cube/cube.cpp

   1 /*
   2  * Copyright (c) 2015-2016 The Khronos Group Inc.
   3  * Copyright (c) 2015-2016 Valve Corporation
   4  * Copyright (c) 2015-2016 LunarG, Inc.
   5  *
   6  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
   7  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
   8  * You may obtain a copy of the License at
   9  *
  10  *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  11  *
  12  * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  13  * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  14  * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  15  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  16  * limitations under the License.
  17  *
  18  * Author: Jeremy Hayes <jeremy@lunarg.com>
  19  */
  20
  21 #if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR) || defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
  22 #include <X11/Xutil.h>
  23 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
  24 #include <linux/input.h>
  25 #endif
  26
  27 #include <cassert>
  28 #include <cinttypes>
  29 #include <cstdio>
  30 #include <cstdlib>
  31 #include <cstring>
  32 #include <csignal>
  33 #include <memory>
  34
  35 #if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MIR_KHR)
  36 #warning "Cubepp does not have code for Mir at this time"
  37 #endif
  38
  39 #define VULKAN_HPP_NO_SMART_HANDLE
  40 #define VULKAN_HPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
  41 #include <vulkan/vulkan.hpp>
  42 #include <vulkan/vk_sdk_platform.h>
  43
  44 #include "linmath.h"
  45
  46 #ifndef NDEBUG
  47 #define VERIFY(x) assert(x)
  48 #else
  49 #define VERIFY(x) ((void)(x))
  50 #endif
  51
  52 #define APP_SHORT_NAME "cube"
  53 #ifdef _WIN32
  54 #define APP_NAME_STR_LEN 80
  55 #endif
  56
  57 // Allow a maximum of two outstanding presentation operations.
  58 #define FRAME_LAG 2
  59
  60 #define ARRAY_SIZE(a) (sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0]))
  61
  62 #ifdef _WIN32
  63 #define ERR_EXIT(err_msg, err_class)                                          \
  64     do {                                                                      \
  65         if (!suppress_popups) MessageBox(nullptr, err_msg, err_class, MB_OK); \
  66         exit(1);                                                              \
  67     } while (0)
  68 #else
  69 #define ERR_EXIT(err_msg, err_class) \
  70     do {                             \
  71         printf("%s\n", err_msg);     \
  72         fflush(stdout);              \
  73         exit(1);                     \
  74     } while (0)
  75 #endif
  76
  77 struct texture_object {
  78     vk::Sampler sampler;
  79
  80     vk::Image image;
  81     vk::ImageLayout imageLayout{vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined};
  82
  83     vk::MemoryAllocateInfo mem_alloc;
  84     vk::DeviceMemory mem;
  85     vk::ImageView view;
  86
  87     int32_t tex_width{0};
  88     int32_t tex_height{0};
  89 };
  90
  91 static char const *const tex_files[] = {"lunarg.ppm"};
  92
  93 static int validation_error = 0;
  94
  95 struct vkcube_vs_uniform {
  96     // Must start with MVP
  97     float mvp[4][4];
  98     float position[12 * 3][4];
  99     float color[12 * 3][4];
 100 };
 101
 102 struct vktexcube_vs_uniform {
 103     // Must start with MVP
 104     float mvp[4][4];
 105     float position[12 * 3][4];
 106     float attr[12 * 3][4];
 107 };
 108
 109 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 110 // Mesh and VertexFormat Data
 111 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 112 // clang-format off
 113 static const float g_vertex_buffer_data[] = {
 114     -1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,  // -X side
 115     -1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
 116     -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
 117     -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
 118     -1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,
 119     -1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,
 120
 121     -1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,  // -Z side
 122      1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,
 123      1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,
 124     -1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,
 125     -1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,
 126      1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,
 127
 128     -1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,  // -Y side
 129      1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,
 130      1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
 131     -1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,
 132      1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
 133     -1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
 134
 135     -1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,  // +Y side
 136     -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
 137      1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
 138     -1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,
 139      1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
 140      1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,
 141
 142      1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,  // +X side
 143      1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
 144      1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
 145      1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
 146      1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,
 147      1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,
 148
 149     -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,  // +Z side
 150     -1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
 151      1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
 152     -1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
 153      1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
 154      1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
 155 };
 156
 157 static const float g_uv_buffer_data[] = {
 158     0.0f, 1.0f,  // -X side
 159     1.0f, 1.0f,
 160     1.0f, 0.0f,
 161     1.0f, 0.0f,
 162     0.0f, 0.0f,
 163     0.0f, 1.0f,
 164
 165     1.0f, 1.0f,  // -Z side
 166     0.0f, 0.0f,
 167     0.0f, 1.0f,
 168     1.0f, 1.0f,
 169     1.0f, 0.0f,
 170     0.0f, 0.0f,
 171
 172     1.0f, 0.0f,  // -Y side
 173     1.0f, 1.0f,
 174     0.0f, 1.0f,
 175     1.0f, 0.0f,
 176     0.0f, 1.0f,
 177     0.0f, 0.0f,
 178
 179     1.0f, 0.0f,  // +Y side
 180     0.0f, 0.0f,
 181     0.0f, 1.0f,
 182     1.0f, 0.0f,
 183     0.0f, 1.0f,
 184     1.0f, 1.0f,
 185
 186     1.0f, 0.0f,  // +X side
 187     0.0f, 0.0f,
 188     0.0f, 1.0f,
 189     0.0f, 1.0f,
 190     1.0f, 1.0f,
 191     1.0f, 0.0f,
 192
 193     0.0f, 0.0f,  // +Z side
 194     0.0f, 1.0f,
 195     1.0f, 0.0f,
 196     0.0f, 1.0f,
 197     1.0f, 1.0f,
 198     1.0f, 0.0f,
 199 };
 200 // clang-format on
 201
 202 typedef struct {
 203     vk::Image image;
 204     vk::CommandBuffer cmd;
 205     vk::CommandBuffer graphics_to_present_cmd;
 206     vk::ImageView view;
 207     vk::Buffer uniform_buffer;
 208     vk::DeviceMemory uniform_memory;
 209     vk::Framebuffer framebuffer;
 210     vk::DescriptorSet descriptor_set;
 211 } SwapchainImageResources;
 212
 213 struct Demo {
 214     Demo();
 215     void build_image_ownership_cmd(uint32_t const &);
 216     vk::Bool32 check_layers(uint32_t, const char *const *, uint32_t, vk::LayerProperties *);
 217     void cleanup();
 218     void create_device();
 219     void destroy_texture_image(texture_object *);
 220     void draw();
 221     void draw_build_cmd(vk::CommandBuffer);
 222     void flush_init_cmd();
 223     void init(int, char **);
 224     void init_connection();
 225     void init_vk();
 226     void init_vk_swapchain();
 227     void prepare();
 228     void prepare_buffers();
 229     void prepare_cube_data_buffers();
 230     void prepare_depth();
 231     void prepare_descriptor_layout();
 232     void prepare_descriptor_pool();
 233     void prepare_descriptor_set();
 234     void prepare_framebuffers();
 235     vk::ShaderModule prepare_shader_module(const uint32_t *, size_t);
 236     vk::ShaderModule prepare_vs();
 237     vk::ShaderModule prepare_fs();
 238     void prepare_pipeline();
 239     void prepare_render_pass();
 240     void prepare_texture_image(const char *, texture_object *, vk::ImageTiling, vk::ImageUsageFlags, vk::MemoryPropertyFlags);
 241     void prepare_textures();
 242
 243     void resize();
 244     void set_image_layout(vk::Image, vk::ImageAspectFlags, vk::ImageLayout, vk::ImageLayout, vk::AccessFlags,
 245                           vk::PipelineStageFlags, vk::PipelineStageFlags);
 246     void update_data_buffer();
 247     bool loadTexture(const char *, uint8_t *, vk::SubresourceLayout *, int32_t *, int32_t *);
 248     bool memory_type_from_properties(uint32_t, vk::MemoryPropertyFlags, uint32_t *);
 249
 250 #if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
 251     void run();
 252     void create_window();
 253 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
 254     void create_xlib_window();
 255     void handle_xlib_event(const XEvent *);
 256     void run_xlib();
 257 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
 258     void handle_xcb_event(const xcb_generic_event_t *);
 259     void run_xcb();
 260     void create_xcb_window();
 261 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
 262     void run();
 263     void create_window();
 264 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MACOS_MVK)
 265     void run();
 266 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MIR_KHR)
 267 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
 268     vk::Result create_display_surface();
 269     void run_display();
 270 #endif
 271
 272 #if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
 273     HINSTANCE connection;         // hInstance - Windows Instance
 274     HWND window;                  // hWnd - window handle
 275     POINT minsize;                // minimum window size
 276     char name[APP_NAME_STR_LEN];  // Name to put on the window/icon
 277 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
 278     Window xlib_window;
 279     Atom xlib_wm_delete_window;
 280     Display *display;
 281 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
 282     xcb_window_t xcb_window;
 283     xcb_screen_t *screen;
 284     xcb_connection_t *connection;
 285     xcb_intern_atom_reply_t *atom_wm_delete_window;
 286 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
 287     wl_display *display;
 288     wl_registry *registry;
 289     wl_compositor *compositor;
 290     wl_surface *window;
 291     wl_shell *shell;
 292     wl_shell_surface *shell_surface;
 293     wl_seat *seat;
 294     wl_pointer *pointer;
 295     wl_keyboard *keyboard;
 296 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MIR_KHR)
 297 #elif (defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_IOS_MVK) || defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MACOS_MVK))
 298     void *window;
 299 #endif
 300
 301     vk::SurfaceKHR surface;
 302     bool prepared;
 303     bool use_staging_buffer;
 304     bool use_xlib;
 305     bool separate_present_queue;
 306
 307     vk::Instance inst;
 308     vk::PhysicalDevice gpu;
 309     vk::Device device;
 310     vk::Queue graphics_queue;
 311     vk::Queue present_queue;
 312     uint32_t graphics_queue_family_index;
 313     uint32_t present_queue_family_index;
 314     vk::Semaphore image_acquired_semaphores[FRAME_LAG];
 315     vk::Semaphore draw_complete_semaphores[FRAME_LAG];
 316     vk::Semaphore image_ownership_semaphores[FRAME_LAG];
 317     vk::PhysicalDeviceProperties gpu_props;
 318     std::unique_ptr<vk::QueueFamilyProperties[]> queue_props;
 319     vk::PhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memory_properties;
 320
 321     uint32_t enabled_extension_count;
 322     uint32_t enabled_layer_count;
 323     char const *extension_names[64];
 324     char const *enabled_layers[64];
 325
 326     uint32_t width;
 327     uint32_t height;
 328     vk::Format format;
 329     vk::ColorSpaceKHR color_space;
 330
 331     uint32_t swapchainImageCount;
 332     vk::SwapchainKHR swapchain;
 333     std::unique_ptr<SwapchainImageResources[]> swapchain_image_resources;
 334     vk::PresentModeKHR presentMode;
 335     vk::Fence fences[FRAME_LAG];
 336     uint32_t frame_index;
 337
 338     vk::CommandPool cmd_pool;
 339     vk::CommandPool present_cmd_pool;
 340
 341     struct {
 342         vk::Format format;
 343         vk::Image image;
 344         vk::MemoryAllocateInfo mem_alloc;
 345         vk::DeviceMemory mem;
 346         vk::ImageView view;
 347     } depth;
 348
 349     static int32_t const texture_count = 1;
 350     texture_object textures[texture_count];
 351     texture_object staging_texture;
 352
 353     struct {
 354         vk::Buffer buf;
 355         vk::MemoryAllocateInfo mem_alloc;
 356         vk::DeviceMemory mem;
 357         vk::DescriptorBufferInfo buffer_info;
 358     } uniform_data;
 359
 360     vk::CommandBuffer cmd;  // Buffer for initialization commands
 361     vk::PipelineLayout pipeline_layout;
 362     vk::DescriptorSetLayout desc_layout;
 363     vk::PipelineCache pipelineCache;
 364     vk::RenderPass render_pass;
 365     vk::Pipeline pipeline;
 366
 367     mat4x4 projection_matrix;
 368     mat4x4 view_matrix;
 369     mat4x4 model_matrix;
 370
 371     float spin_angle;
 372     float spin_increment;
 373     bool pause;
 374
 375     vk::ShaderModule vert_shader_module;
 376     vk::ShaderModule frag_shader_module;
 377
 378     vk::DescriptorPool desc_pool;
 379     vk::DescriptorSet desc_set;
 380
 381     std::unique_ptr<vk::Framebuffer[]> framebuffers;
 382
 383     bool quit;
 384     uint32_t curFrame;
 385     uint32_t frameCount;
 386     bool validate;
 387     bool use_break;
 388     bool suppress_popups;
 389
 390     uint32_t current_buffer;
 391     uint32_t queue_family_count;
 392 };
 393
 394 #ifdef _WIN32
 395 // MS-Windows event handling function:
 396 LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT uMsg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam);
 397 #endif
 398
 399 #if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
 400 static void handle_ping(void *data, wl_shell_surface *shell_surface, uint32_t serial) {
 401     wl_shell_surface_pong(shell_surface, serial);
 402 }
 403
 404 static void handle_configure(void *data, wl_shell_surface *shell_surface, uint32_t edges, int32_t width, int32_t height) {}
 405
 406 static void handle_popup_done(void *data, wl_shell_surface *shell_surface) {}
 407
 408 static const wl_shell_surface_listener shell_surface_listener = {handle_ping, handle_configure, handle_popup_done};
 409
 410 static void pointer_handle_enter(void *data, struct wl_pointer *pointer, uint32_t serial, struct wl_surface *surface, wl_fixed_t sx,
 411                                  wl_fixed_t sy) {}
 412
 413 static void pointer_handle_leave(void *data, struct wl_pointer *pointer, uint32_t serial, struct wl_surface *surface) {}
 414
 415 static void pointer_handle_motion(void *data, struct wl_pointer *pointer, uint32_t time, wl_fixed_t sx, wl_fixed_t sy) {}
 416
 417 static void pointer_handle_button(void *data, struct wl_pointer *wl_pointer, uint32_t serial, uint32_t time, uint32_t button,
 418                                   uint32_t state) {
 419     Demo *demo = (Demo *)data;
 420     if (button == BTN_LEFT && state == WL_POINTER_BUTTON_STATE_PRESSED) {
 421         wl_shell_surface_move(demo->shell_surface, demo->seat, serial);
 422     }
 423 }
 424
 425 static void pointer_handle_axis(void *data, struct wl_pointer *wl_pointer, uint32_t time, uint32_t axis, wl_fixed_t value) {}
 426
 427 static const struct wl_pointer_listener pointer_listener = {
 428     pointer_handle_enter, pointer_handle_leave, pointer_handle_motion, pointer_handle_button, pointer_handle_axis,
 429 };
 430
 431 static void keyboard_handle_keymap(void *data, struct wl_keyboard *keyboard, uint32_t format, int fd, uint32_t size) {}
 432
 433 static void keyboard_handle_enter(void *data, struct wl_keyboard *keyboard, uint32_t serial, struct wl_surface *surface,
 434                                   struct wl_array *keys) {}
 435
 436 static void keyboard_handle_leave(void *data, struct wl_keyboard *keyboard, uint32_t serial, struct wl_surface *surface) {}
 437
 438 static void keyboard_handle_key(void *data, struct wl_keyboard *keyboard, uint32_t serial, uint32_t time, uint32_t key,
 439                                 uint32_t state) {
 440     if (state != WL_KEYBOARD_KEY_STATE_RELEASED) return;
 441     Demo *demo = (Demo *)data;
 442     switch (key) {
 443         case KEY_ESC:  // Escape
 444             demo->quit = true;
 445             break;
 446         case KEY_LEFT:  // left arrow key
 447             demo->spin_angle -= demo->spin_increment;
 448             break;
 449         case KEY_RIGHT:  // right arrow key
 450             demo->spin_angle += demo->spin_increment;
 451             break;
 452         case KEY_SPACE:  // space bar
 453             demo->pause = !demo->pause;
 454             break;
 455     }
 456 }
 457
 458 static void keyboard_handle_modifiers(void *data, wl_keyboard *keyboard, uint32_t serial, uint32_t mods_depressed,
 459                                       uint32_t mods_latched, uint32_t mods_locked, uint32_t group) {}
 460
 461 static const struct wl_keyboard_listener keyboard_listener = {
 462     keyboard_handle_keymap, keyboard_handle_enter, keyboard_handle_leave, keyboard_handle_key, keyboard_handle_modifiers,
 463 };
 464
 465 static void seat_handle_capabilities(void *data, wl_seat *seat, uint32_t caps) {
 466     // Subscribe to pointer events
 467     Demo *demo = (Demo *)data;
 468     if ((caps & WL_SEAT_CAPABILITY_POINTER) && !demo->pointer) {
 469         demo->pointer = wl_seat_get_pointer(seat);
 470         wl_pointer_add_listener(demo->pointer, &pointer_listener, demo);
 471     } else if (!(caps & WL_SEAT_CAPABILITY_POINTER) && demo->pointer) {
 472         wl_pointer_destroy(demo->pointer);
 473         demo->pointer = NULL;
 474     }
 475     // Subscribe to keyboard events
 476     if (caps & WL_SEAT_CAPABILITY_KEYBOARD) {
 477         demo->keyboard = wl_seat_get_keyboard(seat);
 478         wl_keyboard_add_listener(demo->keyboard, &keyboard_listener, demo);
 479     } else if (!(caps & WL_SEAT_CAPABILITY_KEYBOARD)) {
 480         wl_keyboard_destroy(demo->keyboard);
 481         demo->keyboard = NULL;
 482     }
 483 }
 484
 485 static const wl_seat_listener seat_listener = {
 486     seat_handle_capabilities,
 487 };
 488
 489 static void registry_handle_global(void *data, wl_registry *registry, uint32_t id, const char *interface, uint32_t version) {
 490     Demo *demo = (Demo *)data;
 491     // pickup wayland objects when they appear
 492     if (strcmp(interface, "wl_compositor") == 0) {
 493         demo->compositor = (wl_compositor *)wl_registry_bind(registry, id, &wl_compositor_interface, 1);
 494     } else if (strcmp(interface, "wl_shell") == 0) {
 495         demo->shell = (wl_shell *)wl_registry_bind(registry, id, &wl_shell_interface, 1);
 496     } else if (strcmp(interface, "wl_seat") == 0) {
 497         demo->seat = (wl_seat *)wl_registry_bind(registry, id, &wl_seat_interface, 1);
 498         wl_seat_add_listener(demo->seat, &seat_listener, demo);
 499     }
 500 }
 501
 502 static void registry_handle_global_remove(void *data, wl_registry *registry, uint32_t name) {}
 503
 504 static const wl_registry_listener registry_listener = {registry_handle_global, registry_handle_global_remove};
 505 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MIR_KHR)
 506 #endif
 507
 508 Demo::Demo()
 509     :
 510 #if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
 511       connection{nullptr},
 512       window{nullptr},
 513       minsize(POINT{0, 0}),  // Use explicit construction to avoid MSVC error C2797.
