cube/cube.cpp

   1 /*
   2  * Copyright (c) 2015-2019 The Khronos Group Inc.
   3  * Copyright (c) 2015-2019 Valve Corporation
   4  * Copyright (c) 2015-2019 LunarG, Inc.
   5  *
   6  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
   7  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
   8  * You may obtain a copy of the License at
   9  *
  10  *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  11  *
  12  * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  13  * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  14  * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  15  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  16  * limitations under the License.
  17  *
  18  * Author: Jeremy Hayes <jeremy@lunarg.com>
  19  */
  20
  21 #if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR) || defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
  22 #include <X11/Xutil.h>
  23 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
  24 #include <linux/input.h>
  25 #include "xdg-shell-client-header.h"
  26 #include "xdg-decoration-client-header.h"
  27 #endif
  28
  29 #include <cassert>
  30 #include <cinttypes>
  31 #include <cstdio>
  32 #include <cstdlib>
  33 #include <cstring>
  34 #include <csignal>
  35 #include <iostream>
  36 #include <sstream>
  37 #include <memory>
  38
  39 #define VULKAN_HPP_NO_SMART_HANDLE
  40 #define VULKAN_HPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
  41 #define VULKAN_HPP_TYPESAFE_CONVERSION
  42 #include <vulkan/vulkan.hpp>
  43 #include <vulkan/vk_sdk_platform.h>
  44
  45 #include "linmath.h"
  46
  47 #ifndef NDEBUG
  48 #define VERIFY(x) assert(x)
  49 #else
  50 #define VERIFY(x) ((void)(x))
  51 #endif
  52
  53 #define APP_SHORT_NAME "vkcube"
  54 #ifdef _WIN32
  55 #define APP_NAME_STR_LEN 80
  56 #endif
  57
  58 // Allow a maximum of two outstanding presentation operations.
  59 #define FRAME_LAG 2
  60
  61 #define ARRAY_SIZE(a) (sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0]))
  62
  63 #ifdef _WIN32
  64 #define ERR_EXIT(err_msg, err_class)                                          \
  65     do {                                                                      \
  66         if (!suppress_popups) MessageBox(nullptr, err_msg, err_class, MB_OK); \
  67         exit(1);                                                              \
  68     } while (0)
  69 #else
  70 #define ERR_EXIT(err_msg, err_class) \
  71     do {                             \
  72         printf("%s\n", err_msg);     \
  73         fflush(stdout);              \
  74         exit(1);                     \
  75     } while (0)
  76 #endif
  77
  78 struct texture_object {
  79     vk::Sampler sampler;
  80
  81     vk::Image image;
  82     vk::Buffer buffer;
  83     vk::ImageLayout imageLayout{vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined};
  84
  85     vk::MemoryAllocateInfo mem_alloc;
  86     vk::DeviceMemory mem;
  87     vk::ImageView view;
  88
  89     int32_t tex_width{0};
  90     int32_t tex_height{0};
  91 };
  92
  93 static char const *const tex_files[] = {"lunarg.ppm"};
  94
  95 static int validation_error = 0;
  96
  97 struct vkcube_vs_uniform {
  98     // Must start with MVP
  99     float mvp[4][4];
 100     float position[12 * 3][4];
 101     float color[12 * 3][4];
 102 };
 103
 104 struct vktexcube_vs_uniform {
 105     // Must start with MVP
 106     float mvp[4][4];
 107     float position[12 * 3][4];
 108     float attr[12 * 3][4];
 109 };
 110
 111 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 112 // Mesh and VertexFormat Data
 113 //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 114 // clang-format off
 115 static const float g_vertex_buffer_data[] = {
 116     -1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,  // -X side
 117     -1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
 118     -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
 119     -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
 120     -1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,
 121     -1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,
 122
 123     -1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,  // -Z side
 124      1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,
 125      1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,
 126     -1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,
 127     -1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,
 128      1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,
 129
 130     -1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,  // -Y side
 131      1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,
 132      1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
 133     -1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,
 134      1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
 135     -1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
 136
 137     -1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,  // +Y side
 138     -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
 139      1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
 140     -1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,
 141      1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
 142      1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,
 143
 144      1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,  // +X side
 145      1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
 146      1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
 147      1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
 148      1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f,
 149      1.0f, 1.0f,-1.0f,
 150
 151     -1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,  // +Z side
 152     -1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
 153      1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
 154     -1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
 155      1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f,
 156      1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f,
 157 };
 158
 159 static const float g_uv_buffer_data[] = {
 160     0.0f, 1.0f,  // -X side
 161     1.0f, 1.0f,
 162     1.0f, 0.0f,
 163     1.0f, 0.0f,
 164     0.0f, 0.0f,
 165     0.0f, 1.0f,
 166
 167     1.0f, 1.0f,  // -Z side
 168     0.0f, 0.0f,
 169     0.0f, 1.0f,
 170     1.0f, 1.0f,
 171     1.0f, 0.0f,
 172     0.0f, 0.0f,
 173
 174     1.0f, 0.0f,  // -Y side
 175     1.0f, 1.0f,
 176     0.0f, 1.0f,
 177     1.0f, 0.0f,
 178     0.0f, 1.0f,
 179     0.0f, 0.0f,
 180
 181     1.0f, 0.0f,  // +Y side
 182     0.0f, 0.0f,
 183     0.0f, 1.0f,
 184     1.0f, 0.0f,
 185     0.0f, 1.0f,
 186     1.0f, 1.0f,
 187
 188     1.0f, 0.0f,  // +X side
 189     0.0f, 0.0f,
 190     0.0f, 1.0f,
 191     0.0f, 1.0f,
 192     1.0f, 1.0f,
 193     1.0f, 0.0f,
 194
 195     0.0f, 0.0f,  // +Z side
 196     0.0f, 1.0f,
 197     1.0f, 0.0f,
 198     0.0f, 1.0f,
 199     1.0f, 1.0f,
 200     1.0f, 0.0f,
 201 };
 202 // clang-format on
 203
 204 typedef struct {
 205     vk::Image image;
 206     vk::CommandBuffer cmd;
 207     vk::CommandBuffer graphics_to_present_cmd;
 208     vk::ImageView view;
 209     vk::Buffer uniform_buffer;
 210     vk::DeviceMemory uniform_memory;
 211     vk::Framebuffer framebuffer;
 212     vk::DescriptorSet descriptor_set;
 213 } SwapchainImageResources;
 214
 215 struct Demo {
 216     Demo();
 217     void build_image_ownership_cmd(uint32_t const &);
 218     vk::Bool32 check_layers(uint32_t, const char *const *, uint32_t, vk::LayerProperties *);
 219     void cleanup();
 220     void create_device();
 221     void destroy_texture(texture_object *);
 222     void draw();
 223     void draw_build_cmd(vk::CommandBuffer);
 224     void flush_init_cmd();
 225     void init(int, char **);
 226     void init_connection();
 227     void init_vk();
 228     void init_vk_swapchain();
 229     void prepare();
 230     void prepare_buffers();
 231     void prepare_cube_data_buffers();
 232     void prepare_depth();
 233     void prepare_descriptor_layout();
 234     void prepare_descriptor_pool();
 235     void prepare_descriptor_set();
 236     void prepare_framebuffers();
 237     vk::ShaderModule prepare_shader_module(const uint32_t *, size_t);
 238     vk::ShaderModule prepare_vs();
 239     vk::ShaderModule prepare_fs();
 240     void prepare_pipeline();
 241     void prepare_render_pass();
 242     void prepare_texture_image(const char *, texture_object *, vk::ImageTiling, vk::ImageUsageFlags, vk::MemoryPropertyFlags);
 243     void prepare_texture_buffer(const char *, texture_object *);
 244     void prepare_textures();
 245
 246     void resize();
