br>
385 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions<br>
386 of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new<br>
387 versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may<br>
388 differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See<br>
389 http:///www.gnu.org/copyleft/.<br>
391 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.<br>
392 If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this<br>
393 License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of<br>
394 following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or<br>
395 of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the<br>
396 Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version<br>
397 number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not<br>
398 as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.<br>
401 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents<br>
403 To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of<br>
404 the License in the document and put the following copyright and<br>
405 license notices just after the title page:<br>
407 Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.<br>
408 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document<br>
409 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1<br>
410 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;<br>
411 with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the<br>
412 Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.<br>
413 A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU<br>
414 Free Documentation License".<br>
416 If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections"<br>
417 instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no<br>
418 Front-Cover Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of<br>
419 "Front-Cover Texts being LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.<br>
421 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we<br>
422 recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of<br>
423 free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,<br>
424 to permit their use in free software.<br>
426 </P
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