 514 #endif
 515
 516 #if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
 517       xlib_window{0},
 518       xlib_wm_delete_window{0},
 519       display{nullptr},
 520 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
 521       xcb_window{0},
 522       screen{nullptr},
 523       connection{nullptr},
 524 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
 525       display{nullptr},
 526       registry{nullptr},
 527       compositor{nullptr},
 528       window{nullptr},
 529       shell{nullptr},
 530       shell_surface{nullptr},
 531       seat{nullptr},
 532       pointer{nullptr},
 533       keyboard{nullptr},
 534 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MIR_KHR)
 535 #endif
 536       prepared{false},
 537       use_staging_buffer{false},
 538       use_xlib{false},
 539       graphics_queue_family_index{0},
 540       present_queue_family_index{0},
 541       enabled_extension_count{0},
 542       enabled_layer_count{0},
 543       width{0},
 544       height{0},
 545       swapchainImageCount{0},
 546       frame_index{0},
 547       spin_angle{0.0f},
 548       spin_increment{0.0f},
 549       pause{false},
 550       quit{false},
 551       curFrame{0},
 552       frameCount{0},
 553       validate{false},
 554       use_break{false},
 555       suppress_popups{false},
 556       current_buffer{0},
 557       queue_family_count{0} {
 558 #if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
 559     memset(name, '\0', APP_NAME_STR_LEN);
 560 #endif
 561     memset(projection_matrix, 0, sizeof(projection_matrix));
 562     memset(view_matrix, 0, sizeof(view_matrix));
 563     memset(model_matrix, 0, sizeof(model_matrix));
 564 }
 565
 566 void Demo::build_image_ownership_cmd(uint32_t const &i) {
 567     auto const cmd_buf_info = vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo().setFlags(vk::CommandBufferUsageFlagBits::eSimultaneousUse);
 568     auto result = swapchain_image_resources[i].graphics_to_present_cmd.begin(&cmd_buf_info);
 569     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
 570
 571     auto const image_ownership_barrier =
 572         vk::ImageMemoryBarrier()
 573             .setSrcAccessMask(vk::AccessFlags())
 574             .setDstAccessMask(vk::AccessFlags())
 575             .setOldLayout(vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR)
 576             .setNewLayout(vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR)
 577             .setSrcQueueFamilyIndex(graphics_queue_family_index)
 578             .setDstQueueFamilyIndex(present_queue_family_index)
 579             .setImage(swapchain_image_resources[i].image)
 580             .setSubresourceRange(vk::ImageSubresourceRange(vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, 0, 1, 0, 1));
 581
 582     swapchain_image_resources[i].graphics_to_present_cmd.pipelineBarrier(
 583         vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eBottomOfPipe, vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eBottomOfPipe, vk::DependencyFlagBits(), 0, nullptr, 0,
 584         nullptr, 1, &image_ownership_barrier);
 585
 586     result = swapchain_image_resources[i].graphics_to_present_cmd.end();
 587     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
 588 }
 589
 590 vk::Bool32 Demo::check_layers(uint32_t check_count, char const *const *const check_names, uint32_t layer_count,
 591                               vk::LayerProperties *layers) {
 592     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < check_count; i++) {
 593         vk::Bool32 found = VK_FALSE;
 594         for (uint32_t j = 0; j < layer_count; j++) {
 595             if (!strcmp(check_names[i], layers[j].layerName)) {
 596                 found = VK_TRUE;
 597                 break;
 598             }
 599         }
 600         if (!found) {
 601             fprintf(stderr, "Cannot find layer: %s\n", check_names[i]);
 602             return 0;
 603         }
 604     }
 605     return VK_TRUE;
 606 }
 607
 608 void Demo::cleanup() {
 609     prepared = false;
 610     device.waitIdle();
 611
 612     // Wait for fences from present operations
 613     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < FRAME_LAG; i++) {
 614         device.waitForFences(1, &fences[i], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
 615         device.destroyFence(fences[i], nullptr);
 616         device.destroySemaphore(image_acquired_semaphores[i], nullptr);
 617         device.destroySemaphore(draw_complete_semaphores[i], nullptr);
 618         if (separate_present_queue) {
 619             device.destroySemaphore(image_ownership_semaphores[i], nullptr);
 620         }
 621     }
 622
 623     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; i++) {
 624         device.destroyFramebuffer(swapchain_image_resources[i].framebuffer, nullptr);
 625     }
 626     device.destroyDescriptorPool(desc_pool, nullptr);
 627
 628     device.destroyPipeline(pipeline, nullptr);
 629     device.destroyPipelineCache(pipelineCache, nullptr);
 630     device.destroyRenderPass(render_pass, nullptr);
 631     device.destroyPipelineLayout(pipeline_layout, nullptr);
 632     device.destroyDescriptorSetLayout(desc_layout, nullptr);
 633
 634     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < texture_count; i++) {
 635         device.destroyImageView(textures[i].view, nullptr);
 636         device.destroyImage(textures[i].image, nullptr);
 637         device.freeMemory(textures[i].mem, nullptr);
 638         device.destroySampler(textures[i].sampler, nullptr);
 639     }
 640     device.destroySwapchainKHR(swapchain, nullptr);
 641
 642     device.destroyImageView(depth.view, nullptr);
 643     device.destroyImage(depth.image, nullptr);
 644     device.freeMemory(depth.mem, nullptr);
 645
 646     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; i++) {
 647         device.destroyImageView(swapchain_image_resources[i].view, nullptr);
 648         device.freeCommandBuffers(cmd_pool, 1, &swapchain_image_resources[i].cmd);
 649         device.destroyBuffer(swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_buffer, nullptr);
 650         device.freeMemory(swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_memory, nullptr);
 651     }
 652
 653     device.destroyCommandPool(cmd_pool, nullptr);
 654
 655     if (separate_present_queue) {
 656         device.destroyCommandPool(present_cmd_pool, nullptr);
 657     }
 658     device.waitIdle();
 659     device.destroy(nullptr);
 660     inst.destroySurfaceKHR(surface, nullptr);
 661
 662 #if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
 663     XDestroyWindow(display, xlib_window);
 664     XCloseDisplay(display);
 665 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
 666     xcb_destroy_window(connection, xcb_window);
 667     xcb_disconnect(connection);
 668     free(atom_wm_delete_window);
 669 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
 670     wl_keyboard_destroy(keyboard);
 671     wl_pointer_destroy(pointer);
 672     wl_seat_destroy(seat);
 673     wl_shell_surface_destroy(shell_surface);
 674     wl_surface_destroy(window);
 675     wl_shell_destroy(shell);
 676     wl_compositor_destroy(compositor);
 677     wl_registry_destroy(registry);
 678     wl_display_disconnect(display);
 679 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MIR_KHR)
 680 #endif
 681
 682     inst.destroy(nullptr);
 683 }
 684
 685 void Demo::create_device() {
 686     float const priorities[1] = {0.0};
 687
 688     vk::DeviceQueueCreateInfo queues[2];
 689     queues[0].setQueueFamilyIndex(graphics_queue_family_index);
 690     queues[0].setQueueCount(1);
 691     queues[0].setPQueuePriorities(priorities);
 692
 693     auto deviceInfo = vk::DeviceCreateInfo()
 694                           .setQueueCreateInfoCount(1)
 695                           .setPQueueCreateInfos(queues)
 696                           .setEnabledLayerCount(0)
 697                           .setPpEnabledLayerNames(nullptr)
 698                           .setEnabledExtensionCount(enabled_extension_count)
 699                           .setPpEnabledExtensionNames((const char *const *)extension_names)
 700                           .setPEnabledFeatures(nullptr);
 701
 702     if (separate_present_queue) {
 703         queues[1].setQueueFamilyIndex(present_queue_family_index);
 704         queues[1].setQueueCount(1);
 705         queues[1].setPQueuePriorities(priorities);
 706         deviceInfo.setQueueCreateInfoCount(2);
 707     }
 708
 709     auto result = gpu.createDevice(&deviceInfo, nullptr, &device);
 710     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
 711 }
 712
 713 void Demo::destroy_texture_image(texture_object *tex_objs) {
 714     // clean up staging resources
 715     device.freeMemory(tex_objs->mem, nullptr);
 716     device.destroyImage(tex_objs->image, nullptr);
 717 }
 718
 719 void Demo::draw() {
 720     // Ensure no more than FRAME_LAG renderings are outstanding
 721     device.waitForFences(1, &fences[frame_index], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
 722     device.resetFences(1, &fences[frame_index]);
 723
 724     vk::Result result;
 725     do {
 726         result =
 727             device.acquireNextImageKHR(swapchain, UINT64_MAX, image_acquired_semaphores[frame_index], vk::Fence(), &current_buffer);
 728         if (result == vk::Result::eErrorOutOfDateKHR) {
 729             // demo->swapchain is out of date (e.g. the window was resized) and
 730             // must be recreated:
 731             resize();
 732         } else if (result == vk::Result::eSuboptimalKHR) {
 733             // swapchain is not as optimal as it could be, but the platform's
 734             // presentation engine will still present the image correctly.
 735             break;
 736         } else {
 737             VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
 738         }
 739     } while (result != vk::Result::eSuccess);
 740
 741     update_data_buffer();
 742
 743     // Wait for the image acquired semaphore to be signaled to ensure
 744     // that the image won't be rendered to until the presentation
 745     // engine has fully released ownership to the application, and it is
 746     // okay to render to the image.
 747     vk::PipelineStageFlags const pipe_stage_flags = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eColorAttachmentOutput;
 748     auto const submit_info = vk::SubmitInfo()
 749                                  .setPWaitDstStageMask(&pipe_stage_flags)
 750                                  .setWaitSemaphoreCount(1)
 751                                  .setPWaitSemaphores(&image_acquired_semaphores[frame_index])
 752                                  .setCommandBufferCount(1)
 753                                  .setPCommandBuffers(&swapchain_image_resources[current_buffer].cmd)
 754                                  .setSignalSemaphoreCount(1)
 755                                  .setPSignalSemaphores(&draw_complete_semaphores[frame_index]);
 756
 757     result = graphics_queue.submit(1, &submit_info, fences[frame_index]);
 758     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
 759
 760     if (separate_present_queue) {
 761         // If we are using separate queues, change image ownership to the
 762         // present queue before presenting, waiting for the draw complete
 763         // semaphore and signalling the ownership released semaphore when
 764         // finished
 765         auto const present_submit_info = vk::SubmitInfo()
 766                                              .setPWaitDstStageMask(&pipe_stage_flags)
 767                                              .setWaitSemaphoreCount(1)
 768                                              .setPWaitSemaphores(&draw_complete_semaphores[frame_index])
 769                                              .setCommandBufferCount(1)
 770                                              .setPCommandBuffers(&swapchain_image_resources[current_buffer].graphics_to_present_cmd)
 771                                              .setSignalSemaphoreCount(1)
 772                                              .setPSignalSemaphores(&image_ownership_semaphores[frame_index]);
 773
 774         result = present_queue.submit(1, &present_submit_info, vk::Fence());
 775         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
 776     }
 777
 778     // If we are using separate queues we have to wait for image ownership,
 779     // otherwise wait for draw complete
 780     auto const presentInfo = vk::PresentInfoKHR()
 781                                  .setWaitSemaphoreCount(1)
 782                                  .setPWaitSemaphores(separate_present_queue ? &image_ownership_semaphores[frame_index]
 783                                                                             : &draw_complete_semaphores[frame_index])
 784                                  .setSwapchainCount(1)
 785                                  .setPSwapchains(&swapchain)
 786                                  .setPImageIndices(&current_buffer);
 787
 788     result = present_queue.presentKHR(&presentInfo);
 789     frame_index += 1;
 790     frame_index %= FRAME_LAG;
 791     if (result == vk::Result::eErrorOutOfDateKHR) {
 792         // swapchain is out of date (e.g. the window was resized) and
 793         // must be recreated:
 794         resize();
 795     } else if (result == vk::Result::eSuboptimalKHR) {
 796         // swapchain is not as optimal as it could be, but the platform's
 797         // presentation engine will still present the image correctly.