 247     void create_surface();
 248     void set_image_layout(vk::Image, vk::ImageAspectFlags, vk::ImageLayout, vk::ImageLayout, vk::AccessFlags,
 249                           vk::PipelineStageFlags, vk::PipelineStageFlags);
 250     void update_data_buffer();
 251     bool loadTexture(const char *, uint8_t *, vk::SubresourceLayout *, int32_t *, int32_t *);
 252     bool memory_type_from_properties(uint32_t, vk::MemoryPropertyFlags, uint32_t *);
 253
 254 #if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
 255     void run();
 256     void create_window();
 257 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
 258     void create_xlib_window();
 259     void handle_xlib_event(const XEvent *);
 260     void run_xlib();
 261 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
 262     void handle_xcb_event(const xcb_generic_event_t *);
 263     void run_xcb();
 264     void create_xcb_window();
 265 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
 266     void run();
 267     void create_window();
 268 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT)
 269     void run();
 270 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
 271     vk::Result create_display_surface();
 272     void run_display();
 273 #endif
 274
 275 #if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
 276     HINSTANCE connection;         // hInstance - Windows Instance
 277     HWND window;                  // hWnd - window handle
 278     POINT minsize;                // minimum window size
 279     char name[APP_NAME_STR_LEN];  // Name to put on the window/icon
 280 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
 281     Window xlib_window;
 282     Atom xlib_wm_delete_window;
 283     Display *display;
 284 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
 285     xcb_window_t xcb_window;
 286     xcb_screen_t *screen;
 287     xcb_connection_t *connection;
 288     xcb_intern_atom_reply_t *atom_wm_delete_window;
 289 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
 290     wl_display *display;
 291     wl_registry *registry;
 292     wl_compositor *compositor;
 293     wl_surface *window;
 294     xdg_wm_base *wm_base;
 295     zxdg_decoration_manager_v1 *xdg_decoration_mgr;
 296     zxdg_toplevel_decoration_v1 *toplevel_decoration;
 297     xdg_surface *window_surface;
 298     bool xdg_surface_has_been_configured;
 299     xdg_toplevel *window_toplevel;
 300     wl_seat *seat;
 301     wl_pointer *pointer;
 302     wl_keyboard *keyboard;
 303 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT)
 304     void *caMetalLayer;
 305 #endif
 306
 307     vk::SurfaceKHR surface;
 308     bool prepared;
 309     bool use_staging_buffer;
 310     bool use_xlib;
 311     bool separate_present_queue;
 312
 313     vk::Instance inst;
 314     vk::PhysicalDevice gpu;
 315     vk::Device device;
 316     vk::Queue graphics_queue;
 317     vk::Queue present_queue;
 318     uint32_t graphics_queue_family_index;
 319     uint32_t present_queue_family_index;
 320     vk::Semaphore image_acquired_semaphores[FRAME_LAG];
 321     vk::Semaphore draw_complete_semaphores[FRAME_LAG];
 322     vk::Semaphore image_ownership_semaphores[FRAME_LAG];
 323     vk::PhysicalDeviceProperties gpu_props;
 324     std::unique_ptr<vk::QueueFamilyProperties[]> queue_props;
 325     vk::PhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memory_properties;
 326
 327     uint32_t enabled_extension_count;
 328     uint32_t enabled_layer_count;
 329     char const *extension_names[64];
 330     char const *enabled_layers[64];
 331
 332     uint32_t width;
 333     uint32_t height;
 334     vk::Format format;
 335     vk::ColorSpaceKHR color_space;
 336
 337     uint32_t swapchainImageCount;
 338     vk::SwapchainKHR swapchain;
 339     std::unique_ptr<SwapchainImageResources[]> swapchain_image_resources;
 340     vk::PresentModeKHR presentMode;
 341     vk::Fence fences[FRAME_LAG];
 342     uint32_t frame_index;
 343
 344     vk::CommandPool cmd_pool;
 345     vk::CommandPool present_cmd_pool;
 346
 347     struct {
 348         vk::Format format;
 349         vk::Image image;
 350         vk::MemoryAllocateInfo mem_alloc;
 351         vk::DeviceMemory mem;
 352         vk::ImageView view;
 353     } depth;
 354
 355     static int32_t const texture_count = 1;
 356     texture_object textures[texture_count];
 357     texture_object staging_texture;
 358
 359     struct {
 360         vk::Buffer buf;
 361         vk::MemoryAllocateInfo mem_alloc;
 362         vk::DeviceMemory mem;
 363         vk::DescriptorBufferInfo buffer_info;
 364     } uniform_data;
 365
 366     vk::CommandBuffer cmd;  // Buffer for initialization commands
 367     vk::PipelineLayout pipeline_layout;
 368     vk::DescriptorSetLayout desc_layout;
 369     vk::PipelineCache pipelineCache;
 370     vk::RenderPass render_pass;
 371     vk::Pipeline pipeline;
 372
 373     mat4x4 projection_matrix;
 374     mat4x4 view_matrix;
 375     mat4x4 model_matrix;
 376
 377     float spin_angle;
 378     float spin_increment;
 379     bool pause;
 380
 381     vk::ShaderModule vert_shader_module;
 382     vk::ShaderModule frag_shader_module;
 383
 384     vk::DescriptorPool desc_pool;
 385     vk::DescriptorSet desc_set;
 386
 387     std::unique_ptr<vk::Framebuffer[]> framebuffers;
 388
 389     bool quit;
 390     uint32_t curFrame;
 391     uint32_t frameCount;
 392     bool validate;
 393     bool use_break;
 394     bool suppress_popups;
 395
 396     uint32_t current_buffer;
 397     uint32_t queue_family_count;
 398 };
 399
 400 #ifdef _WIN32
 401 // MS-Windows event handling function:
 402 LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT uMsg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam);
 403 #endif
 404
 405 #if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
 406 static void handle_ping(void *data, wl_shell_surface *shell_surface, uint32_t serial) {
 407     wl_shell_surface_pong(shell_surface, serial);
 408 }
 409
 410 static void handle_configure(void *data, wl_shell_surface *shell_surface, uint32_t edges, int32_t width, int32_t height) {}
 411
 412 static void handle_popup_done(void *data, wl_shell_surface *shell_surface) {}
 413
 414 static const wl_shell_surface_listener shell_surface_listener = {handle_ping, handle_configure, handle_popup_done};
 415
 416 static void pointer_handle_enter(void *data, struct wl_pointer *pointer, uint32_t serial, struct wl_surface *surface, wl_fixed_t sx,
 417                                  wl_fixed_t sy) {}
 418
 419 static void pointer_handle_leave(void *data, struct wl_pointer *pointer, uint32_t serial, struct wl_surface *surface) {}
 420
 421 static void pointer_handle_motion(void *data, struct wl_pointer *pointer, uint32_t time, wl_fixed_t sx, wl_fixed_t sy) {}
 422
 423 static void pointer_handle_button(void *data, struct wl_pointer *wl_pointer, uint32_t serial, uint32_t time, uint32_t button,
 424                                   uint32_t state) {
 425     Demo *demo = (Demo *)data;
 426     if (button == BTN_LEFT && state == WL_POINTER_BUTTON_STATE_PRESSED) {
 427         xdg_toplevel_move(demo->window_toplevel, demo->seat, serial);
 428     }
 429 }
 430
 431 static void pointer_handle_axis(void *data, struct wl_pointer *wl_pointer, uint32_t time, uint32_t axis, wl_fixed_t value) {}
 432
 433 static const struct wl_pointer_listener pointer_listener = {
 434     pointer_handle_enter, pointer_handle_leave, pointer_handle_motion, pointer_handle_button, pointer_handle_axis,
 435 };
 436
 437 static void keyboard_handle_keymap(void *data, struct wl_keyboard *keyboard, uint32_t format, int fd, uint32_t size) {}
 438
 439 static void keyboard_handle_enter(void *data, struct wl_keyboard *keyboard, uint32_t serial, struct wl_surface *surface,
 440                                   struct wl_array *keys) {}
 441
 442 static void keyboard_handle_leave(void *data, struct wl_keyboard *keyboard, uint32_t serial, struct wl_surface *surface) {}
 443
 444 static void keyboard_handle_key(void *data, struct wl_keyboard *keyboard, uint32_t serial, uint32_t time, uint32_t key,
 445                                 uint32_t state) {
 446     if (state != WL_KEYBOARD_KEY_STATE_RELEASED) return;
 447     Demo *demo = (Demo *)data;
 448     switch (key) {
 449         case KEY_ESC:  // Escape
 450             demo->quit = true;
 451             break;
 452         case KEY_LEFT:  // left arrow key
 453             demo->spin_angle -= demo->spin_increment;
 454             break;
 455         case KEY_RIGHT:  // right arrow key
 456             demo->spin_angle += demo->spin_increment;
 457             break;
 458         case KEY_SPACE:  // space bar
 459             demo->pause = !demo->pause;
 460             break;
 461     }
 462 }
 463