 798     } else {
 799         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
 800     }
 801 }
 802
 803 void Demo::draw_build_cmd(vk::CommandBuffer commandBuffer) {
 804     auto const commandInfo = vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo().setFlags(vk::CommandBufferUsageFlagBits::eSimultaneousUse);
 805
 806     vk::ClearValue const clearValues[2] = {vk::ClearColorValue(std::array<float, 4>({{0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f}})),
 807                                            vk::ClearDepthStencilValue(1.0f, 0u)};
 808
 809     auto const passInfo = vk::RenderPassBeginInfo()
 810                               .setRenderPass(render_pass)
 811                               .setFramebuffer(swapchain_image_resources[current_buffer].framebuffer)
 812                               .setRenderArea(vk::Rect2D(vk::Offset2D(0, 0), vk::Extent2D((uint32_t)width, (uint32_t)height)))
 813                               .setClearValueCount(2)
 814                               .setPClearValues(clearValues);
 815
 816     auto result = commandBuffer.begin(&commandInfo);
 817     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
 818
 819     commandBuffer.beginRenderPass(&passInfo, vk::SubpassContents::eInline);
 820     commandBuffer.bindPipeline(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics, pipeline);
 821     commandBuffer.bindDescriptorSets(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics, pipeline_layout, 0, 1,
 822                                      &swapchain_image_resources[current_buffer].descriptor_set, 0, nullptr);
 823
 824     auto const viewport =
 825         vk::Viewport().setWidth((float)width).setHeight((float)height).setMinDepth((float)0.0f).setMaxDepth((float)1.0f);
 826     commandBuffer.setViewport(0, 1, &viewport);
 827
 828     vk::Rect2D const scissor(vk::Offset2D(0, 0), vk::Extent2D(width, height));
 829     commandBuffer.setScissor(0, 1, &scissor);
 830     commandBuffer.draw(12 * 3, 1, 0, 0);
 831     // Note that ending the renderpass changes the image's layout from
 832     // COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL to PRESENT_SRC_KHR
 833     commandBuffer.endRenderPass();
 834
 835     if (separate_present_queue) {
 836         // We have to transfer ownership from the graphics queue family to
 837         // the
 838         // present queue family to be able to present.  Note that we don't
 839         // have
 840         // to transfer from present queue family back to graphics queue
 841         // family at
 842         // the start of the next frame because we don't care about the
 843         // image's
 844         // contents at that point.
 845         auto const image_ownership_barrier =
 846             vk::ImageMemoryBarrier()
 847                 .setSrcAccessMask(vk::AccessFlags())
 848                 .setDstAccessMask(vk::AccessFlags())
 849                 .setOldLayout(vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR)
 850                 .setNewLayout(vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR)
 851                 .setSrcQueueFamilyIndex(graphics_queue_family_index)
 852                 .setDstQueueFamilyIndex(present_queue_family_index)
 853                 .setImage(swapchain_image_resources[current_buffer].image)
 854                 .setSubresourceRange(vk::ImageSubresourceRange(vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, 0, 1, 0, 1));
 855
 856         commandBuffer.pipelineBarrier(vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eBottomOfPipe, vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eBottomOfPipe,
 857                                       vk::DependencyFlagBits(), 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &image_ownership_barrier);
 858     }
 859
 860     result = commandBuffer.end();
 861     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
 862 }
 863
 864 void Demo::flush_init_cmd() {
 865     // TODO: hmm.
 866     // This function could get called twice if the texture uses a staging
 867     // buffer
 868     // In that case the second call should be ignored
 869     if (!cmd) {
 870         return;
 871     }
 872
 873     auto result = cmd.end();
 874     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
 875
 876     auto const fenceInfo = vk::FenceCreateInfo();
 877     vk::Fence fence;
 878     result = device.createFence(&fenceInfo, nullptr, &fence);
 879     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
 880
 881     vk::CommandBuffer const commandBuffers[] = {cmd};
 882     auto const submitInfo = vk::SubmitInfo().setCommandBufferCount(1).setPCommandBuffers(commandBuffers);
 883
 884     result = graphics_queue.submit(1, &submitInfo, fence);
 885     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
 886
 887     result = device.waitForFences(1, &fence, VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
 888     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
 889
 890     device.freeCommandBuffers(cmd_pool, 1, commandBuffers);
 891     device.destroyFence(fence, nullptr);
 892
 893     cmd = vk::CommandBuffer();
 894 }
 895
 896 void Demo::init(int argc, char **argv) {
 897     vec3 eye = {0.0f, 3.0f, 5.0f};
 898     vec3 origin = {0, 0, 0};
 899     vec3 up = {0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0};
 900
 901     presentMode = vk::PresentModeKHR::eFifo;
 902     frameCount = UINT32_MAX;
 903     use_xlib = false;
 904
 905     for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
 906         if (strcmp(argv[i], "--use_staging") == 0) {
 907             use_staging_buffer = true;
 908             continue;
 909         }
 910         if ((strcmp(argv[i], "--present_mode") == 0) && (i < argc - 1)) {
 911             presentMode = (vk::PresentModeKHR)atoi(argv[i + 1]);
 912             i++;
 913             continue;
 914         }
 915         if (strcmp(argv[i], "--break") == 0) {
 916             use_break = true;
 917             continue;
 918         }
 919         if (strcmp(argv[i], "--validate") == 0) {
 920             validate = true;
 921             continue;
 922         }
 923         if (strcmp(argv[i], "--xlib") == 0) {
 924             fprintf(stderr, "--xlib is deprecated and no longer does anything");
 925             continue;
 926         }
 927         if (strcmp(argv[i], "--c") == 0 && frameCount == UINT32_MAX && i < argc - 1 &&
 928             sscanf(argv[i + 1], "%" SCNu32, &frameCount) == 1) {
 929             i++;
 930             continue;
 931         }
 932         if (strcmp(argv[i], "--suppress_popups") == 0) {
 933             suppress_popups = true;
 934             continue;
 935         }
 936
 937         fprintf(stderr,
 938                 "Usage:\n  %s [--use_staging] [--validate] [--break] [--c <framecount>] \n"
 939                 "       [--suppress_popups] [--present_mode {0,1,2,3}]\n"
 940                 "\n"
 941                 "Options for --present_mode:\n"
 942                 "  %d: VK_PRESENT_MODE_IMMEDIATE_KHR\n"
 943                 "  %d: VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR\n"
 944                 "  %d: VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR (default)\n"
 945                 "  %d: VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_RELAXED_KHR\n",
 946                 APP_SHORT_NAME, VK_PRESENT_MODE_IMMEDIATE_KHR, VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR, VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR,
 947                 VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_RELAXED_KHR);
 948         fflush(stderr);
 949         exit(1);
 950     }
 951
 952     if (!use_xlib) {
 953         init_connection();
 954     }
 955
 956     init_vk();
 957
 958     width = 500;
 959     height = 500;
 960
 961     spin_angle = 4.0f;
 962     spin_increment = 0.2f;
 963     pause = false;
 964
 965     mat4x4_perspective(projection_matrix, (float)degreesToRadians(45.0f), 1.0f, 0.1f, 100.0f);
 966     mat4x4_look_at(view_matrix, eye, origin, up);
 967     mat4x4_identity(model_matrix);
 968
 969     projection_matrix[1][1] *= -1;  // Flip projection matrix from GL to Vulkan orientation.
 970 }
 971
 972 void Demo::init_connection() {
 973 #if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
 974     const xcb_setup_t *setup;
 975     xcb_screen_iterator_t iter;
 976     int scr;
 977
 978     const char *display_envar = getenv("DISPLAY");
 979     if (display_envar == nullptr || display_envar[0] == '\0') {
 980         printf("Environment variable DISPLAY requires a valid value.\nExiting ...\n");
 981         fflush(stdout);
 982         exit(1);
 983     }
 984
 985     connection = xcb_connect(nullptr, &scr);
 986     if (xcb_connection_has_error(connection) > 0) {
 987         printf(
 988             "Cannot find a compatible Vulkan installable client driver "
 989             "(ICD).\nExiting ...\n");
 990         fflush(stdout);
 991         exit(1);
 992     }
 993
 994     setup = xcb_get_setup(connection);
 995     iter = xcb_setup_roots_iterator(setup);
 996     while (scr-- > 0) xcb_screen_next(&iter);
 997
 998     screen = iter.data;
 999 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
1000     display = wl_display_connect(nullptr);
1001
1002     if (display == nullptr) {
1003         printf("Cannot find a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD).\nExiting ...\n");
1004         fflush(stdout);
1005         exit(1);
1006     }
1007
1008     registry = wl_display_get_registry(display);
1009     wl_registry_add_listener(registry, &registry_listener, this);
1010     wl_display_dispatch(display);
1011 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MIR_KHR)
1012 #endif
1013 }
1014
1015 void Demo::init_vk() {
1016     uint32_t instance_extension_count = 0;
1017     uint32_t instance_layer_count = 0;
1018     uint32_t validation_layer_count = 0;
1019     char const *const *instance_validation_layers = nullptr;
1020     enabled_extension_count = 0;
1021     enabled_layer_count = 0;
1022
1023     char const *const instance_validation_layers_alt1[] = {"VK_LAYER_LUNARG_standard_validation"};
1024
1025     char const *const instance_validation_layers_alt2[] = {"VK_LAYER_GOOGLE_threading", "VK_LAYER_LUNARG_parameter_validation",
1026                                                            "VK_LAYER_LUNARG_object_tracker", "VK_LAYER_LUNARG_core_validation",
1027                                                            "VK_LAYER_GOOGLE_unique_objects"};
1028
1029     // Look for validation layers
1030     vk::Bool32 validation_found = VK_FALSE;
1031     if (validate) {
1032         auto result = vk::enumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&instance_layer_count, nullptr);
1033         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1034
1035         instance_validation_layers = instance_validation_layers_alt1;
1036         if (instance_layer_count > 0) {
1037             std::unique_ptr<vk::LayerProperties[]> instance_layers(new vk::LayerProperties[instance_layer_count]);
1038             result = vk::enumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&instance_layer_count, instance_layers.get());
1039             VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1040
1041             validation_found = check_layers(ARRAY_SIZE(instance_validation_layers_alt1), instance_validation_layers,
1042                                             instance_layer_count, instance_layers.get());
1043             if (validation_found) {
1044                 enabled_layer_count = ARRAY_SIZE(instance_validation_layers_alt1);
1045                 enabled_layers[0] = "VK_LAYER_LUNARG_standard_validation";
1046                 validation_layer_count = 1;
1047             } else {
1048                 // use alternative set of validation layers
1049                 instance_validation_layers = instance_validation_layers_alt2;
1050                 enabled_layer_count = ARRAY_SIZE(instance_validation_layers_alt2);
1051                 validation_found = check_layers(ARRAY_SIZE(instance_validation_layers_alt2), instance_validation_layers,
1052                                                 instance_layer_count, instance_layers.get());
1053                 validation_layer_count = ARRAY_SIZE(instance_validation_layers_alt2);
1054                 for (uint32_t i = 0; i < validation_layer_count; i++) {
1055                     enabled_layers[i] = instance_validation_layers[i];
1056                 }
1057             }
1058         }
1059
1060         if (!validation_found) {
1061             ERR_EXIT(
1062                 "vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties failed to find required validation layer.\n\n"
1063                 "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
1064                 "vkCreateInstance Failure");
1065         }
1066     }
1067
1068     /* Look for instance extensions */
1069     vk::Bool32 surfaceExtFound = VK_FALSE;
1070     vk::Bool32 platformSurfaceExtFound = VK_FALSE;
1071     memset(extension_names, 0, sizeof(extension_names));
1072
1073     auto result = vk::enumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &instance_extension_count, nullptr);
1074     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1075
1076     if (instance_extension_count > 0) {
1077         std::unique_ptr<vk::ExtensionProperties[]> instance_extensions(new vk::ExtensionProperties[instance_extension_count]);
1078         result = vk::enumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &instance_extension_count, instance_extensions.get());
1079         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1080
1081         for (uint32_t i = 0; i < instance_extension_count; i++) {
1082             if (!strcmp(VK_KHR_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME, instance_extensions[i].extensionName)) {
1083                 surfaceExtFound = 1;
1084                 extension_names[enabled_extension_count++] = VK_KHR_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME;
1085             }
1086 #if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
1087             if (!strcmp(VK_KHR_WIN32_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME, instance_extensions[i].extensionName)) {
1088                 platformSurfaceExtFound = 1;
1089                 extension_names[enabled_extension_count++] = VK_KHR_WIN32_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME;
1090             }
1091 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
1092             if (!strcmp(VK_KHR_XLIB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME, instance_extensions[i].extensionName)) {
1093                 platformSurfaceExtFound = 1;
1094                 extension_names[enabled_extension_count++] = VK_KHR_XLIB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME;
1095             }
1096 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
1097             if (!strcmp(VK_KHR_XCB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME, instance_extensions[i].extensionName)) {
1098                 platformSurfaceExtFound = 1;
1099                 extension_names[enabled_extension_count++] = VK_KHR_XCB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME;
1100             }
1101 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
1102             if (!strcmp(VK_KHR_WAYLAND_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME, instance_extensions[i].extensionName)) {
1103                 platformSurfaceExtFound = 1;
1104                 extension_names[enabled_extension_count++] = VK_KHR_WAYLAND_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME;
1105             }
1106 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MIR_KHR)
1107 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
1108             if (!strcmp(VK_KHR_DISPLAY_EXTENSION_NAME, instance_extensions[i].extensionName)) {
1109                 platformSurfaceExtFound = 1;
1110                 extension_names[enabled_extension_count++] = VK_KHR_DISPLAY_EXTENSION_NAME;
1111             }
1112 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_IOS_MVK)
1113             if (!strcmp(VK_MVK_IOS_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME, instance_extensions[i].extensionName)) {
1114                 platformSurfaceExtFound = 1;
1115                 extension_names[enabled_extension_count++] = VK_MVK_IOS_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME;
1116             }
1117 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MACOS_MVK)
1118             if (!strcmp(VK_MVK_MACOS_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME, instance_extensions[i].extensionName)) {
1119                 platformSurfaceExtFound = 1;
1120                 extension_names[enabled_extension_count++] = VK_MVK_MACOS_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME;
1121             }
1122
1123 #endif
1124             assert(enabled_extension_count < 64);
1125         }
1126     }
1127
1128     if (!surfaceExtFound) {
1129         ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_KHR_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME
1130                  " extension.\n\n"
1131                  "Do you have a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\n"
1132                  "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
1133                  "vkCreateInstance Failure");
1134     }
1135
1136     if (!platformSurfaceExtFound) {
1137 #if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
1138         ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_KHR_WIN32_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME
1139                  " extension.\n\n"
1140                  "Do you have a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\n"
1141                  "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
1142                  "vkCreateInstance Failure");
1143 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
1144         ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_KHR_XCB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME
1145                  " extension.\n\n"
1146                  "Do you have a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\n"
1147                  "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
1148                  "vkCreateInstance Failure");
1149 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
1150         ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_KHR_WAYLAND_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME
1151                  " extension.\n\n"