 464 static void keyboard_handle_modifiers(void *data, wl_keyboard *keyboard, uint32_t serial, uint32_t mods_depressed,
 465                                       uint32_t mods_latched, uint32_t mods_locked, uint32_t group) {}
 466
 467 static const struct wl_keyboard_listener keyboard_listener = {
 468     keyboard_handle_keymap, keyboard_handle_enter, keyboard_handle_leave, keyboard_handle_key, keyboard_handle_modifiers,
 469 };
 470
 471 static void seat_handle_capabilities(void *data, wl_seat *seat, uint32_t caps) {
 472     // Subscribe to pointer events
 473     Demo *demo = (Demo *)data;
 474     if ((caps & WL_SEAT_CAPABILITY_POINTER) && !demo->pointer) {
 475         demo->pointer = wl_seat_get_pointer(seat);
 476         wl_pointer_add_listener(demo->pointer, &pointer_listener, demo);
 477     } else if (!(caps & WL_SEAT_CAPABILITY_POINTER) && demo->pointer) {
 478         wl_pointer_destroy(demo->pointer);
 479         demo->pointer = NULL;
 480     }
 481     // Subscribe to keyboard events
 482     if (caps & WL_SEAT_CAPABILITY_KEYBOARD) {
 483         demo->keyboard = wl_seat_get_keyboard(seat);
 484         wl_keyboard_add_listener(demo->keyboard, &keyboard_listener, demo);
 485     } else if (!(caps & WL_SEAT_CAPABILITY_KEYBOARD)) {
 486         wl_keyboard_destroy(demo->keyboard);
 487         demo->keyboard = NULL;
 488     }
 489 }
 490
 491 static const wl_seat_listener seat_listener = {
 492     seat_handle_capabilities,
 493 };
 494
 495 static void wm_base_ping(void *data, xdg_wm_base *xdg_wm_base, uint32_t serial) { xdg_wm_base_pong(xdg_wm_base, serial); }
 496
 497 static const struct xdg_wm_base_listener wm_base_listener = {wm_base_ping};
 498
 499 static void registry_handle_global(void *data, wl_registry *registry, uint32_t id, const char *interface, uint32_t version) {
 500     Demo *demo = (Demo *)data;
 501     // pickup wayland objects when they appear
 502     if (strcmp(interface, wl_compositor_interface.name) == 0) {
 503         demo->compositor = (wl_compositor *)wl_registry_bind(registry, id, &wl_compositor_interface, 1);
 504     } else if (strcmp(interface, xdg_wm_base_interface.name) == 0) {
 505         demo->wm_base = (xdg_wm_base *)wl_registry_bind(registry, id, &xdg_wm_base_interface, 1);
 506         xdg_wm_base_add_listener(demo->wm_base, &wm_base_listener, nullptr);
 507     } else if (strcmp(interface, wl_seat_interface.name) == 0) {
 508         demo->seat = (wl_seat *)wl_registry_bind(registry, id, &wl_seat_interface, 1);
 509         wl_seat_add_listener(demo->seat, &seat_listener, demo);
 510     } else if (strcmp(interface, zxdg_decoration_manager_v1_interface.name) == 0) {
 511         demo->xdg_decoration_mgr =
 512             (zxdg_decoration_manager_v1 *)wl_registry_bind(registry, id, &zxdg_decoration_manager_v1_interface, 1);
 513     }
 514 }
 515
 516 static void registry_handle_global_remove(void *data, wl_registry *registry, uint32_t name) {}
 517
 518 static const wl_registry_listener registry_listener = {registry_handle_global, registry_handle_global_remove};
 519 #endif
 520
 521 Demo::Demo()
 522     :
 523 #if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
 524       connection{nullptr},
 525       window{nullptr},
 526       minsize(POINT{0, 0}),  // Use explicit construction to avoid MSVC error C2797.
 527 #endif
 528
 529 #if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
 530       xlib_window{0},
 531       xlib_wm_delete_window{0},
 532       display{nullptr},
 533 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
 534       xcb_window{0},
 535       screen{nullptr},
 536       connection{nullptr},
 537 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
 538       display{nullptr},
 539       registry{nullptr},
 540       compositor{nullptr},
 541       window{nullptr},
 542       wm_base{nullptr},
 543       xdg_decoration_mgr{nullptr},
 544       toplevel_decoration{nullptr},
 545       window_surface{nullptr},
 546       xdg_surface_has_been_configured{false},
 547       window_toplevel{nullptr},
 548       seat{nullptr},
 549       pointer{nullptr},
 550       keyboard{nullptr},
 551 #endif
 552       prepared{false},
 553       use_staging_buffer{false},
 554       use_xlib{false},
 555       graphics_queue_family_index{0},
 556       present_queue_family_index{0},
 557       enabled_extension_count{0},
 558       enabled_layer_count{0},
 559       width{0},
 560       height{0},
 561       swapchainImageCount{0},
 562       presentMode{vk::PresentModeKHR::eFifo},
 563       frame_index{0},
 564       spin_angle{0.0f},
 565       spin_increment{0.0f},
 566       pause{false},
 567       quit{false},
 568       curFrame{0},
 569       frameCount{0},
 570       validate{false},
 571       use_break{false},
 572       suppress_popups{false},
 573       current_buffer{0},
 574       queue_family_count{0} {
 575 #if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
 576     memset(name, '\0', APP_NAME_STR_LEN);
 577 #endif
 578     memset(projection_matrix, 0, sizeof(projection_matrix));
 579     memset(view_matrix, 0, sizeof(view_matrix));
 580     memset(model_matrix, 0, sizeof(model_matrix));
 581 }
 582
 583 void Demo::build_image_ownership_cmd(uint32_t const &i) {
 584     auto const cmd_buf_info = vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo().setFlags(vk::CommandBufferUsageFlagBits::eSimultaneousUse);
 585     auto result = swapchain_image_resources[i].graphics_to_present_cmd.begin(&cmd_buf_info);
 586     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
 587
 588     auto const image_ownership_barrier =
 589         vk::ImageMemoryBarrier()
 590             .setSrcAccessMask(vk::AccessFlags())
 591             .setDstAccessMask(vk::AccessFlags())
 592             .setOldLayout(vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR)
 593             .setNewLayout(vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR)
 594             .setSrcQueueFamilyIndex(graphics_queue_family_index)
 595             .setDstQueueFamilyIndex(present_queue_family_index)
 596             .setImage(swapchain_image_resources[i].image)
 597             .setSubresourceRange(vk::ImageSubresourceRange(vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, 0, 1, 0, 1));
 598
 599     swapchain_image_resources[i].graphics_to_present_cmd.pipelineBarrier(
 600         vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eBottomOfPipe, vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eBottomOfPipe, vk::DependencyFlagBits(), 0, nullptr, 0,
 601         nullptr, 1, &image_ownership_barrier);
 602
 603     result = swapchain_image_resources[i].graphics_to_present_cmd.end();
 604     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
 605 }
 606
 607 vk::Bool32 Demo::check_layers(uint32_t check_count, char const *const *const check_names, uint32_t layer_count,
 608                               vk::LayerProperties *layers) {
 609     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < check_count; i++) {
 610         vk::Bool32 found = VK_FALSE;
 611         for (uint32_t j = 0; j < layer_count; j++) {
 612             if (!strcmp(check_names[i], layers[j].layerName)) {
 613                 found = VK_TRUE;
 614                 break;
 615             }
 616         }
 617         if (!found) {
 618             fprintf(stderr, "Cannot find layer: %s\n", check_names[i]);
 619             return 0;
 620         }
 621     }
 622     return VK_TRUE;
 623 }
 624
 625 void Demo::cleanup() {
 626     prepared = false;
 627     device.waitIdle();
 628
 629     // Wait for fences from present operations
 630     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < FRAME_LAG; i++) {
 631         device.waitForFences(1, &fences[i], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
 632         device.destroyFence(fences[i], nullptr);
 633         device.destroySemaphore(image_acquired_semaphores[i], nullptr);
 634         device.destroySemaphore(draw_complete_semaphores[i], nullptr);
 635         if (separate_present_queue) {
 636             device.destroySemaphore(image_ownership_semaphores[i], nullptr);
 637         }
 638     }
 639
 640     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; i++) {
 641         device.destroyFramebuffer(swapchain_image_resources[i].framebuffer, nullptr);
 642     }
 643     device.destroyDescriptorPool(desc_pool, nullptr);
 644
 645     device.destroyPipeline(pipeline, nullptr);
 646     device.destroyPipelineCache(pipelineCache, nullptr);
 647     device.destroyRenderPass(render_pass, nullptr);
 648     device.destroyPipelineLayout(pipeline_layout, nullptr);
 649     device.destroyDescriptorSetLayout(desc_layout, nullptr);
 650
 651     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < texture_count; i++) {
 652         device.destroyImageView(textures[i].view, nullptr);
 653         device.destroyImage(textures[i].image, nullptr);
 654         device.freeMemory(textures[i].mem, nullptr);
 655         device.destroySampler(textures[i].sampler, nullptr);
 656     }
 657     device.destroySwapchainKHR(swapchain, nullptr);
 658
 659     device.destroyImageView(depth.view, nullptr);
 660     device.destroyImage(depth.image, nullptr);
 661     device.freeMemory(depth.mem, nullptr);
 662
 663     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; i++) {
 664         device.destroyImageView(swapchain_image_resources[i].view, nullptr);
 665         device.freeCommandBuffers(cmd_pool, 1, &swapchain_image_resources[i].cmd);
 666         device.destroyBuffer(swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_buffer, nullptr);
 667         device.freeMemory(swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_memory, nullptr);
 668     }
 669
 670     device.destroyCommandPool(cmd_pool, nullptr);
 671
 672     if (separate_present_queue) {
 673         device.destroyCommandPool(present_cmd_pool, nullptr);
 674     }
 675     device.waitIdle();
 676     device.destroy(nullptr);
 677     inst.destroySurfaceKHR(surface, nullptr);
 678
 679 #if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
 680     XDestroyWindow(display, xlib_window);
 681     XCloseDisplay(display);
 682 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
 683     xcb_destroy_window(connection, xcb_window);
 684     xcb_disconnect(connection);
 685     free(atom_wm_delete_window);
 686 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
 687     wl_keyboard_destroy(keyboard);
 688     wl_pointer_destroy(pointer);
 689     wl_seat_destroy(seat);
 690     xdg_toplevel_destroy(window_toplevel);
 691     xdg_surface_destroy(window_surface);
 692     wl_surface_destroy(window);
 693     xdg_wm_base_destroy(wm_base);
 694     if (xdg_decoration_mgr) {
 695         zxdg_toplevel_decoration_v1_destroy(toplevel_decoration);
 696         zxdg_decoration_manager_v1_destroy(xdg_decoration_mgr);
 697     }
 698     wl_compositor_destroy(compositor);
 699     wl_registry_destroy(registry);
 700     wl_display_disconnect(display);
 701 #endif
 702
 703     inst.destroy(nullptr);
 704 }
 705
 706 void Demo::create_device() {
 707     float const priorities[1] = {0.0};
 708
 709     vk::DeviceQueueCreateInfo queues[2];
 710     queues[0].setQueueFamilyIndex(graphics_queue_family_index);
 711     queues[0].setQueueCount(1);
 712     queues[0].setPQueuePriorities(priorities);
 713
 714     auto deviceInfo = vk::DeviceCreateInfo()
 715                           .setQueueCreateInfoCount(1)
 716                           .setPQueueCreateInfos(queues)
 717                           .setEnabledLayerCount(0)
 718                           .setPpEnabledLayerNames(nullptr)
 719                           .setEnabledExtensionCount(enabled_extension_count)
 720                           .setPpEnabledExtensionNames((const char *const *)extension_names)
 721                           .setPEnabledFeatures(nullptr);
 722
 723     if (separate_present_queue) {
 724         queues[1].setQueueFamilyIndex(present_queue_family_index);
 725         queues[1].setQueueCount(1);
 726         queues[1].setPQueuePriorities(priorities);
 727         deviceInfo.setQueueCreateInfoCount(2);
 728     }
 729
 730     auto result = gpu.createDevice(&deviceInfo, nullptr, &device);
 731     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
 732 }
 733
 734 void Demo::destroy_texture(texture_object *tex_objs) {
 735     // clean up staging resources
 736     device.freeMemory(tex_objs->mem, nullptr);
 737     if (tex_objs->image) device.destroyImage(tex_objs->image, nullptr);
 738     if (tex_objs->buffer) device.destroyBuffer(tex_objs->buffer, nullptr);
 739 }
 740
 741 void Demo::draw() {
 742     // Ensure no more than FRAME_LAG renderings are outstanding
 743     device.waitForFences(1, &fences[frame_index], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
 744     device.resetFences(1, &fences[frame_index]);
 745
 746     vk::Result result;
 747     do {
 748         result =
 749             device.acquireNextImageKHR(swapchain, UINT64_MAX, image_acquired_semaphores[frame_index], vk::Fence(), &current_buffer);
 750         if (result == vk::Result::eErrorOutOfDateKHR) {
 751             // demo->swapchain is out of date (e.g. the window was resized) and
 752             // must be recreated:
 753             resize();
 754         } else if (result == vk::Result::eSuboptimalKHR) {
 755             // swapchain is not as optimal as it could be, but the platform's
 756             // presentation engine will still present the image correctly.
 757             break;
 758         } else if (result == vk::Result::eErrorSurfaceLostKHR) {
 759             inst.destroySurfaceKHR(surface, nullptr);
 760             create_surface();
 761             resize();
 762         } else {
 763             VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
 764         }
 765     } while (result != vk::Result::eSuccess);
 766
 767     update_data_buffer();
 768
 769     // Wait for the image acquired semaphore to be signaled to ensure
 770     // that the image won't be rendered to until the presentation
 771     // engine has fully released ownership to the application, and it is
 772     // okay to render to the image.
 773     vk::PipelineStageFlags const pipe_stage_flags = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eColorAttachmentOutput;
 774     auto const submit_info = vk::SubmitInfo()
 775                                  .setPWaitDstStageMask(&pipe_stage_flags)
 776                                  .setWaitSemaphoreCount(1)
 777                                  .setPWaitSemaphores(&image_acquired_semaphores[frame_index])
 778                                  .setCommandBufferCount(1)
 779                                  .setPCommandBuffers(&swapchain_image_resources[current_buffer].cmd)
 780                                  .setSignalSemaphoreCount(1)
 781                                  .setPSignalSemaphores(&draw_complete_semaphores[frame_index]);
 782
 783     result = graphics_queue.submit(1, &submit_info, fences[frame_index]);
 784     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
 785
 786     if (separate_present_queue) {
 787         // If we are using separate queues, change image ownership to the
 788         // present queue before presenting, waiting for the draw complete
 789         // semaphore and signalling the ownership released semaphore when
 790         // finished
 791         auto const present_submit_info = vk::SubmitInfo()
 792                                              .setPWaitDstStageMask(&pipe_stage_flags)
 793                                              .setWaitSemaphoreCount(1)
 794                                              .setPWaitSemaphores(&draw_complete_semaphores[frame_index])
 795                                              .setCommandBufferCount(1)
 796                                              .setPCommandBuffers(&swapchain_image_resources[current_buffer].graphics_to_present_cmd)
 797                                              .setSignalSemaphoreCount(1)
 798                                              .setPSignalSemaphores(&image_ownership_semaphores[frame_index]);
 799
 800         result = present_queue.submit(1, &present_submit_info, vk::Fence());
 801         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
 802     }
 803
 804     // If we are using separate queues we have to wait for image ownership,
 805     // otherwise wait for draw complete
 806     auto const presentInfo = vk::PresentInfoKHR()
 807                                  .setWaitSemaphoreCount(1)
 808                                  .setPWaitSemaphores(separate_present_queue ? &image_ownership_semaphores[frame_index]
 809                                                                             : &draw_complete_semaphores[frame_index])
 810                                  .setSwapchainCount(1)
 811                                  .setPSwapchains(&swapchain)
 812                                  .setPImageIndices(&current_buffer);
 813
 814     result = present_queue.presentKHR(&presentInfo);
 815     frame_index += 1;
 816     frame_index %= FRAME_LAG;
 817     if (result == vk::Result::eErrorOutOfDateKHR) {
 818         // swapchain is out of date (e.g. the window was resized) and
 819         // must be recreated:
 820         resize();
 821     } else if (result == vk::Result::eSuboptimalKHR) {
 822         // swapchain is not as optimal as it could be, but the platform's
 823         // presentation engine will still present the image correctly.