1152                  "Do you have a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\n"
1153                  "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
1154                  "vkCreateInstance Failure");
1155 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MIR_KHR)
1156 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
1157         ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_KHR_XLIB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME
1158                  " extension.\n\n"
1159                  "Do you have a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\n"
1160                  "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
1161                  "vkCreateInstance Failure");
1162 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
1163         ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_KHR_DISPLAY_EXTENSION_NAME
1164                  " extension.\n\n"
1165                  "Do you have a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\n"
1166                  "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
1167                  "vkCreateInstance Failure");
1168 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_IOS_MVK)
1169         ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_MVK_IOS_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME
1170                  " extension.\n\nDo you have a compatible "
1171                  "Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\nPlease "
1172                  "look at the Getting Started guide for additional "
1173                  "information.\n",
1174                  "vkCreateInstance Failure");
1175 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MACOS_MVK)
1176         ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_MVK_MACOS_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME
1177                  " extension.\n\nDo you have a compatible "
1178                  "Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\nPlease "
1179                  "look at the Getting Started guide for additional "
1180                  "information.\n",
1181                  "vkCreateInstance Failure");
1182 #endif
1183     }
1184     auto const app = vk::ApplicationInfo()
1185                          .setPApplicationName(APP_SHORT_NAME)
1186                          .setApplicationVersion(0)
1187                          .setPEngineName(APP_SHORT_NAME)
1188                          .setEngineVersion(0)
1189                          .setApiVersion(VK_API_VERSION_1_0);
1190     auto const inst_info = vk::InstanceCreateInfo()
1191                                .setPApplicationInfo(&app)
1192                                .setEnabledLayerCount(enabled_layer_count)
1193                                .setPpEnabledLayerNames(instance_validation_layers)
1194                                .setEnabledExtensionCount(enabled_extension_count)
1195                                .setPpEnabledExtensionNames(extension_names);
1196
1197     result = vk::createInstance(&inst_info, nullptr, &inst);
1198     if (result == vk::Result::eErrorIncompatibleDriver) {
1199         ERR_EXIT(
1200             "Cannot find a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD).\n\n"
1201             "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
1202             "vkCreateInstance Failure");
1203     } else if (result == vk::Result::eErrorExtensionNotPresent) {
1204         ERR_EXIT(
1205             "Cannot find a specified extension library.\n"
1206             "Make sure your layers path is set appropriately.\n",
1207             "vkCreateInstance Failure");
1208     } else if (result != vk::Result::eSuccess) {
1209         ERR_EXIT(
1210             "vkCreateInstance failed.\n\n"
1211             "Do you have a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\n"
1212             "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
1213             "vkCreateInstance Failure");
1214     }
1215
1216     /* Make initial call to query gpu_count, then second call for gpu info*/
1217     uint32_t gpu_count;
1218     result = inst.enumeratePhysicalDevices(&gpu_count, nullptr);
1219     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1220
1221     if (gpu_count > 0) {
1222         std::unique_ptr<vk::PhysicalDevice[]> physical_devices(new vk::PhysicalDevice[gpu_count]);
1223         result = inst.enumeratePhysicalDevices(&gpu_count, physical_devices.get());
1224         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1225         /* For cube demo we just grab the first physical device */
1226         gpu = physical_devices[0];
1227     } else {
1228         ERR_EXIT(
1229             "vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices reported zero accessible devices.\n\n"
1230             "Do you have a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\n"
1231             "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
1232             "vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices Failure");
1233     }
1234
1235     /* Look for device extensions */
1236     uint32_t device_extension_count = 0;
1237     vk::Bool32 swapchainExtFound = VK_FALSE;
1238     enabled_extension_count = 0;
1239     memset(extension_names, 0, sizeof(extension_names));
1240
1241     result = gpu.enumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &device_extension_count, nullptr);
1242     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1243
1244     if (device_extension_count > 0) {
1245         std::unique_ptr<vk::ExtensionProperties[]> device_extensions(new vk::ExtensionProperties[device_extension_count]);
1246         result = gpu.enumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &device_extension_count, device_extensions.get());
1247         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1248
1249         for (uint32_t i = 0; i < device_extension_count; i++) {
1250             if (!strcmp(VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME, device_extensions[i].extensionName)) {
1251                 swapchainExtFound = 1;
1252                 extension_names[enabled_extension_count++] = VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME;
1253             }
1254             assert(enabled_extension_count < 64);
1255         }
1256     }
1257
1258     if (!swapchainExtFound) {
1259         ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME
1260                  " extension.\n\n"
1261                  "Do you have a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\n"
1262                  "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
1263                  "vkCreateInstance Failure");
1264     }
1265
1266     gpu.getProperties(&gpu_props);
1267
1268     /* Call with nullptr data to get count */
1269     gpu.getQueueFamilyProperties(&queue_family_count, nullptr);
1270     assert(queue_family_count >= 1);
1271
1272     queue_props.reset(new vk::QueueFamilyProperties[queue_family_count]);
1273     gpu.getQueueFamilyProperties(&queue_family_count, queue_props.get());
1274
1275     // Query fine-grained feature support for this device.
1276     //  If app has specific feature requirements it should check supported
1277     //  features based on this query
1278     vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures physDevFeatures;
1279     gpu.getFeatures(&physDevFeatures);
1280 }
1281
1282 void Demo::init_vk_swapchain() {
1283 // Create a WSI surface for the window:
1284 #if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
1285     {
1286         auto const createInfo = vk::Win32SurfaceCreateInfoKHR().setHinstance(connection).setHwnd(window);
1287
1288         auto result = inst.createWin32SurfaceKHR(&createInfo, nullptr, &surface);
1289         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1290     }
1291 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
1292     {
1293         auto const createInfo = vk::WaylandSurfaceCreateInfoKHR().setDisplay(display).setSurface(window);
1294
1295         auto result = inst.createWaylandSurfaceKHR(&createInfo, nullptr, &surface);
1296         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1297     }
1298 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MIR_KHR)
1299 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
1300     {
1301         auto const createInfo = vk::XlibSurfaceCreateInfoKHR().setDpy(display).setWindow(xlib_window);
1302
1303         auto result = inst.createXlibSurfaceKHR(&createInfo, nullptr, &surface);
1304         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1305     }
1306 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
1307     {
1308         auto const createInfo = vk::XcbSurfaceCreateInfoKHR().setConnection(connection).setWindow(xcb_window);
1309
1310         auto result = inst.createXcbSurfaceKHR(&createInfo, nullptr, &surface);
1311         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1312     }
1313 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_IOS_MVK)
1314     {
1315         auto const createInfo = vk::IOSSurfaceCreateInfoMVK().setPView(nullptr);
1316
1317         auto result = inst.createIOSSurfaceMVK(&createInfo, nullptr, &surface);
1318         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1319     }
1320 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MACOS_MVK)
1321     {
1322         auto const createInfo = vk::MacOSSurfaceCreateInfoMVK().setPView(window);
1323
1324         auto result = inst.createMacOSSurfaceMVK(&createInfo, nullptr, &surface);
1325         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1326     }
1327 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
1328     {
1329         auto result = create_display_surface();
1330         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1331     }
1332 #endif
1333     // Iterate over each queue to learn whether it supports presenting:
1334     std::unique_ptr<vk::Bool32[]> supportsPresent(new vk::Bool32[queue_family_count]);
1335     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < queue_family_count; i++) {
1336         gpu.getSurfaceSupportKHR(i, surface, &supportsPresent[i]);
1337     }
1338
1339     uint32_t graphicsQueueFamilyIndex = UINT32_MAX;
1340     uint32_t presentQueueFamilyIndex = UINT32_MAX;
1341     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < queue_family_count; i++) {
1342         if (queue_props[i].queueFlags & vk::QueueFlagBits::eGraphics) {
1343             if (graphicsQueueFamilyIndex == UINT32_MAX) {
1344                 graphicsQueueFamilyIndex = i;
1345             }
1346
1347             if (supportsPresent[i] == VK_TRUE) {
1348                 graphicsQueueFamilyIndex = i;
1349                 presentQueueFamilyIndex = i;
1350                 break;
1351             }
1352         }
1353     }
1354
1355     if (presentQueueFamilyIndex == UINT32_MAX) {
1356         // If didn't find a queue that supports both graphics and present,
1357         // then
1358         // find a separate present queue.
1359         for (uint32_t i = 0; i < queue_family_count; ++i) {
1360             if (supportsPresent[i] == VK_TRUE) {
1361                 presentQueueFamilyIndex = i;
1362                 break;
1363             }
1364         }
1365     }
1366
1367     // Generate error if could not find both a graphics and a present queue
1368     if (graphicsQueueFamilyIndex == UINT32_MAX || presentQueueFamilyIndex == UINT32_MAX) {
1369         ERR_EXIT("Could not find both graphics and present queues\n", "Swapchain Initialization Failure");
1370     }
1371
1372     graphics_queue_family_index = graphicsQueueFamilyIndex;
1373     present_queue_family_index = presentQueueFamilyIndex;
1374     separate_present_queue = (graphics_queue_family_index != present_queue_family_index);
1375
1376     create_device();
1377
1378     device.getQueue(graphics_queue_family_index, 0, &graphics_queue);
1379     if (!separate_present_queue) {
1380         present_queue = graphics_queue;
1381     } else {
1382         device.getQueue(present_queue_family_index, 0, &present_queue);
1383     }
1384
1385     // Get the list of VkFormat's that are supported:
1386     uint32_t formatCount;
1387     auto result = gpu.getSurfaceFormatsKHR(surface, &formatCount, nullptr);
1388     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1389
1390     std::unique_ptr<vk::SurfaceFormatKHR[]> surfFormats(new vk::SurfaceFormatKHR[formatCount]);
1391     result = gpu.getSurfaceFormatsKHR(surface, &formatCount, surfFormats.get());
1392     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1393
1394     // If the format list includes just one entry of VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED,
1395     // the surface has no preferred format.  Otherwise, at least one
1396     // supported format will be returned.
1397     if (formatCount == 1 && surfFormats[0].format == vk::Format::eUndefined) {
1398         format = vk::Format::eB8G8R8A8Unorm;
1399     } else {
1400         assert(formatCount >= 1);
1401         format = surfFormats[0].format;
1402     }
1403     color_space = surfFormats[0].colorSpace;
1404
1405     quit = false;
1406     curFrame = 0;
1407
1408     // Create semaphores to synchronize acquiring presentable buffers before
1409     // rendering and waiting for drawing to be complete before presenting
1410     auto const semaphoreCreateInfo = vk::SemaphoreCreateInfo();
1411
1412     // Create fences that we can use to throttle if we get too far
1413     // ahead of the image presents
1414     auto const fence_ci = vk::FenceCreateInfo().setFlags(vk::FenceCreateFlagBits::eSignaled);
1415     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < FRAME_LAG; i++) {
1416         result = device.createFence(&fence_ci, nullptr, &fences[i]);
1417         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1418
1419         result = device.createSemaphore(&semaphoreCreateInfo, nullptr, &image_acquired_semaphores[i]);
1420         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1421
1422         result = device.createSemaphore(&semaphoreCreateInfo, nullptr, &draw_complete_semaphores[i]);
1423         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1424
1425         if (separate_present_queue) {
1426             result = device.createSemaphore(&semaphoreCreateInfo, nullptr, &image_ownership_semaphores[i]);
1427             VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1428         }
1429     }
1430     frame_index = 0;
1431
1432     // Get Memory information and properties
1433     gpu.getMemoryProperties(&memory_properties);
1434 }
1435
1436 void Demo::prepare() {
1437     auto const cmd_pool_info = vk::CommandPoolCreateInfo().setQueueFamilyIndex(graphics_queue_family_index);
1438     auto result = device.createCommandPool(&cmd_pool_info, nullptr, &cmd_pool);
1439     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1440
1441     auto const cmd = vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo()
1442                          .setCommandPool(cmd_pool)
1443                          .setLevel(vk::CommandBufferLevel::ePrimary)
1444                          .setCommandBufferCount(1);
1445
1446     result = device.allocateCommandBuffers(&cmd, &this->cmd);
1447     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1448
1449     auto const cmd_buf_info = vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo().setPInheritanceInfo(nullptr);
1450
1451     result = this->cmd.begin(&cmd_buf_info);
1452     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1453
1454     prepare_buffers();
1455     prepare_depth();
1456     prepare_textures();
1457     prepare_cube_data_buffers();
1458
1459     prepare_descriptor_layout();
1460     prepare_render_pass();
1461     prepare_pipeline();
1462
1463     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; ++i) {
1464         result = device.allocateCommandBuffers(&cmd, &swapchain_image_resources[i].cmd);
1465         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1466     }
1467
1468     if (separate_present_queue) {
1469         auto const present_cmd_pool_info = vk::CommandPoolCreateInfo().setQueueFamilyIndex(present_queue_family_index);
1470
1471         result = device.createCommandPool(&present_cmd_pool_info, nullptr, &present_cmd_pool);
1472         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1473
1474         auto const present_cmd = vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo()
1475                                      .setCommandPool(present_cmd_pool)
1476                                      .setLevel(vk::CommandBufferLevel::ePrimary)
1477                                      .setCommandBufferCount(1);
1478
1479         for (uint32_t i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; i++) {
1480             result = device.allocateCommandBuffers(&present_cmd, &swapchain_image_resources[i].graphics_to_present_cmd);
1481             VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1482
1483             build_image_ownership_cmd(i);
1484         }
1485     }
1486
1487     prepare_descriptor_pool();
1488     prepare_descriptor_set();
1489
1490     prepare_framebuffers();
1491
1492     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; ++i) {
1493         current_buffer = i;
1494         draw_build_cmd(swapchain_image_resources[i].cmd);
1495     }
1496
1497     /*
1498      * Prepare functions above may generate pipeline commands
1499      * that need to be flushed before beginning the render loop.
1500      */
1501     flush_init_cmd();
1502     if (staging_texture.image) {
1503         destroy_texture_image(&staging_texture);
1504     }
1505
1506     current_buffer = 0;
1507     prepared = true;
1508 }
1509
1510 void Demo::prepare_buffers() {
1511     vk::SwapchainKHR oldSwapchain = swapchain;
1512
1513     // Check the surface capabilities and formats
1514     vk::SurfaceCapabilitiesKHR surfCapabilities;
1515     auto result = gpu.getSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(surface, &surfCapabilities);
1516     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1517
1518     uint32_t presentModeCount;
1519     result = gpu.getSurfacePresentModesKHR(surface, &presentModeCount, nullptr);
1520     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1521
1522     std::unique_ptr<vk::PresentModeKHR[]> presentModes(new vk::PresentModeKHR[presentModeCount]);
1523     result = gpu.getSurfacePresentModesKHR(surface, &presentModeCount, presentModes.get());
1524     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1525
1526     vk::Extent2D swapchainExtent;
1527     // width and height are either both -1, or both not -1.