 824     } else if (result == vk::Result::eErrorSurfaceLostKHR) {
 825         inst.destroySurfaceKHR(surface, nullptr);
 826         create_surface();
 827         resize();
 828     } else {
 829         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
 830     }
 831 }
 832
 833 void Demo::draw_build_cmd(vk::CommandBuffer commandBuffer) {
 834     auto const commandInfo = vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo().setFlags(vk::CommandBufferUsageFlagBits::eSimultaneousUse);
 835
 836     vk::ClearValue const clearValues[2] = {vk::ClearColorValue(std::array<float, 4>({{0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f}})),
 837                                            vk::ClearDepthStencilValue(1.0f, 0u)};
 838
 839     auto const passInfo = vk::RenderPassBeginInfo()
 840                               .setRenderPass(render_pass)
 841                               .setFramebuffer(swapchain_image_resources[current_buffer].framebuffer)
 842                               .setRenderArea(vk::Rect2D(vk::Offset2D(0, 0), vk::Extent2D((uint32_t)width, (uint32_t)height)))
 843                               .setClearValueCount(2)
 844                               .setPClearValues(clearValues);
 845
 846     auto result = commandBuffer.begin(&commandInfo);
 847     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
 848
 849     commandBuffer.beginRenderPass(&passInfo, vk::SubpassContents::eInline);
 850     commandBuffer.bindPipeline(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics, pipeline);
 851     commandBuffer.bindDescriptorSets(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics, pipeline_layout, 0, 1,
 852                                      &swapchain_image_resources[current_buffer].descriptor_set, 0, nullptr);
 853     float viewport_dimension;
 854     float viewport_x = 0.0f;
 855     float viewport_y = 0.0f;
 856     if (width < height) {
 857         viewport_dimension = (float)width;
 858         viewport_y = (height - width) / 2.0f;
 859     } else {
 860         viewport_dimension = (float)height;
 861         viewport_x = (width - height) / 2.0f;
 862     }
 863     auto const viewport = vk::Viewport()
 864                               .setX(viewport_x)
 865                               .setY(viewport_y)
 866                               .setWidth((float)viewport_dimension)
 867                               .setHeight((float)viewport_dimension)
 868                               .setMinDepth((float)0.0f)
 869                               .setMaxDepth((float)1.0f);
 870     commandBuffer.setViewport(0, 1, &viewport);
 871
 872     vk::Rect2D const scissor(vk::Offset2D(0, 0), vk::Extent2D(width, height));
 873     commandBuffer.setScissor(0, 1, &scissor);
 874     commandBuffer.draw(12 * 3, 1, 0, 0);
 875     // Note that ending the renderpass changes the image's layout from
 876     // COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL to PRESENT_SRC_KHR
 877     commandBuffer.endRenderPass();
 878
 879     if (separate_present_queue) {
 880         // We have to transfer ownership from the graphics queue family to
 881         // the
 882         // present queue family to be able to present.  Note that we don't
 883         // have
 884         // to transfer from present queue family back to graphics queue
 885         // family at
 886         // the start of the next frame because we don't care about the
 887         // image's
 888         // contents at that point.
 889         auto const image_ownership_barrier =
 890             vk::ImageMemoryBarrier()
 891                 .setSrcAccessMask(vk::AccessFlags())
 892                 .setDstAccessMask(vk::AccessFlags())
 893                 .setOldLayout(vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR)
 894                 .setNewLayout(vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR)
 895                 .setSrcQueueFamilyIndex(graphics_queue_family_index)
 896                 .setDstQueueFamilyIndex(present_queue_family_index)
 897                 .setImage(swapchain_image_resources[current_buffer].image)
 898                 .setSubresourceRange(vk::ImageSubresourceRange(vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, 0, 1, 0, 1));
 899
 900         commandBuffer.pipelineBarrier(vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eBottomOfPipe, vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eBottomOfPipe,
 901                                       vk::DependencyFlagBits(), 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &image_ownership_barrier);
 902     }
 903
 904     result = commandBuffer.end();
 905     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
 906 }
 907
 908 void Demo::flush_init_cmd() {
 909     // TODO: hmm.
 910     // This function could get called twice if the texture uses a staging
 911     // buffer
 912     // In that case the second call should be ignored
 913     if (!cmd) {
 914         return;
 915     }
 916
 917     auto result = cmd.end();
 918     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
 919
 920     auto const fenceInfo = vk::FenceCreateInfo();
 921     vk::Fence fence;
 922     result = device.createFence(&fenceInfo, nullptr, &fence);
 923     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
 924
 925     vk::CommandBuffer const commandBuffers[] = {cmd};
 926     auto const submitInfo = vk::SubmitInfo().setCommandBufferCount(1).setPCommandBuffers(commandBuffers);
 927
 928     result = graphics_queue.submit(1, &submitInfo, fence);
 929     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
 930
 931     result = device.waitForFences(1, &fence, VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
 932     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
 933
 934     device.freeCommandBuffers(cmd_pool, 1, commandBuffers);
 935     device.destroyFence(fence, nullptr);
 936
 937     cmd = vk::CommandBuffer();
 938 }
 939
 940 void Demo::init(int argc, char **argv) {
 941     vec3 eye = {0.0f, 3.0f, 5.0f};
 942     vec3 origin = {0, 0, 0};
 943     vec3 up = {0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0};
 944
 945     presentMode = vk::PresentModeKHR::eFifo;
 946     frameCount = UINT32_MAX;
 947     use_xlib = false;
 948
 949     for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
 950         if (strcmp(argv[i], "--use_staging") == 0) {
 951             use_staging_buffer = true;
 952             continue;
 953         }
 954         if ((strcmp(argv[i], "--present_mode") == 0) && (i < argc - 1)) {
 955             presentMode = (vk::PresentModeKHR)atoi(argv[i + 1]);
 956             i++;
 957             continue;
 958         }
 959         if (strcmp(argv[i], "--break") == 0) {
 960             use_break = true;
 961             continue;
 962         }
 963         if (strcmp(argv[i], "--validate") == 0) {
 964             validate = true;
 965             continue;
 966         }
 967         if (strcmp(argv[i], "--xlib") == 0) {
 968             fprintf(stderr, "--xlib is deprecated and no longer does anything");
 969             continue;
 970         }
 971         if (strcmp(argv[i], "--c") == 0 && frameCount == UINT32_MAX && i < argc - 1 &&
 972             sscanf(argv[i + 1], "%" SCNu32, &frameCount) == 1) {
 973             i++;
 974             continue;
 975         }
 976         if (strcmp(argv[i], "--suppress_popups") == 0) {
 977             suppress_popups = true;
 978             continue;
 979         }
 980
 981         std::stringstream usage;
 982         usage << "Usage:\n  " << APP_SHORT_NAME << "\t[--use_staging] [--validate]\n"
 983               << "\t[--break] [--c <framecount>] [--suppress_popups]\n"
 984               << "\t[--present_mode <present mode enum>]\n"
 985               << "\t<present_mode_enum>\n"
 986               << "\t\tVK_PRESENT_MODE_IMMEDIATE_KHR = " << VK_PRESENT_MODE_IMMEDIATE_KHR << "\n"
 987               << "\t\tVK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR = " << VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR << "\n"
 988               << "\t\tVK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR = " << VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR << "\n"
 989               << "\t\tVK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_RELAXED_KHR = " << VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_RELAXED_KHR;
 990
 991 #if defined(_WIN32)
 992         if (!suppress_popups) MessageBox(NULL, usage.str().c_str(), "Usage Error", MB_OK);
 993 #else
 994         std::cerr << usage.str();
 995         std::cerr.flush();
 996 #endif
 997         exit(1);
 998     }
 999
1000     if (!use_xlib) {
1001         init_connection();
1002     }
1003
1004     init_vk();
1005
1006     width = 500;
1007     height = 500;
1008
1009     spin_angle = 4.0f;
1010     spin_increment = 0.2f;
1011     pause = false;
1012
1013     mat4x4_perspective(projection_matrix, (float)degreesToRadians(45.0f), 1.0f, 0.1f, 100.0f);
1014     mat4x4_look_at(view_matrix, eye, origin, up);
1015     mat4x4_identity(model_matrix);
1016
1017     projection_matrix[1][1] *= -1;  // Flip projection matrix from GL to Vulkan orientation.