1528     if (surfCapabilities.currentExtent.width == (uint32_t)-1) {
1529         // If the surface size is undefined, the size is set to
1530         // the size of the images requested.
1531         swapchainExtent.width = width;
1532         swapchainExtent.height = height;
1533     } else {
1534         // If the surface size is defined, the swap chain size must match
1535         swapchainExtent = surfCapabilities.currentExtent;
1536         width = surfCapabilities.currentExtent.width;
1537         height = surfCapabilities.currentExtent.height;
1538     }
1539
1540     // The FIFO present mode is guaranteed by the spec to be supported
1541     // and to have no tearing.  It's a great default present mode to use.
1542     vk::PresentModeKHR swapchainPresentMode = vk::PresentModeKHR::eFifo;
1543
1544     //  There are times when you may wish to use another present mode.  The
1545     //  following code shows how to select them, and the comments provide some
1546     //  reasons you may wish to use them.
1547     //
1548     // It should be noted that Vulkan 1.0 doesn't provide a method for
1549     // synchronizing rendering with the presentation engine's display.  There
1550     // is a method provided for throttling rendering with the display, but
1551     // there are some presentation engines for which this method will not work.
1552     // If an application doesn't throttle its rendering, and if it renders much
1553     // faster than the refresh rate of the display, this can waste power on
1554     // mobile devices.  That is because power is being spent rendering images
1555     // that may never be seen.
1556
1557     // VK_PRESENT_MODE_IMMEDIATE_KHR is for applications that don't care
1558     // about
1559     // tearing, or have some way of synchronizing their rendering with the
1560     // display.
1561     // VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR may be useful for applications that
1562     // generally render a new presentable image every refresh cycle, but are
1563     // occasionally early.  In this case, the application wants the new
1564     // image
1565     // to be displayed instead of the previously-queued-for-presentation
1566     // image
1567     // that has not yet been displayed.
1568     // VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_RELAXED_KHR is for applications that generally
1569     // render a new presentable image every refresh cycle, but are
1570     // occasionally
1571     // late.  In this case (perhaps because of stuttering/latency concerns),
1572     // the application wants the late image to be immediately displayed,
1573     // even
1574     // though that may mean some tearing.
1575
1576     if (presentMode != swapchainPresentMode) {
1577         for (size_t i = 0; i < presentModeCount; ++i) {
1578             if (presentModes[i] == presentMode) {
1579                 swapchainPresentMode = presentMode;
1580                 break;
1581             }
1582         }
1583     }
1584
1585     if (swapchainPresentMode != presentMode) {
1586         ERR_EXIT("Present mode specified is not supported\n", "Present mode unsupported");
1587     }
1588
1589     // Determine the number of VkImages to use in the swap chain.
1590     // Application desires to acquire 3 images at a time for triple
1591     // buffering
1592     uint32_t desiredNumOfSwapchainImages = 3;
1593     if (desiredNumOfSwapchainImages < surfCapabilities.minImageCount) {
1594         desiredNumOfSwapchainImages = surfCapabilities.minImageCount;
1595     }
1596
1597     // If maxImageCount is 0, we can ask for as many images as we want,
1598     // otherwise
1599     // we're limited to maxImageCount
1600     if ((surfCapabilities.maxImageCount > 0) && (desiredNumOfSwapchainImages > surfCapabilities.maxImageCount)) {
1601         // Application must settle for fewer images than desired:
1602         desiredNumOfSwapchainImages = surfCapabilities.maxImageCount;
1603     }
1604
1605     vk::SurfaceTransformFlagBitsKHR preTransform;
1606     if (surfCapabilities.supportedTransforms & vk::SurfaceTransformFlagBitsKHR::eIdentity) {
1607         preTransform = vk::SurfaceTransformFlagBitsKHR::eIdentity;
1608     } else {
1609         preTransform = surfCapabilities.currentTransform;
1610     }
1611
1612     // Find a supported composite alpha mode - one of these is guaranteed to be set
1613     vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR compositeAlpha = vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR::eOpaque;
1614     vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR compositeAlphaFlags[4] = {
1615         vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR::eOpaque,
1616         vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR::ePreMultiplied,
1617         vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR::ePostMultiplied,
1618         vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR::eInherit,
1619     };
1620     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(compositeAlphaFlags); i++) {
1621         if (surfCapabilities.supportedCompositeAlpha & compositeAlphaFlags[i]) {
1622             compositeAlpha = compositeAlphaFlags[i];
1623             break;
1624         }
1625     }
1626
1627     auto const swapchain_ci = vk::SwapchainCreateInfoKHR()
1628                                   .setSurface(surface)
1629                                   .setMinImageCount(desiredNumOfSwapchainImages)
1630                                   .setImageFormat(format)
1631                                   .setImageColorSpace(color_space)
1632                                   .setImageExtent({swapchainExtent.width, swapchainExtent.height})
1633                                   .setImageArrayLayers(1)
1634                                   .setImageUsage(vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eColorAttachment)
1635                                   .setImageSharingMode(vk::SharingMode::eExclusive)
1636                                   .setQueueFamilyIndexCount(0)
1637                                   .setPQueueFamilyIndices(nullptr)
1638                                   .setPreTransform(preTransform)
1639                                   .setCompositeAlpha(compositeAlpha)
1640                                   .setPresentMode(swapchainPresentMode)
1641                                   .setClipped(true)
1642                                   .setOldSwapchain(oldSwapchain);
1643
1644     result = device.createSwapchainKHR(&swapchain_ci, nullptr, &swapchain);
1645     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1646
1647     // If we just re-created an existing swapchain, we should destroy the
1648     // old
1649     // swapchain at this point.
1650     // Note: destroying the swapchain also cleans up all its associated
1651     // presentable images once the platform is done with them.
1652     if (oldSwapchain) {
1653         device.destroySwapchainKHR(oldSwapchain, nullptr);
1654     }
1655
1656     result = device.getSwapchainImagesKHR(swapchain, &swapchainImageCount, nullptr);
1657     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1658
1659     std::unique_ptr<vk::Image[]> swapchainImages(new vk::Image[swapchainImageCount]);
1660     result = device.getSwapchainImagesKHR(swapchain, &swapchainImageCount, swapchainImages.get());
1661     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1662
1663     swapchain_image_resources.reset(new SwapchainImageResources[swapchainImageCount]);
1664
1665     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; ++i) {
1666         auto color_image_view = vk::ImageViewCreateInfo()
1667                                     .setViewType(vk::ImageViewType::e2D)
1668                                     .setFormat(format)
1669                                     .setSubresourceRange(vk::ImageSubresourceRange(vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, 0, 1, 0, 1));
1670
1671         swapchain_image_resources[i].image = swapchainImages[i];
1672
1673         color_image_view.image = swapchain_image_resources[i].image;
1674
1675         result = device.createImageView(&color_image_view, nullptr, &swapchain_image_resources[i].view);
1676         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1677     }
1678 }
1679
1680 void Demo::prepare_cube_data_buffers() {
1681     mat4x4 VP;
1682     mat4x4_mul(VP, projection_matrix, view_matrix);
1683
1684     mat4x4 MVP;
1685     mat4x4_mul(MVP, VP, model_matrix);
1686
1687     vktexcube_vs_uniform data;
1688     memcpy(data.mvp, MVP, sizeof(MVP));
1689     //    dumpMatrix("MVP", MVP)
1690
1691     for (int32_t i = 0; i < 12 * 3; i++) {
1692         data.position[i][0] = g_vertex_buffer_data[i * 3];
1693         data.position[i][1] = g_vertex_buffer_data[i * 3 + 1];
1694         data.position[i][2] = g_vertex_buffer_data[i * 3 + 2];
1695         data.position[i][3] = 1.0f;
1696         data.attr[i][0] = g_uv_buffer_data[2 * i];
1697         data.attr[i][1] = g_uv_buffer_data[2 * i + 1];
1698         data.attr[i][2] = 0;
1699         data.attr[i][3] = 0;
1700     }
1701
1702     auto const buf_info = vk::BufferCreateInfo().setSize(sizeof(data)).setUsage(vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eUniformBuffer);
1703
1704     for (unsigned int i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; i++) {
1705         auto result = device.createBuffer(&buf_info, nullptr, &swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_buffer);
1706         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1707
1708         vk::MemoryRequirements mem_reqs;
1709         device.getBufferMemoryRequirements(swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_buffer, &mem_reqs);
1710
1711         auto mem_alloc = vk::MemoryAllocateInfo().setAllocationSize(mem_reqs.size).setMemoryTypeIndex(0);
1712
1713         bool const pass = memory_type_from_properties(
1714             mem_reqs.memoryTypeBits, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible | vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostCoherent,
1715             &mem_alloc.memoryTypeIndex);
1716         VERIFY(pass);
1717
1718         result = device.allocateMemory(&mem_alloc, nullptr, &swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_memory);
1719         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1720
1721         auto pData = device.mapMemory(swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_memory, 0, VK_WHOLE_SIZE, vk::MemoryMapFlags());
1722         VERIFY(pData.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1723
1724         memcpy(pData.value, &data, sizeof data);
1725
1726         device.unmapMemory(swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_memory);
1727
1728         result =
1729             device.bindBufferMemory(swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_buffer, swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_memory, 0);
1730         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1731     }
1732 }
1733
1734 void Demo::prepare_depth() {
1735     depth.format = vk::Format::eD16Unorm;
1736
1737     auto const image = vk::ImageCreateInfo()
1738                            .setImageType(vk::ImageType::e2D)
1739                            .setFormat(depth.format)
1740                            .setExtent({(uint32_t)width, (uint32_t)height, 1})
1741                            .setMipLevels(1)
1742                            .setArrayLayers(1)
1743                            .setSamples(vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1)
1744                            .setTiling(vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal)
1745                            .setUsage(vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eDepthStencilAttachment)
1746                            .setSharingMode(vk::SharingMode::eExclusive)
1747                            .setQueueFamilyIndexCount(0)
1748                            .setPQueueFamilyIndices(nullptr)
1749                            .setInitialLayout(vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined);
1750
1751     auto result = device.createImage(&image, nullptr, &depth.image);
1752     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1753
1754     vk::MemoryRequirements mem_reqs;
1755     device.getImageMemoryRequirements(depth.image, &mem_reqs);
1756
1757     depth.mem_alloc.setAllocationSize(mem_reqs.size);
1758     depth.mem_alloc.setMemoryTypeIndex(0);
1759
1760     auto const pass = memory_type_from_properties(mem_reqs.memoryTypeBits, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eDeviceLocal,
1761                                                   &depth.mem_alloc.memoryTypeIndex);
1762     VERIFY(pass);
1763
1764     result = device.allocateMemory(&depth.mem_alloc, nullptr, &depth.mem);
1765     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1766
1767     result = device.bindImageMemory(depth.image, depth.mem, 0);
1768     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1769
1770     auto const view = vk::ImageViewCreateInfo()
1771                           .setImage(depth.image)
1772                           .setViewType(vk::ImageViewType::e2D)
1773                           .setFormat(depth.format)
1774                           .setSubresourceRange(vk::ImageSubresourceRange(vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eDepth, 0, 1, 0, 1));
1775     result = device.createImageView(&view, nullptr, &depth.view);
1776     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1777 }
1778
1779 void Demo::prepare_descriptor_layout() {
1780     vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding const layout_bindings[2] = {vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding()
1781                                                                    .setBinding(0)
1782                                                                    .setDescriptorType(vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBuffer)
1783                                                                    .setDescriptorCount(1)
1784                                                                    .setStageFlags(vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eVertex)
1785                                                                    .setPImmutableSamplers(nullptr),
1786                                                                vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding()
1787                                                                    .setBinding(1)
1788                                                                    .setDescriptorType(vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler)
1789                                                                    .setDescriptorCount(texture_count)
1790                                                                    .setStageFlags(vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment)
1791                                                                    .setPImmutableSamplers(nullptr)};
1792
1793     auto const descriptor_layout = vk::DescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo().setBindingCount(2).setPBindings(layout_bindings);
1794
1795     auto result = device.createDescriptorSetLayout(&descriptor_layout, nullptr, &desc_layout);
1796     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1797
1798     auto const pPipelineLayoutCreateInfo = vk::PipelineLayoutCreateInfo().setSetLayoutCount(1).setPSetLayouts(&desc_layout);
1799
1800     result = device.createPipelineLayout(&pPipelineLayoutCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipeline_layout);
1801     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1802 }
1803
1804 void Demo::prepare_descriptor_pool() {
1805     vk::DescriptorPoolSize const poolSizes[2] = {
1806         vk::DescriptorPoolSize().setType(vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBuffer).setDescriptorCount(swapchainImageCount),
1807         vk::DescriptorPoolSize()
1808             .setType(vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler)
1809             .setDescriptorCount(swapchainImageCount * texture_count)};
1810
1811     auto const descriptor_pool =
1812         vk::DescriptorPoolCreateInfo().setMaxSets(swapchainImageCount).setPoolSizeCount(2).setPPoolSizes(poolSizes);
1813
1814     auto result = device.createDescriptorPool(&descriptor_pool, nullptr, &desc_pool);
1815     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1816 }
1817
1818 void Demo::prepare_descriptor_set() {
1819     auto const alloc_info =
1820         vk::DescriptorSetAllocateInfo().setDescriptorPool(desc_pool).setDescriptorSetCount(1).setPSetLayouts(&desc_layout);
1821
1822     auto buffer_info = vk::DescriptorBufferInfo().setOffset(0).setRange(sizeof(struct vktexcube_vs_uniform));
1823
1824     vk::DescriptorImageInfo tex_descs[texture_count];
1825     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < texture_count; i++) {
1826         tex_descs[i].setSampler(textures[i].sampler);
1827         tex_descs[i].setImageView(textures[i].view);
1828         tex_descs[i].setImageLayout(vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal);
1829     }
1830
1831     vk::WriteDescriptorSet writes[2];
1832
1833     writes[0].setDescriptorCount(1);
1834     writes[0].setDescriptorType(vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBuffer);
1835     writes[0].setPBufferInfo(&buffer_info);
1836
1837     writes[1].setDstBinding(1);
1838     writes[1].setDescriptorCount(texture_count);
1839     writes[1].setDescriptorType(vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler);
1840     writes[1].setPImageInfo(tex_descs);
1841
1842     for (unsigned int i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; i++) {
1843         auto result = device.allocateDescriptorSets(&alloc_info, &swapchain_image_resources[i].descriptor_set);
1844         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1845
1846         buffer_info.setBuffer(swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_buffer);
1847         writes[0].setDstSet(swapchain_image_resources[i].descriptor_set);
1848         writes[1].setDstSet(swapchain_image_resources[i].descriptor_set);
1849         device.updateDescriptorSets(2, writes, 0, nullptr);
1850     }
1851 }
1852
1853 void Demo::prepare_framebuffers() {
1854     vk::ImageView attachments[2];
1855     attachments[1] = depth.view;
1856
1857     auto const fb_info = vk::FramebufferCreateInfo()
1858                              .setRenderPass(render_pass)
1859                              .setAttachmentCount(2)
1860                              .setPAttachments(attachments)
1861                              .setWidth((uint32_t)width)
1862                              .setHeight((uint32_t)height)
1863                              .setLayers(1);
1864
1865     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; i++) {
1866         attachments[0] = swapchain_image_resources[i].view;
1867         auto const result = device.createFramebuffer(&fb_info, nullptr, &swapchain_image_resources[i].framebuffer);
1868         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1869     }
1870 }
1871
1872 vk::ShaderModule Demo::prepare_fs() {
1873     const uint32_t fragShaderCode[] = {
1874 #include "cube.frag.inc"
1875     };
1876
1877     frag_shader_module = prepare_shader_module(fragShaderCode, sizeof(fragShaderCode));
1878
1879     return frag_shader_module;
1880 }
1881
1882 void Demo::prepare_pipeline() {
1883     vk::PipelineCacheCreateInfo const pipelineCacheInfo;
1884     auto result = device.createPipelineCache(&pipelineCacheInfo, nullptr, &pipelineCache);
1885     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1886
1887     vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo const shaderStageInfo[2] = {
1888         vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo().setStage(vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eVertex).setModule(prepare_vs()).setPName("main"),
1889         vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo().setStage(vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment).setModule(prepare_fs()).setPName("main")};
1890
1891     vk::PipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo const vertexInputInfo;
1892
1893     auto const inputAssemblyInfo = vk::PipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo().setTopology(vk::PrimitiveTopology::eTriangleList);
1894
1895     // TODO: Where are pViewports and pScissors set?
1896     auto const viewportInfo = vk::PipelineViewportStateCreateInfo().setViewportCount(1).setScissorCount(1);
1897
1898     auto const rasterizationInfo = vk::PipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo()
1899                                        .setDepthClampEnable(VK_FALSE)
1900                                        .setRasterizerDiscardEnable(VK_FALSE)
1901                                        .setPolygonMode(vk::PolygonMode::eFill)
1902                                        .setCullMode(vk::CullModeFlagBits::eBack)
1903                                        .setFrontFace(vk::FrontFace::eCounterClockwise)
1904                                        .setDepthBiasEnable(VK_FALSE)
1905                                        .setLineWidth(1.0f);
1906
1907     auto const multisampleInfo = vk::PipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo();
1908
1909     auto const stencilOp =
1910         vk::StencilOpState().setFailOp(vk::StencilOp::eKeep).setPassOp(vk::StencilOp::eKeep).setCompareOp(vk::CompareOp::eAlways);
1911
1912     auto const depthStencilInfo = vk::PipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo()
1913                                       .setDepthTestEnable(VK_TRUE)
1914                                       .setDepthWriteEnable(VK_TRUE)
1915                                       .setDepthCompareOp(vk::CompareOp::eLessOrEqual)
1916                                       .setDepthBoundsTestEnable(VK_FALSE)
1917                                       .setStencilTestEnable(VK_FALSE)
1918                                       .setFront(stencilOp)
1919                                       .setBack(stencilOp);
1920
1921     vk::PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState const colorBlendAttachments[1] = {
1922         vk::PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState().setColorWriteMask(vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eR | vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eG |
1923                                                                   vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eB | vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eA)};
1924
1925     auto const colorBlendInfo =
1926         vk::PipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo().setAttachmentCount(1).setPAttachments(colorBlendAttachments);
1927
1928     vk::DynamicState const dynamicStates[2] = {vk::DynamicState::eViewport, vk::DynamicState::eScissor};
1929
1930     auto const dynamicStateInfo = vk::PipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo().setPDynamicStates(dynamicStates).setDynamicStateCount(2);
1931
1932     auto const pipeline = vk::GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo()
1933                               .setStageCount(2)
1934                               .setPStages(shaderStageInfo)
1935                               .setPVertexInputState(&vertexInputInfo)
1936                               .setPInputAssemblyState(&inputAssemblyInfo)
1937                               .setPViewportState(&viewportInfo)
1938                               .setPRasterizationState(&rasterizationInfo)
1939                               .setPMultisampleState(&multisampleInfo)
1940                               .setPDepthStencilState(&depthStencilInfo)
1941                               .setPColorBlendState(&colorBlendInfo)
1942                               .setPDynamicState(&dynamicStateInfo)
1943                               .setLayout(pipeline_layout)
1944                               .setRenderPass(render_pass);
1945
1946     result = device.createGraphicsPipelines(pipelineCache, 1, &pipeline, nullptr, &this->pipeline);
1947     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1948
1949     device.destroyShaderModule(frag_shader_module, nullptr);
1950     device.destroyShaderModule(vert_shader_module, nullptr);
1951 }
1952
1953 void Demo::prepare_render_pass() {
1954     // The initial layout for the color and depth attachments will be LAYOUT_UNDEFINED
1955     // because at the start of the renderpass, we don't care about their contents.
1956     // At the start of the subpass, the color attachment's layout will be transitioned
1957     // to LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL and the depth stencil attachment's layout
1958     // will be transitioned to LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL.  At the end of
1959     // the renderpass, the color attachment's layout will be transitioned to
1960     // LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR to be ready to present.  This is all done as part of
1961     // the renderpass, no barriers are necessary.
1962     const vk::AttachmentDescription attachments[2] = {vk::AttachmentDescription()
1963                                                           .setFormat(format)
1964                                                           .setSamples(vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1)
1965                                                           .setLoadOp(vk::AttachmentLoadOp::eClear)
1966                                                           .setStoreOp(vk::AttachmentStoreOp::eStore)
1967                                                           .setStencilLoadOp(vk::AttachmentLoadOp::eDontCare)
1968                                                           .setStencilStoreOp(vk::AttachmentStoreOp::eDontCare)
1969                                                           .setInitialLayout(vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined)
1970                                                           .setFinalLayout(vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR),
1971                                                       vk::AttachmentDescription()
1972                                                           .setFormat(depth.format)
1973                                                           .setSamples(vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1)
1974                                                           .setLoadOp(vk::AttachmentLoadOp::eClear)
1975                                                           .setStoreOp(vk::AttachmentStoreOp::eDontCare)
1976                                                           .setStencilLoadOp(vk::AttachmentLoadOp::eDontCare)
1977                                                           .setStencilStoreOp(vk::AttachmentStoreOp::eDontCare)
1978                                                           .setInitialLayout(vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined)
1979                                                           .setFinalLayout(vk::ImageLayout::eDepthStencilAttachmentOptimal)};
1980
1981     auto const color_reference = vk::AttachmentReference().setAttachment(0).setLayout(vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal);
1982
1983     auto const depth_reference =
1984         vk::AttachmentReference().setAttachment(1).setLayout(vk::ImageLayout::eDepthStencilAttachmentOptimal);
1985
1986     auto const subpass = vk::SubpassDescription()
1987                              .setPipelineBindPoint(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics)
1988                              .setInputAttachmentCount(0)
1989                              .setPInputAttachments(nullptr)
1990                              .setColorAttachmentCount(1)
1991                              .setPColorAttachments(&color_reference)
1992                              .setPResolveAttachments(nullptr)
1993                              .setPDepthStencilAttachment(&depth_reference)
1994                              .setPreserveAttachmentCount(0)
1995                              .setPPreserveAttachments(nullptr);
1996
1997     auto const rp_info = vk::RenderPassCreateInfo()
1998                              .setAttachmentCount(2)
1999                              .setPAttachments(attachments)
2000                              .setSubpassCount(1)
2001                              .setPSubpasses(&subpass)
2002                              .setDependencyCount(0)
2003                              .setPDependencies(nullptr);
2004
2005     auto result = device.createRenderPass(&rp_info, nullptr, &render_pass);
2006     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2007 }
2008
2009 vk::ShaderModule Demo::prepare_shader_module(const uint32_t *code, size_t size) {
2010     const auto moduleCreateInfo = vk::ShaderModuleCreateInfo().setCodeSize(size).setPCode(code);
2011
2012     vk::ShaderModule module;
2013     auto result = device.createShaderModule(&moduleCreateInfo, nullptr, &module);
2014     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2015
2016     return module;
2017 }
2018
2019 void Demo::prepare_texture_image(const char *filename, texture_object *tex_obj, vk::ImageTiling tiling, vk::ImageUsageFlags usage,
2020                                  vk::MemoryPropertyFlags required_props) {
2021     int32_t tex_width;
2022     int32_t tex_height;
2023     if (!loadTexture(filename, nullptr, nullptr, &tex_width, &tex_height)) {
2024         ERR_EXIT("Failed to load textures", "Load Texture Failure");
2025     }
2026
2027     tex_obj->tex_width = tex_width;
2028     tex_obj->tex_height = tex_height;
2029
2030     auto const image_create_info = vk::ImageCreateInfo()
2031                                        .setImageType(vk::ImageType::e2D)
2032                                        .setFormat(vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Unorm)
2033                                        .setExtent({(uint32_t)tex_width, (uint32_t)tex_height, 1})
2034                                        .setMipLevels(1)
2035                                        .setArrayLayers(1)
2036                                        .setSamples(vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1)
2037                                        .setTiling(tiling)
2038                                        .setUsage(usage)
2039                                        .setSharingMode(vk::SharingMode::eExclusive)
2040                                        .setQueueFamilyIndexCount(0)
2041                                        .setPQueueFamilyIndices(nullptr)
2042                                        .setInitialLayout(vk::ImageLayout::ePreinitialized);
2043
2044     auto result = device.createImage(&image_create_info, nullptr, &tex_obj->image);
2045     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2046
2047     vk::MemoryRequirements mem_reqs;
2048     device.getImageMemoryRequirements(tex_obj->image, &mem_reqs);
2049
2050     tex_obj->mem_alloc.setAllocationSize(mem_reqs.size);
2051     tex_obj->mem_alloc.setMemoryTypeIndex(0);
2052
2053     auto pass = memory_type_from_properties(mem_reqs.memoryTypeBits, required_props, &tex_obj->mem_alloc.memoryTypeIndex);
2054     VERIFY(pass == true);
2055
2056     result = device.allocateMemory(&tex_obj->mem_alloc, nullptr, &(tex_obj->mem));
2057     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2058
2059     result = device.bindImageMemory(tex_obj->image, tex_obj->mem, 0);
2060     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2061
2062     if (required_props & vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible) {
2063         auto const subres = vk::ImageSubresource().setAspectMask(vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor).setMipLevel(0).setArrayLayer(0);
2064         vk::SubresourceLayout layout;
2065         device.getImageSubresourceLayout(tex_obj->image, &subres, &layout);
2066
2067         auto data = device.mapMemory(tex_obj->mem, 0, tex_obj->mem_alloc.allocationSize);
2068         VERIFY(data.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2069
2070         if (!loadTexture(filename, (uint8_t *)data.value, &layout, &tex_width, &tex_height)) {
2071             fprintf(stderr, "Error loading texture: %s\n", filename);
2072         }
2073
2074         device.unmapMemory(tex_obj->mem);
2075     }
2076
2077     tex_obj->imageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal;
2078 }
2079
2080 void Demo::prepare_textures() {
2081     vk::Format const tex_format = vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Unorm;
2082     vk::FormatProperties props;
2083     gpu.getFormatProperties(tex_format, &props);
2084
2085     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < texture_count; i++) {
2086         if ((props.linearTilingFeatures & vk::FormatFeatureFlagBits::eSampledImage) && !use_staging_buffer) {
2087             /* Device can texture using linear textures */
2088             prepare_texture_image(tex_files[i], &textures[i], vk::ImageTiling::eLinear, vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eSampled,
2089                                   vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible | vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostCoherent);
2090             // Nothing in the pipeline needs to be complete to start, and don't allow fragment
2091             // shader to run until layout transition completes
2092             set_image_layout(textures[i].image, vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, vk::ImageLayout::ePreinitialized,
2093                              textures[i].imageLayout, vk::AccessFlagBits(), vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTopOfPipe,
2094                              vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eFragmentShader);
2095             staging_texture.image = vk::Image();
2096         } else if (props.optimalTilingFeatures & vk::FormatFeatureFlagBits::eSampledImage) {
2097             /* Must use staging buffer to copy linear texture to optimized */
2098
2099             prepare_texture_image(tex_files[i], &staging_texture, vk::ImageTiling::eLinear, vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc,
2100                                   vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible | vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostCoherent);
2101
2102             prepare_texture_image(tex_files[i], &textures[i], vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal,
2103                                   vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eSampled,
2104                                   vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eDeviceLocal);
2105
2106             set_image_layout(staging_texture.image, vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, vk::ImageLayout::ePreinitialized,
2107                              vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal, vk::AccessFlagBits(), vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTopOfPipe,
2108                              vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer);
2109
2110             set_image_layout(textures[i].image, vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, vk::ImageLayout::ePreinitialized,
2111                              vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal, vk::AccessFlagBits(), vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTopOfPipe,
2112                              vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer);
2113
2114             auto const subresource = vk::ImageSubresourceLayers()
2115                                          .setAspectMask(vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor)
2116                                          .setMipLevel(0)
2117                                          .setBaseArrayLayer(0)
2118                                          .setLayerCount(1);
2119
2120             auto const copy_region = vk::ImageCopy()
2121                                          .setSrcSubresource(subresource)
2122                                          .setSrcOffset({0, 0, 0})
2123                                          .setDstSubresource(subresource)
2124                                          .setDstOffset({0, 0, 0})
2125                                          .setExtent({(uint32_t)staging_texture.tex_width, (uint32_t)staging_texture.tex_height, 1});
2126
2127             cmd.copyImage(staging_texture.image, vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal, textures[i].image,
2128                           vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal, 1, &copy_region);
2129
2130             set_image_layout(textures[i].image, vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal,
2131                              textures[i].imageLayout, vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferWrite, vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer,
2132                              vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eFragmentShader);
2133         } else {
2134             assert(!"No support for R8G8B8A8_UNORM as texture image format");
2135         }
2136
2137         auto const samplerInfo = vk::SamplerCreateInfo()
2138                                      .setMagFilter(vk::Filter::eNearest)
2139                                      .setMinFilter(vk::Filter::eNearest)
2140                                      .setMipmapMode(vk::SamplerMipmapMode::eNearest)
2141                                      .setAddressModeU(vk::SamplerAddressMode::eClampToEdge)
2142                                      .setAddressModeV(vk::SamplerAddressMode::eClampToEdge)
2143                                      .setAddressModeW(vk::SamplerAddressMode::eClampToEdge)
2144                                      .setMipLodBias(0.0f)
2145                                      .setAnisotropyEnable(VK_FALSE)
2146                                      .setMaxAnisotropy(1)
2147                                      .setCompareEnable(VK_FALSE)
2148                                      .setCompareOp(vk::CompareOp::eNever)
2149                                      .setMinLod(0.0f)
2150                                      .setMaxLod(0.0f)
2151                                      .setBorderColor(vk::BorderColor::eFloatOpaqueWhite)
2152                                      .setUnnormalizedCoordinates(VK_FALSE);
2153
2154         auto result = device.createSampler(&samplerInfo, nullptr, &textures[i].sampler);
2155         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2156
2157         auto const viewInfo = vk::ImageViewCreateInfo()
2158                                   .setImage(textures[i].image)
2159                                   .setViewType(vk::ImageViewType::e2D)
2160                                   .setFormat(tex_format)
2161                                   .setSubresourceRange(vk::ImageSubresourceRange(vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, 0, 1, 0, 1));
2162
2163         result = device.createImageView(&viewInfo, nullptr, &textures[i].view);
2164         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2165     }
2166 }
2167
2168 vk::ShaderModule Demo::prepare_vs() {
2169     const uint32_t vertShaderCode[] = {
2170 #include "cube.vert.inc"
2171     };
2172
2173     vert_shader_module = prepare_shader_module(vertShaderCode, sizeof(vertShaderCode));
2174
2175     return vert_shader_module;
2176 }
2177
2178 void Demo::resize() {
2179     uint32_t i;
2180
2181     // Don't react to resize until after first initialization.