1018 }
1019
1020 void Demo::init_connection() {
1021 #if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
1022     const xcb_setup_t *setup;
1023     xcb_screen_iterator_t iter;
1024     int scr;
1025
1026     const char *display_envar = getenv("DISPLAY");
1027     if (display_envar == nullptr || display_envar[0] == '\0') {
1028         printf("Environment variable DISPLAY requires a valid value.\nExiting ...\n");
1029         fflush(stdout);
1030         exit(1);
1031     }
1032
1033     connection = xcb_connect(nullptr, &scr);
1034     if (xcb_connection_has_error(connection) > 0) {
1035         printf(
1036             "Cannot find a compatible Vulkan installable client driver "
1037             "(ICD).\nExiting ...\n");
1038         fflush(stdout);
1039         exit(1);
1040     }
1041
1042     setup = xcb_get_setup(connection);
1043     iter = xcb_setup_roots_iterator(setup);
1044     while (scr-- > 0) xcb_screen_next(&iter);
1045
1046     screen = iter.data;
1047 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
1048     display = wl_display_connect(nullptr);
1049
1050     if (display == nullptr) {
1051         printf("Cannot find a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD).\nExiting ...\n");
1052         fflush(stdout);
1053         exit(1);
1054     }
1055
1056     registry = wl_display_get_registry(display);
1057     wl_registry_add_listener(registry, &registry_listener, this);
1058     wl_display_dispatch(display);
1059 #endif
1060 }
1061
1062 void Demo::init_vk() {
1063     uint32_t instance_extension_count = 0;
1064     uint32_t instance_layer_count = 0;
1065     char const *const instance_validation_layers[] = {"VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation"};
1066     enabled_extension_count = 0;
1067     enabled_layer_count = 0;
1068
1069     // Look for validation layers
1070     vk::Bool32 validation_found = VK_FALSE;
1071     if (validate) {
1072         auto result = vk::enumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&instance_layer_count, static_cast<vk::LayerProperties *>(nullptr));
1073         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1074
1075         if (instance_layer_count > 0) {
1076             std::unique_ptr<vk::LayerProperties[]> instance_layers(new vk::LayerProperties[instance_layer_count]);
1077             result = vk::enumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&instance_layer_count, instance_layers.get());
1078             VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1079
1080             validation_found = check_layers(ARRAY_SIZE(instance_validation_layers), instance_validation_layers,
1081                                             instance_layer_count, instance_layers.get());
1082             if (validation_found) {
1083                 enabled_layer_count = ARRAY_SIZE(instance_validation_layers);
1084                 enabled_layers[0] = "VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation";
1085             }
1086         }
1087
1088         if (!validation_found) {
1089             ERR_EXIT(
1090                 "vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties failed to find required validation layer.\n\n"
1091                 "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
1092                 "vkCreateInstance Failure");
1093         }
1094     }
1095
1096     /* Look for instance extensions */
1097     vk::Bool32 surfaceExtFound = VK_FALSE;
1098     vk::Bool32 platformSurfaceExtFound = VK_FALSE;
1099     memset(extension_names, 0, sizeof(extension_names));
1100
1101     auto result = vk::enumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &instance_extension_count,
1102                                                            static_cast<vk::ExtensionProperties *>(nullptr));
1103     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1104
1105     if (instance_extension_count > 0) {
1106         std::unique_ptr<vk::ExtensionProperties[]> instance_extensions(new vk::ExtensionProperties[instance_extension_count]);
1107         result = vk::enumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &instance_extension_count, instance_extensions.get());
1108         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1109
1110         for (uint32_t i = 0; i < instance_extension_count; i++) {
1111             if (!strcmp(VK_KHR_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME, instance_extensions[i].extensionName)) {
1112                 surfaceExtFound = 1;
1113                 extension_names[enabled_extension_count++] = VK_KHR_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME;
1114             }
1115 #if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
1116             if (!strcmp(VK_KHR_WIN32_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME, instance_extensions[i].extensionName)) {
1117                 platformSurfaceExtFound = 1;
1118                 extension_names[enabled_extension_count++] = VK_KHR_WIN32_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME;
1119             }
1120 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
1121             if (!strcmp(VK_KHR_XLIB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME, instance_extensions[i].extensionName)) {
1122                 platformSurfaceExtFound = 1;
1123                 extension_names[enabled_extension_count++] = VK_KHR_XLIB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME;
1124             }
1125 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
1126             if (!strcmp(VK_KHR_XCB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME, instance_extensions[i].extensionName)) {
1127                 platformSurfaceExtFound = 1;
1128                 extension_names[enabled_extension_count++] = VK_KHR_XCB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME;
1129             }
1130 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
1131             if (!strcmp(VK_KHR_WAYLAND_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME, instance_extensions[i].extensionName)) {
1132                 platformSurfaceExtFound = 1;
1133                 extension_names[enabled_extension_count++] = VK_KHR_WAYLAND_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME;
1134             }
1135 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
1136             if (!strcmp(VK_KHR_DISPLAY_EXTENSION_NAME, instance_extensions[i].extensionName)) {
1137                 platformSurfaceExtFound = 1;
1138                 extension_names[enabled_extension_count++] = VK_KHR_DISPLAY_EXTENSION_NAME;
1139             }
1140 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT)
1141             if (!strcmp(VK_EXT_METAL_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME, instance_extensions[i].extensionName)) {
1142                 platformSurfaceExtFound = 1;
1143                 extension_names[enabled_extension_count++] = VK_EXT_METAL_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME;
1144             }
1145
1146 #endif
1147             assert(enabled_extension_count < 64);
1148         }
1149     }
1150
1151     if (!surfaceExtFound) {
1152         ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_KHR_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME
1153                  " extension.\n\n"
1154                  "Do you have a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\n"
1155                  "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
1156                  "vkCreateInstance Failure");
1157     }
1158
1159     if (!platformSurfaceExtFound) {
1160 #if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
1161         ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_KHR_WIN32_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME
1162                  " extension.\n\n"
1163                  "Do you have a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\n"
1164                  "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
1165                  "vkCreateInstance Failure");
1166 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
1167         ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_KHR_XCB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME
1168                  " extension.\n\n"
1169                  "Do you have a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\n"
1170                  "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
1171                  "vkCreateInstance Failure");
1172 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
1173         ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_KHR_WAYLAND_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME
1174                  " extension.\n\n"
1175                  "Do you have a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\n"
1176                  "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
1177                  "vkCreateInstance Failure");
1178 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
1179         ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_KHR_XLIB_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME
1180                  " extension.\n\n"
1181                  "Do you have a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\n"
1182                  "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
1183                  "vkCreateInstance Failure");
1184 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
1185         ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_KHR_DISPLAY_EXTENSION_NAME
1186                  " extension.\n\n"
1187                  "Do you have a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\n"
1188                  "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
1189                  "vkCreateInstance Failure");
1190 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT)
1191         ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_EXT_METAL_SURFACE_EXTENSION_NAME
1192                  " extension.\n\nDo you have a compatible "
1193                  "Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\nPlease "
1194                  "look at the Getting Started guide for additional "
1195                  "information.\n",
1196                  "vkCreateInstance Failure");
1197 #endif
1198     }
1199     auto const app = vk::ApplicationInfo()
1200                          .setPApplicationName(APP_SHORT_NAME)
1201                          .setApplicationVersion(0)
1202                          .setPEngineName(APP_SHORT_NAME)
1203                          .setEngineVersion(0)
1204                          .setApiVersion(VK_API_VERSION_1_0);
1205     auto const inst_info = vk::InstanceCreateInfo()
1206                                .setPApplicationInfo(&app)
1207                                .setEnabledLayerCount(enabled_layer_count)
1208                                .setPpEnabledLayerNames(instance_validation_layers)
1209                                .setEnabledExtensionCount(enabled_extension_count)
1210                                .setPpEnabledExtensionNames(extension_names);
1211
1212     result = vk::createInstance(&inst_info, nullptr, &inst);
1213     if (result == vk::Result::eErrorIncompatibleDriver) {
1214         ERR_EXIT(
1215             "Cannot find a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD).\n\n"
1216             "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
1217             "vkCreateInstance Failure");
1218     } else if (result == vk::Result::eErrorExtensionNotPresent) {
1219         ERR_EXIT(
1220             "Cannot find a specified extension library.\n"
1221             "Make sure your layers path is set appropriately.\n",
1222             "vkCreateInstance Failure");
1223     } else if (result != vk::Result::eSuccess) {
1224         ERR_EXIT(
1225             "vkCreateInstance failed.\n\n"
1226             "Do you have a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\n"
1227             "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
1228             "vkCreateInstance Failure");
1229     }
1230
1231     /* Make initial call to query gpu_count, then second call for gpu info*/
1232     uint32_t gpu_count;
1233     result = inst.enumeratePhysicalDevices(&gpu_count, static_cast<vk::PhysicalDevice *>(nullptr));
1234     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1235
1236     if (gpu_count > 0) {
1237         std::unique_ptr<vk::PhysicalDevice[]> physical_devices(new vk::PhysicalDevice[gpu_count]);
1238         result = inst.enumeratePhysicalDevices(&gpu_count, physical_devices.get());
1239         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1240         /* For cube demo we just grab the first physical device */
1241         gpu = physical_devices[0];
1242     } else {
1243         ERR_EXIT(
1244             "vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices reported zero accessible devices.\n\n"
1245             "Do you have a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\n"
1246             "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
1247             "vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices Failure");
1248     }
1249
1250     /* Look for device extensions */
1251     uint32_t device_extension_count = 0;
1252     vk::Bool32 swapchainExtFound = VK_FALSE;
1253     enabled_extension_count = 0;
1254     memset(extension_names, 0, sizeof(extension_names));
1255
1256     result =
1257         gpu.enumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &device_extension_count, static_cast<vk::ExtensionProperties *>(nullptr));
1258     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1259
1260     if (device_extension_count > 0) {
1261         std::unique_ptr<vk::ExtensionProperties[]> device_extensions(new vk::ExtensionProperties[device_extension_count]);
1262         result = gpu.enumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &device_extension_count, device_extensions.get());
1263         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1264
1265         for (uint32_t i = 0; i < device_extension_count; i++) {
1266             if (!strcmp(VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME, device_extensions[i].extensionName)) {
1267                 swapchainExtFound = 1;
1268                 extension_names[enabled_extension_count++] = VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME;
1269             }
1270             assert(enabled_extension_count < 64);
1271         }
1272     }
1273
1274     if (!swapchainExtFound) {
1275         ERR_EXIT("vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties failed to find the " VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME
1276                  " extension.\n\n"
1277                  "Do you have a compatible Vulkan installable client driver (ICD) installed?\n"
1278                  "Please look at the Getting Started guide for additional information.\n",
1279                  "vkCreateInstance Failure");
1280     }
1281
1282     gpu.getProperties(&gpu_props);
1283
1284     /* Call with nullptr data to get count */
1285     gpu.getQueueFamilyProperties(&queue_family_count, static_cast<vk::QueueFamilyProperties *>(nullptr));
1286     assert(queue_family_count >= 1);
1287
1288     queue_props.reset(new vk::QueueFamilyProperties[queue_family_count]);
1289     gpu.getQueueFamilyProperties(&queue_family_count, queue_props.get());
1290
1291     // Query fine-grained feature support for this device.
1292     //  If app has specific feature requirements it should check supported
1293     //  features based on this query
1294     vk::PhysicalDeviceFeatures physDevFeatures;
1295     gpu.getFeatures(&physDevFeatures);
1296 }
1297
1298 void Demo::create_surface() {
1299 // Create a WSI surface for the window:
1300 #if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
1301     {
1302         auto const createInfo = vk::Win32SurfaceCreateInfoKHR().setHinstance(connection).setHwnd(window);
1303
1304         auto result = inst.createWin32SurfaceKHR(&createInfo, nullptr, &surface);
1305         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1306     }
1307 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
1308     {
1309         auto const createInfo = vk::WaylandSurfaceCreateInfoKHR().setDisplay(display).setSurface(window);
1310
1311         auto result = inst.createWaylandSurfaceKHR(&createInfo, nullptr, &surface);
1312         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1313     }
1314 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
1315     {
1316         auto const createInfo = vk::XlibSurfaceCreateInfoKHR().setDpy(display).setWindow(xlib_window);
1317
1318         auto result = inst.createXlibSurfaceKHR(&createInfo, nullptr, &surface);
1319         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1320     }
1321 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
1322     {
1323         auto const createInfo = vk::XcbSurfaceCreateInfoKHR().setConnection(connection).setWindow(xcb_window);
1324
1325         auto result = inst.createXcbSurfaceKHR(&createInfo, nullptr, &surface);
1326         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1327     }
1328 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT)
1329     {
1330         auto const createInfo = vk::MetalSurfaceCreateInfoEXT().setPLayer(static_cast<CAMetalLayer *>(caMetalLayer));
1331
1332         auto result = inst.createMetalSurfaceEXT(&createInfo, nullptr, &surface);
1333         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1334     }
1335 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
1336     {
1337         auto result = create_display_surface();
1338         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1339     }
1340 #endif
1341 }
1342
1343 void Demo::init_vk_swapchain() {
1344     create_surface();
1345     // Iterate over each queue to learn whether it supports presenting:
1346     std::unique_ptr<vk::Bool32[]> supportsPresent(new vk::Bool32[queue_family_count]);
1347     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < queue_family_count; i++) {
1348         gpu.getSurfaceSupportKHR(i, surface, &supportsPresent[i]);
1349     }
1350
1351     uint32_t graphicsQueueFamilyIndex = UINT32_MAX;
1352     uint32_t presentQueueFamilyIndex = UINT32_MAX;
1353     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < queue_family_count; i++) {
1354         if (queue_props[i].queueFlags & vk::QueueFlagBits::eGraphics) {
1355             if (graphicsQueueFamilyIndex == UINT32_MAX) {
1356                 graphicsQueueFamilyIndex = i;
1357             }
1358
1359             if (supportsPresent[i] == VK_TRUE) {
1360                 graphicsQueueFamilyIndex = i;
1361                 presentQueueFamilyIndex = i;
1362                 break;
1363             }
1364         }
1365     }
1366
1367     if (presentQueueFamilyIndex == UINT32_MAX) {
1368         // If didn't find a queue that supports both graphics and present,
1369         // then
1370         // find a separate present queue.
1371         for (uint32_t i = 0; i < queue_family_count; ++i) {
1372             if (supportsPresent[i] == VK_TRUE) {
1373                 presentQueueFamilyIndex = i;
1374                 break;
1375             }
1376         }
1377     }
1378
1379     // Generate error if could not find both a graphics and a present queue
1380     if (graphicsQueueFamilyIndex == UINT32_MAX || presentQueueFamilyIndex == UINT32_MAX) {
1381         ERR_EXIT("Could not find both graphics and present queues\n", "Swapchain Initialization Failure");
1382     }
1383
1384     graphics_queue_family_index = graphicsQueueFamilyIndex;
1385     present_queue_family_index = presentQueueFamilyIndex;
1386     separate_present_queue = (graphics_queue_family_index != present_queue_family_index);
1387
1388     create_device();
1389
1390     device.getQueue(graphics_queue_family_index, 0, &graphics_queue);
1391     if (!separate_present_queue) {
1392         present_queue = graphics_queue;
1393     } else {
1394         device.getQueue(present_queue_family_index, 0, &present_queue);
1395     }
1396
1397     // Get the list of VkFormat's that are supported:
1398     uint32_t formatCount;
1399     auto result = gpu.getSurfaceFormatsKHR(surface, &formatCount, static_cast<vk::SurfaceFormatKHR *>(nullptr));
1400     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1401
1402     std::unique_ptr<vk::SurfaceFormatKHR[]> surfFormats(new vk::SurfaceFormatKHR[formatCount]);
1403     result = gpu.getSurfaceFormatsKHR(surface, &formatCount, surfFormats.get());
1404     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1405
1406     // If the format list includes just one entry of VK_FORMAT_UNDEFINED,
1407     // the surface has no preferred format.  Otherwise, at least one
1408     // supported format will be returned.