2182     if (!prepared) {
2183         return;
2184     }
2185
2186     // In order to properly resize the window, we must re-create the
2187     // swapchain
2188     // AND redo the command buffers, etc.
2189     //
2190     // First, perform part of the cleanup() function:
2191     prepared = false;
2192     auto result = device.waitIdle();
2193     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2194
2195     for (i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; i++) {
2196         device.destroyFramebuffer(swapchain_image_resources[i].framebuffer, nullptr);
2197     }
2198
2199     device.destroyDescriptorPool(desc_pool, nullptr);
2200
2201     device.destroyPipeline(pipeline, nullptr);
2202     device.destroyPipelineCache(pipelineCache, nullptr);
2203     device.destroyRenderPass(render_pass, nullptr);
2204     device.destroyPipelineLayout(pipeline_layout, nullptr);
2205     device.destroyDescriptorSetLayout(desc_layout, nullptr);
2206
2207     for (i = 0; i < texture_count; i++) {
2208         device.destroyImageView(textures[i].view, nullptr);
2209         device.destroyImage(textures[i].image, nullptr);
2210         device.freeMemory(textures[i].mem, nullptr);
2211         device.destroySampler(textures[i].sampler, nullptr);
2212     }
2213
2214     device.destroyImageView(depth.view, nullptr);
2215     device.destroyImage(depth.image, nullptr);
2216     device.freeMemory(depth.mem, nullptr);
2217
2218     for (i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; i++) {
2219         device.destroyImageView(swapchain_image_resources[i].view, nullptr);
2220         device.freeCommandBuffers(cmd_pool, 1, &swapchain_image_resources[i].cmd);
2221         device.destroyBuffer(swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_buffer, nullptr);
2222         device.freeMemory(swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_memory, nullptr);
2223     }
2224
2225     device.destroyCommandPool(cmd_pool, nullptr);
2226     if (separate_present_queue) {
2227         device.destroyCommandPool(present_cmd_pool, nullptr);
2228     }
2229
2230     // Second, re-perform the prepare() function, which will re-create the
2231     // swapchain.
2232     prepare();
2233 }
2234
2235 void Demo::set_image_layout(vk::Image image, vk::ImageAspectFlags aspectMask, vk::ImageLayout oldLayout, vk::ImageLayout newLayout,
2236                             vk::AccessFlags srcAccessMask, vk::PipelineStageFlags src_stages, vk::PipelineStageFlags dest_stages) {
2237     assert(cmd);
2238
2239     auto DstAccessMask = [](vk::ImageLayout const &layout) {
2240         vk::AccessFlags flags;
2241
2242         switch (layout) {
2243             case vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal:
2244                 // Make sure anything that was copying from this image has
2245                 // completed
2246                 flags = vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferWrite;
2247                 break;
2248             case vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal:
2249                 flags = vk::AccessFlagBits::eColorAttachmentWrite;
2250                 break;
2251             case vk::ImageLayout::eDepthStencilAttachmentOptimal:
2252                 flags = vk::AccessFlagBits::eDepthStencilAttachmentWrite;
2253                 break;
2254             case vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal:
2255                 // Make sure any Copy or CPU writes to image are flushed
2256                 flags = vk::AccessFlagBits::eShaderRead | vk::AccessFlagBits::eInputAttachmentRead;
2257                 break;
2258             case vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal:
2259                 flags = vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferRead;
2260                 break;
2261             case vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR:
2262                 flags = vk::AccessFlagBits::eMemoryRead;
2263                 break;
2264             default:
2265                 break;
2266         }
2267
2268         return flags;
2269     };
2270
2271     auto const barrier = vk::ImageMemoryBarrier()
2272                              .setSrcAccessMask(srcAccessMask)
2273                              .setDstAccessMask(DstAccessMask(newLayout))
2274                              .setOldLayout(oldLayout)
2275                              .setNewLayout(newLayout)
2276                              .setSrcQueueFamilyIndex(VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED)
2277                              .setDstQueueFamilyIndex(VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED)
2278                              .setImage(image)
2279                              .setSubresourceRange(vk::ImageSubresourceRange(aspectMask, 0, 1, 0, 1));
2280
2281     cmd.pipelineBarrier(src_stages, dest_stages, vk::DependencyFlagBits(), 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &barrier);
2282 }
2283
2284 void Demo::update_data_buffer() {
2285     mat4x4 VP;
2286     mat4x4_mul(VP, projection_matrix, view_matrix);
2287
2288     // Rotate around the Y axis
2289     mat4x4 Model;
2290     mat4x4_dup(Model, model_matrix);
2291     mat4x4_rotate(model_matrix, Model, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, (float)degreesToRadians(spin_angle));
2292
2293     mat4x4 MVP;
2294     mat4x4_mul(MVP, VP, model_matrix);
2295
2296     auto data = device.mapMemory(swapchain_image_resources[current_buffer].uniform_memory, 0, VK_WHOLE_SIZE, vk::MemoryMapFlags());
2297     VERIFY(data.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2298
2299     memcpy(data.value, (const void *)&MVP[0][0], sizeof(MVP));
2300
2301     device.unmapMemory(swapchain_image_resources[current_buffer].uniform_memory);
2302 }
2303
2304 /* Convert ppm image data from header file into RGBA texture image */
2305 #include "lunarg.ppm.h"
2306 bool Demo::loadTexture(const char *filename, uint8_t *rgba_data, vk::SubresourceLayout *layout, int32_t *width, int32_t *height) {
2307     (void)filename;
2308     char *cPtr;
2309     cPtr = (char *)lunarg_ppm;
2310     if ((unsigned char *)cPtr >= (lunarg_ppm + lunarg_ppm_len) || strncmp(cPtr, "P6\n", 3)) {
2311         return false;
2312     }
2313     while (strncmp(cPtr++, "\n", 1))
2314         ;
2315     sscanf(cPtr, "%u %u", width, height);
2316     if (rgba_data == NULL) {
2317         return true;
2318     }
2319     while (strncmp(cPtr++, "\n", 1))
2320         ;
2321     if ((unsigned char *)cPtr >= (lunarg_ppm + lunarg_ppm_len) || strncmp(cPtr, "255\n", 4)) {
2322         return false;
2323     }
2324     while (strncmp(cPtr++, "\n", 1))
2325         ;
2326     for (int y = 0; y < *height; y++) {
2327         uint8_t *rowPtr = rgba_data;
2328         for (int x = 0; x < *width; x++) {
2329             memcpy(rowPtr, cPtr, 3);
2330             rowPtr[3] = 255; /* Alpha of 1 */
2331             rowPtr += 4;
2332             cPtr += 3;
2333         }
2334         rgba_data += layout->rowPitch;
2335     }
2336     return true;
2337 }
2338
2339 bool Demo::memory_type_from_properties(uint32_t typeBits, vk::MemoryPropertyFlags requirements_mask, uint32_t *typeIndex) {
2340     // Search memtypes to find first index with those properties
2341     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < VK_MAX_MEMORY_TYPES; i++) {
2342         if ((typeBits & 1) == 1) {
2343             // Type is available, does it match user properties?
2344             if ((memory_properties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & requirements_mask) == requirements_mask) {
2345                 *typeIndex = i;
2346                 return true;
2347             }
2348         }
2349         typeBits >>= 1;
2350     }
2351
2352     // No memory types matched, return failure
2353     return false;
2354 }
2355
2356 #if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
2357 void Demo::run() {
2358     if (!prepared) {
2359         return;
2360     }
2361
2362     draw();
2363     curFrame++;
2364
2365     if (frameCount != INT_MAX && curFrame == frameCount) {
2366         PostQuitMessage(validation_error);
2367     }
2368 }
2369
2370 void Demo::create_window() {
2371     WNDCLASSEX win_class;
2372
2373     // Initialize the window class structure:
2374     win_class.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
2375     win_class.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
2376     win_class.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
2377     win_class.cbClsExtra = 0;
2378     win_class.cbWndExtra = 0;
2379     win_class.hInstance = connection;  // hInstance
2380     win_class.hIcon = LoadIcon(nullptr, IDI_APPLICATION);
2381     win_class.hCursor = LoadCursor(nullptr, IDC_ARROW);
2382     win_class.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH);
2383     win_class.lpszMenuName = nullptr;
2384     win_class.lpszClassName = name;
2385     win_class.hIconSm = LoadIcon(nullptr, IDI_WINLOGO);
2386
2387     // Register window class:
2388     if (!RegisterClassEx(&win_class)) {
2389         // It didn't work, so try to give a useful error:
2390         printf("Unexpected error trying to start the application!\n");
2391         fflush(stdout);
2392         exit(1);
2393     }
2394
2395     // Create window with the registered class:
2396     RECT wr = {0, 0, static_cast<LONG>(width), static_cast<LONG>(height)};
2397     AdjustWindowRect(&wr, WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, FALSE);
2398     window = CreateWindowEx(0,
2399                             name,                  // class name
2400                             name,                  // app name
2401                             WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW |  // window style
2402                                 WS_VISIBLE | WS_SYSMENU,
2403                             100, 100,            // x/y coords
2404                             wr.right - wr.left,  // width
2405                             wr.bottom - wr.top,  // height
2406                             nullptr,             // handle to parent
2407                             nullptr,             // handle to menu
2408                             connection,          // hInstance
2409                             nullptr);            // no extra parameters
2410
2411     if (!window) {
2412         // It didn't work, so try to give a useful error:
2413         printf("Cannot create a window in which to draw!\n");
2414         fflush(stdout);
2415         exit(1);
2416     }
2417
2418     // Window client area size must be at least 1 pixel high, to prevent
2419     // crash.
2420     minsize.x = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXMINTRACK);
2421     minsize.y = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYMINTRACK) + 1;
2422 }
2423 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
2424
2425 void Demo::create_xlib_window() {
2426     const char *display_envar = getenv("DISPLAY");
2427     if (display_envar == nullptr || display_envar[0] == '\0') {
2428         printf("Environment variable DISPLAY requires a valid value.\nExiting ...\n");
2429         fflush(stdout);
2430         exit(1);
2431     }
2432
2433     XInitThreads();
2434     display = XOpenDisplay(nullptr);
2435     long visualMask = VisualScreenMask;
2436     int numberOfVisuals;
2437     XVisualInfo vInfoTemplate = {};
2438     vInfoTemplate.screen = DefaultScreen(display);
2439     XVisualInfo *visualInfo = XGetVisualInfo(display, visualMask, &vInfoTemplate, &numberOfVisuals);
2440
2441     Colormap colormap = XCreateColormap(display, RootWindow(display, vInfoTemplate.screen), visualInfo->visual, AllocNone);
2442
2443     XSetWindowAttributes windowAttributes = {};
2444     windowAttributes.colormap = colormap;
2445     windowAttributes.background_pixel = 0xFFFFFFFF;
2446     windowAttributes.border_pixel = 0;
2447     windowAttributes.event_mask = KeyPressMask | KeyReleaseMask | StructureNotifyMask | ExposureMask;
2448
2449     xlib_window =
2450         XCreateWindow(display, RootWindow(display, vInfoTemplate.screen), 0, 0, width, height, 0, visualInfo->depth, InputOutput,
2451                       visualInfo->visual, CWBackPixel | CWBorderPixel | CWEventMask | CWColormap, &windowAttributes);
2452
2453     XSelectInput(display, xlib_window, ExposureMask | KeyPressMask);
2454     XMapWindow(display, xlib_window);
2455     XFlush(display);
2456     xlib_wm_delete_window = XInternAtom(display, "WM_DELETE_WINDOW", False);
2457 }
2458
2459 void Demo::handle_xlib_event(const XEvent *event) {
2460     switch (event->type) {
2461         case ClientMessage:
2462             if ((Atom)event->xclient.data.l[0] == xlib_wm_delete_window) {
2463                 quit = true;
2464             }
2465             break;
2466         case KeyPress:
2467             switch (event->xkey.keycode) {
2468                 case 0x9:  // Escape
2469                     quit = true;
2470                     break;
2471                 case 0x71:  // left arrow key
2472                     spin_angle -= spin_increment;
2473                     break;
2474                 case 0x72:  // right arrow key
2475                     spin_angle += spin_increment;
2476                     break;
2477                 case 0x41:  // space bar
2478                     pause = !pause;
2479                     break;
2480             }
2481             break;
2482         case ConfigureNotify:
2483             if (((int32_t)width != event->xconfigure.width) || ((int32_t)height != event->xconfigure.height)) {
2484                 width = event->xconfigure.width;
2485                 height = event->xconfigure.height;
2486                 resize();
2487             }
2488             break;
2489         default:
2490             break;
2491     }
2492 }
2493
2494 void Demo::run_xlib() {
2495     while (!quit) {
2496         XEvent event;
2497
2498         if (pause) {
2499             XNextEvent(display, &event);
2500             handle_xlib_event(&event);
2501         }
2502         while (XPending(display) > 0) {
2503             XNextEvent(display, &event);
2504             handle_xlib_event(&event);
2505         }
2506
2507         draw();
2508         curFrame++;
2509
2510         if (frameCount != UINT32_MAX && curFrame == frameCount) {
2511             quit = true;
2512         }
2513     }
2514 }
2515 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
2516
2517 void Demo::handle_xcb_event(const xcb_generic_event_t *event) {
2518     uint8_t event_code = event->response_type & 0x7f;
2519     switch (event_code) {
2520         case XCB_EXPOSE:
2521             // TODO: Resize window
2522             break;
2523         case XCB_CLIENT_MESSAGE:
2524             if ((*(xcb_client_message_event_t *)event).data.data32[0] == (*atom_wm_delete_window).atom) {
2525                 quit = true;
2526             }
2527             break;
2528         case XCB_KEY_RELEASE: {
2529             const xcb_key_release_event_t *key = (const xcb_key_release_event_t *)event;
2530
2531             switch (key->detail) {
2532                 case 0x9:  // Escape
2533                     quit = true;
2534                     break;
2535                 case 0x71:  // left arrow key
2536                     spin_angle -= spin_increment;
2537                     break;
2538                 case 0x72:  // right arrow key
2539                     spin_angle += spin_increment;
2540                     break;
2541                 case 0x41:  // space bar
2542                     pause = !pause;
2543                     break;
2544             }
2545         } break;
2546         case XCB_CONFIGURE_NOTIFY: {
2547             const xcb_configure_notify_event_t *cfg = (const xcb_configure_notify_event_t *)event;
2548             if ((width != cfg->width) || (height != cfg->height)) {
2549                 width = cfg->width;
2550                 height = cfg->height;
2551                 resize();
2552             }
2553         } break;
2554         default:
2555             break;
2556     }
2557 }
2558
2559 void Demo::run_xcb() {
2560     xcb_flush(connection);
2561
2562     while (!quit) {
2563         xcb_generic_event_t *event;
2564
2565         if (pause) {
2566             event = xcb_wait_for_event(connection);
2567         } else {
2568             event = xcb_poll_for_event(connection);
2569         }
2570         while (event) {
2571             handle_xcb_event(event);
2572             free(event);
2573             event = xcb_poll_for_event(connection);
2574         }
2575
2576         draw();
2577         curFrame++;
2578         if (frameCount != UINT32_MAX && curFrame == frameCount) {
2579             quit = true;
2580         }
2581     }
2582 }
2583
2584 void Demo::create_xcb_window() {
2585     uint32_t value_mask, value_list[32];
2586
2587     xcb_window = xcb_generate_id(connection);
2588
2589     value_mask = XCB_CW_BACK_PIXEL | XCB_CW_EVENT_MASK;
2590     value_list[0] = screen->black_pixel;
2591     value_list[1] = XCB_EVENT_MASK_KEY_RELEASE | XCB_EVENT_MASK_EXPOSURE | XCB_EVENT_MASK_STRUCTURE_NOTIFY;
2592
2593     xcb_create_window(connection, XCB_COPY_FROM_PARENT, xcb_window, screen->root, 0, 0, width, height, 0,
2594                       XCB_WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT, screen->root_visual, value_mask, value_list);
2595
2596     /* Magic code that will send notification when window is destroyed */
2597     xcb_intern_atom_cookie_t cookie = xcb_intern_atom(connection, 1, 12, "WM_PROTOCOLS");
2598     xcb_intern_atom_reply_t *reply = xcb_intern_atom_reply(connection, cookie, 0);
2599
2600     xcb_intern_atom_cookie_t cookie2 = xcb_intern_atom(connection, 0, 16, "WM_DELETE_WINDOW");
2601     atom_wm_delete_window = xcb_intern_atom_reply(connection, cookie2, 0);
2602
2603     xcb_change_property(connection, XCB_PROP_MODE_REPLACE, xcb_window, (*reply).atom, 4, 32, 1, &(*atom_wm_delete_window).atom);
2604
2605     free(reply);
2606
2607     xcb_map_window(connection, xcb_window);
2608
2609     // Force the x/y coordinates to 100,100 results are identical in
2610     // consecutive
2611     // runs
2612     const uint32_t coords[] = {100, 100};
2613     xcb_configure_window(connection, xcb_window, XCB_CONFIG_WINDOW_X | XCB_CONFIG_WINDOW_Y, coords);
2614 }
2615 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
2616
2617 void Demo::run() {
2618     while (!quit) {
2619         if (pause) {
2620             wl_display_dispatch(display);
2621         } else {
2622             wl_display_dispatch_pending(display);
2623             update_data_buffer();
2624             draw();
2625             curFrame++;
2626             if (frameCount != UINT32_MAX && curFrame == frameCount) {
2627                 quit = true;
2628             }
2629         }
2630     }
2631 }
2632
2633 void Demo::create_window() {
2634     window = wl_compositor_create_surface(compositor);
2635     if (!window) {
2636         printf("Can not create wayland_surface from compositor!\n");
2637         fflush(stdout);
2638         exit(1);
2639     }
2640
2641     shell_surface = wl_shell_get_shell_surface(shell, window);
2642     if (!shell_surface) {
2643         printf("Can not get shell_surface from wayland_surface!\n");
2644         fflush(stdout);
2645         exit(1);
2646     }
2647
2648     wl_shell_surface_add_listener(shell_surface, &shell_surface_listener, this);
2649     wl_shell_surface_set_toplevel(shell_surface);
2650     wl_shell_surface_set_title(shell_surface, APP_SHORT_NAME);
2651 }
2652 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MACOS_MVK)
2653 void Demo::run() {
2654     draw();
2655     curFrame++;
2656     if (frameCount != UINT32_MAX && curFrame == frameCount) {
2657         quit = true;
2658     }
2659 }
2660 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MIR_KHR)
2661 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
2662
2663 vk::Result Demo::create_display_surface() {
2664     vk::Result result;
2665     uint32_t display_count;
2666     uint32_t mode_count;
2667     uint32_t plane_count;
2668     vk::DisplayPropertiesKHR display_props;
2669     vk::DisplayKHR display;
2670     vk::DisplayModePropertiesKHR mode_props;
2671     vk::DisplayPlanePropertiesKHR *plane_props;
2672     vk::Bool32 found_plane = VK_FALSE;
2673     uint32_t plane_index;
2674     vk::Extent2D image_extent;
2675
2676     // Get the first display
2677     result = gpu.getDisplayPropertiesKHR(&display_count, nullptr);
2678     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2679
2680     if (display_count == 0) {
2681         printf("Cannot find any display!\n");
2682         fflush(stdout);
2683         exit(1);
2684     }
2685
2686     display_count = 1;
2687     result = gpu.getDisplayPropertiesKHR(&display_count, &display_props);
2688     VERIFY((result == vk::Result::eSuccess) || (result == vk::Result::eIncomplete));
2689
2690     display = display_props.display;
2691
2692     // Get the first mode of the display
2693     result = gpu.getDisplayModePropertiesKHR(display, &mode_count, nullptr);
2694     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2695
2696     if (mode_count == 0) {
2697         printf("Cannot find any mode for the display!\n");
2698         fflush(stdout);
2699         exit(1);
2700     }
2701
2702     mode_count = 1;
2703     result = gpu.getDisplayModePropertiesKHR(display, &mode_count, &mode_props);
2704     VERIFY((result == vk::Result::eSuccess) || (result == vk::Result::eIncomplete));
2705
2706     // Get the list of planes
2707     result = gpu.getDisplayPlanePropertiesKHR(&plane_count, nullptr);
2708     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2709
2710     if (plane_count == 0) {
2711         printf("Cannot find any plane!\n");
2712         fflush(stdout);
2713         exit(1);
2714     }
2715
2716     plane_props = (vk::DisplayPlanePropertiesKHR *)malloc(sizeof(vk::DisplayPlanePropertiesKHR) * plane_count);
2717     VERIFY(plane_props != nullptr);
2718
2719     result = gpu.getDisplayPlanePropertiesKHR(&plane_count, plane_props);
2720     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2721
2722     // Find a plane compatible with the display
2723     for (plane_index = 0; plane_index < plane_count; plane_index++) {
2724         uint32_t supported_count;
2725         vk::DisplayKHR *supported_displays;
2726
2727         // Disqualify planes that are bound to a different display
2728         if (plane_props[plane_index].currentDisplay && (plane_props[plane_index].currentDisplay != display)) {
2729             continue;
2730         }
2731
2732         result = gpu.getDisplayPlaneSupportedDisplaysKHR(plane_index, &supported_count, nullptr);
2733         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2734
2735         if (supported_count == 0) {
2736             continue;
2737         }
2738
2739         supported_displays = (vk::DisplayKHR *)malloc(sizeof(vk::DisplayKHR) * supported_count);
2740         VERIFY(supported_displays != nullptr);
2741
2742         result = gpu.getDisplayPlaneSupportedDisplaysKHR(plane_index, &supported_count, supported_displays);
2743         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2744
2745         for (uint32_t i = 0; i < supported_count; i++) {
2746             if (supported_displays[i] == display) {
2747                 found_plane = VK_TRUE;
2748                 break;
2749             }
2750         }
2751
2752         free(supported_displays);
2753
2754         if (found_plane) {
2755             break;
2756         }
2757     }
2758
2759     if (!found_plane) {
2760         printf("Cannot find a plane compatible with the display!\n");
2761         fflush(stdout);
2762         exit(1);
2763     }
2764
2765     free(plane_props);
2766
2767     vk::DisplayPlaneCapabilitiesKHR planeCaps;
2768     gpu.getDisplayPlaneCapabilitiesKHR(mode_props.displayMode, plane_index, &planeCaps);
2769     // Find a supported alpha mode
2770     vk::DisplayPlaneAlphaFlagBitsKHR alphaMode = vk::DisplayPlaneAlphaFlagBitsKHR::eOpaque;
2771     vk::DisplayPlaneAlphaFlagBitsKHR alphaModes[4] = {
2772         vk::DisplayPlaneAlphaFlagBitsKHR::eOpaque,
2773         vk::DisplayPlaneAlphaFlagBitsKHR::eGlobal,
2774         vk::DisplayPlaneAlphaFlagBitsKHR::ePerPixel,
2775         vk::DisplayPlaneAlphaFlagBitsKHR::ePerPixelPremultiplied,
2776     };
2777     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < sizeof(alphaModes); i++) {
2778         if (planeCaps.supportedAlpha & alphaModes[i]) {
2779             alphaMode = alphaModes[i];
2780             break;
2781         }
2782     }
2783
2784     image_extent.setWidth(mode_props.parameters.visibleRegion.width);
2785     image_extent.setHeight(mode_props.parameters.visibleRegion.height);
2786
2787     auto const createInfo = vk::DisplaySurfaceCreateInfoKHR()
2788                                 .setDisplayMode(mode_props.displayMode)
2789                                 .setPlaneIndex(plane_index)
2790                                 .setPlaneStackIndex(plane_props[plane_index].currentStackIndex)
2791                                 .setGlobalAlpha(1.0f)
2792                                 .setAlphaMode(alphaMode)
2793                                 .setImageExtent(image_extent);
2794
2795     return inst.createDisplayPlaneSurfaceKHR(&createInfo, nullptr, &surface);
2796 }
2797
2798 void Demo::run_display() {
2799     while (!quit) {
2800         draw();
2801         curFrame++;
2802
2803         if (frameCount != INT32_MAX && curFrame == frameCount) {
2804             quit = true;
2805         }
2806     }
2807 }
2808 #endif
2809
2810 #if _WIN32
2811 // Include header required for parsing the command line options.
2812 #include <shellapi.h>
2813
2814 Demo demo;
2815
2816 // MS-Windows event handling function:
2817 LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT uMsg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {
2818     switch (uMsg) {
2819         case WM_CLOSE:
2820             PostQuitMessage(validation_error);
2821             break;
2822         case WM_PAINT:
2823             demo.run();
2824             break;
2825         case WM_GETMINMAXINFO:  // set window's minimum size
2826             ((MINMAXINFO *)lParam)->ptMinTrackSize = demo.minsize;
2827             return 0;
2828         case WM_SIZE:
2829             // Resize the application to the new window size, except when
2830             // it was minimized. Vulkan doesn't support images or swapchains
2831             // with width=0 and height=0.
2832             if (wParam != SIZE_MINIMIZED) {
2833                 demo.width = lParam & 0xffff;
2834                 demo.height = (lParam & 0xffff0000) >> 16;
2835                 demo.resize();
2836             }
2837             break;
2838         default:
2839             break;
2840     }
2841
2842     return (DefWindowProc(hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam));
2843 }
2844
2845 int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR pCmdLine, int nCmdShow) {
2846     // TODO: Gah.. refactor. This isn't 1989.
2847     MSG msg;    // message
2848     bool done;  // flag saying when app is complete
2849     int argc;
2850     char **argv;
2851
2852     // Ensure wParam is initialized.
2853     msg.wParam = 0;
2854
2855     // Use the CommandLine functions to get the command line arguments.
2856     // Unfortunately, Microsoft outputs
2857     // this information as wide characters for Unicode, and we simply want the
2858     // Ascii version to be compatible
2859     // with the non-Windows side.  So, we have to convert the information to
2860     // Ascii character strings.
2861     LPWSTR *commandLineArgs = CommandLineToArgvW(GetCommandLineW(), &argc);
2862     if (nullptr == commandLineArgs) {
2863         argc = 0;
2864     }
2865
2866     if (argc > 0) {
2867         argv = (char **)malloc(sizeof(char *) * argc);
2868         if (argv == nullptr) {
2869             argc = 0;
2870         } else {
2871             for (int iii = 0; iii < argc; iii++) {
2872                 size_t wideCharLen = wcslen(commandLineArgs[iii]);
2873                 size_t numConverted = 0;
2874
2875                 argv[iii] = (char *)malloc(sizeof(char) * (wideCharLen + 1));
2876                 if (argv[iii] != nullptr) {
2877                     wcstombs_s(&numConverted, argv[iii], wideCharLen + 1, commandLineArgs[iii], wideCharLen + 1);
2878                 }
2879             }
2880         }
2881     } else {
2882         argv = nullptr;
2883     }
2884
2885     demo.init(argc, argv);
2886
2887     // Free up the items we had to allocate for the command line arguments.
2888     if (argc > 0 && argv != nullptr) {
2889         for (int iii = 0; iii < argc; iii++) {
2890             if (argv[iii] != nullptr) {
2891                 free(argv[iii]);
2892             }
2893         }
2894         free(argv);
2895     }
2896
2897     demo.connection = hInstance;
2898     strncpy(demo.name, "cube", APP_NAME_STR_LEN);
2899     demo.create_window();
2900     demo.init_vk_swapchain();
2901
2902     demo.prepare();
2903
2904     done = false;  // initialize loop condition variable
2905
2906     // main message loop
2907     while (!done) {
2908         PeekMessage(&msg, nullptr, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE);
2909         if (msg.message == WM_QUIT)  // check for a quit message
2910         {
2911             done = true;  // if found, quit app
2912         } else {
2913             /* Translate and dispatch to event queue*/
2914             TranslateMessage(&msg);
2915             DispatchMessage(&msg);
2916         }
2917         RedrawWindow(demo.window, nullptr, nullptr, RDW_INTERNALPAINT);
2918     }
2919
2920     demo.cleanup();
2921
2922     return (int)msg.wParam;
2923 }
2924
2925 #elif __linux__
2926
2927 int main(int argc, char **argv) {
2928     Demo demo;
2929
2930     demo.init(argc, argv);
2931
2932 #if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
2933     demo.create_xcb_window();
2934 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
2935     demo.use_xlib = true;
2936     demo.create_xlib_window();
2937 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
2938     demo.create_window();
2939 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MIR_KHR)
2940 #endif
2941
2942     demo.init_vk_swapchain();
2943
2944     demo.prepare();
2945
2946 #if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
2947     demo.run_xcb();
2948 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
2949     demo.run_xlib();
2950 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
2951     demo.run();
2952 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MIR_KHR)
2953 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
2954     demo.run_display();
2955 #endif
2956
2957     demo.cleanup();
2958
2959     return validation_error;
2960 }
2961
2962 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_IOS_MVK) || defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_MACOS_MVK)
2963
2964 // Global function invoked from NS or UI views and controllers to create demo
2965 static void demo_main(struct Demo &demo, void *view, int argc, const char *argv[]) {
2966
2967     demo.init(argc, (char **)argv);
2968     demo.window = view;
2969     demo.init_vk_swapchain();
2970     demo.prepare();
2971     demo.spin_angle = 0.4f;
2972 }
2973
2974 #else
2975 #error "Platform not supported"
2976 #endif