1409     if (formatCount == 1 && surfFormats[0].format == vk::Format::eUndefined) {
1410         format = vk::Format::eB8G8R8A8Unorm;
1411     } else {
1412         assert(formatCount >= 1);
1413         format = surfFormats[0].format;
1414     }
1415     color_space = surfFormats[0].colorSpace;
1416
1417     quit = false;
1418     curFrame = 0;
1419
1420     // Create semaphores to synchronize acquiring presentable buffers before
1421     // rendering and waiting for drawing to be complete before presenting
1422     auto const semaphoreCreateInfo = vk::SemaphoreCreateInfo();
1423
1424     // Create fences that we can use to throttle if we get too far
1425     // ahead of the image presents
1426     auto const fence_ci = vk::FenceCreateInfo().setFlags(vk::FenceCreateFlagBits::eSignaled);
1427     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < FRAME_LAG; i++) {
1428         result = device.createFence(&fence_ci, nullptr, &fences[i]);
1429         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1430
1431         result = device.createSemaphore(&semaphoreCreateInfo, nullptr, &image_acquired_semaphores[i]);
1432         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1433
1434         result = device.createSemaphore(&semaphoreCreateInfo, nullptr, &draw_complete_semaphores[i]);
1435         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1436
1437         if (separate_present_queue) {
1438             result = device.createSemaphore(&semaphoreCreateInfo, nullptr, &image_ownership_semaphores[i]);
1439             VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1440         }
1441     }
1442     frame_index = 0;
1443
1444     // Get Memory information and properties
1445     gpu.getMemoryProperties(&memory_properties);
1446 }
1447
1448 void Demo::prepare() {
1449     auto const cmd_pool_info = vk::CommandPoolCreateInfo().setQueueFamilyIndex(graphics_queue_family_index);
1450     auto result = device.createCommandPool(&cmd_pool_info, nullptr, &cmd_pool);
1451     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1452
1453     auto const cmd = vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo()
1454                          .setCommandPool(cmd_pool)
1455                          .setLevel(vk::CommandBufferLevel::ePrimary)
1456                          .setCommandBufferCount(1);
1457
1458     result = device.allocateCommandBuffers(&cmd, &this->cmd);
1459     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1460
1461     auto const cmd_buf_info = vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo().setPInheritanceInfo(nullptr);
1462
1463     result = this->cmd.begin(&cmd_buf_info);
1464     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1465
1466     prepare_buffers();
1467     prepare_depth();
1468     prepare_textures();
1469     prepare_cube_data_buffers();
1470
1471     prepare_descriptor_layout();
1472     prepare_render_pass();
1473     prepare_pipeline();
1474
1475     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; ++i) {
1476         result = device.allocateCommandBuffers(&cmd, &swapchain_image_resources[i].cmd);
1477         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1478     }
1479
1480     if (separate_present_queue) {
1481         auto const present_cmd_pool_info = vk::CommandPoolCreateInfo().setQueueFamilyIndex(present_queue_family_index);
1482
1483         result = device.createCommandPool(&present_cmd_pool_info, nullptr, &present_cmd_pool);
1484         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1485
1486         auto const present_cmd = vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo()
1487                                      .setCommandPool(present_cmd_pool)
1488                                      .setLevel(vk::CommandBufferLevel::ePrimary)
1489                                      .setCommandBufferCount(1);
1490
1491         for (uint32_t i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; i++) {
1492             result = device.allocateCommandBuffers(&present_cmd, &swapchain_image_resources[i].graphics_to_present_cmd);
1493             VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1494
1495             build_image_ownership_cmd(i);
1496         }
1497     }
1498
1499     prepare_descriptor_pool();
1500     prepare_descriptor_set();
1501
1502     prepare_framebuffers();
1503
1504     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; ++i) {
1505         current_buffer = i;
1506         draw_build_cmd(swapchain_image_resources[i].cmd);
1507     }
1508
1509     /*
1510      * Prepare functions above may generate pipeline commands
1511      * that need to be flushed before beginning the render loop.
1512      */
1513     flush_init_cmd();
1514     if (staging_texture.buffer) {
1515         destroy_texture(&staging_texture);
1516     }
1517
1518     current_buffer = 0;
1519     prepared = true;
1520 }
1521
1522 void Demo::prepare_buffers() {
1523     vk::SwapchainKHR oldSwapchain = swapchain;
1524
1525     // Check the surface capabilities and formats
1526     vk::SurfaceCapabilitiesKHR surfCapabilities;
1527     auto result = gpu.getSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(surface, &surfCapabilities);
1528     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1529
1530     uint32_t presentModeCount;
1531     result = gpu.getSurfacePresentModesKHR(surface, &presentModeCount, static_cast<vk::PresentModeKHR *>(nullptr));
1532     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1533
1534     std::unique_ptr<vk::PresentModeKHR[]> presentModes(new vk::PresentModeKHR[presentModeCount]);
1535     result = gpu.getSurfacePresentModesKHR(surface, &presentModeCount, presentModes.get());
1536     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1537
1538     vk::Extent2D swapchainExtent;
1539     // width and height are either both -1, or both not -1.
1540     if (surfCapabilities.currentExtent.width == (uint32_t)-1) {
1541         // If the surface size is undefined, the size is set to
1542         // the size of the images requested.
1543         swapchainExtent.width = width;
1544         swapchainExtent.height = height;
1545     } else {
1546         // If the surface size is defined, the swap chain size must match
1547         swapchainExtent = surfCapabilities.currentExtent;
1548         width = surfCapabilities.currentExtent.width;
1549         height = surfCapabilities.currentExtent.height;
1550     }
1551
1552     // The FIFO present mode is guaranteed by the spec to be supported
1553     // and to have no tearing.  It's a great default present mode to use.
1554     vk::PresentModeKHR swapchainPresentMode = vk::PresentModeKHR::eFifo;
1555
1556     //  There are times when you may wish to use another present mode.  The
1557     //  following code shows how to select them, and the comments provide some
1558     //  reasons you may wish to use them.
1559     //
1560     // It should be noted that Vulkan 1.0 doesn't provide a method for
1561     // synchronizing rendering with the presentation engine's display.  There
1562     // is a method provided for throttling rendering with the display, but
1563     // there are some presentation engines for which this method will not work.
1564     // If an application doesn't throttle its rendering, and if it renders much
1565     // faster than the refresh rate of the display, this can waste power on
1566     // mobile devices.  That is because power is being spent rendering images
1567     // that may never be seen.
1568
1569     // VK_PRESENT_MODE_IMMEDIATE_KHR is for applications that don't care
1570     // about
1571     // tearing, or have some way of synchronizing their rendering with the
1572     // display.
1573     // VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR may be useful for applications that
1574     // generally render a new presentable image every refresh cycle, but are
1575     // occasionally early.  In this case, the application wants the new
1576     // image
1577     // to be displayed instead of the previously-queued-for-presentation
1578     // image
1579     // that has not yet been displayed.
1580     // VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_RELAXED_KHR is for applications that generally
1581     // render a new presentable image every refresh cycle, but are
1582     // occasionally
1583     // late.  In this case (perhaps because of stuttering/latency concerns),
1584     // the application wants the late image to be immediately displayed,
1585     // even
1586     // though that may mean some tearing.
1587
1588     if (presentMode != swapchainPresentMode) {
1589         for (size_t i = 0; i < presentModeCount; ++i) {
1590             if (presentModes[i] == presentMode) {
1591                 swapchainPresentMode = presentMode;
1592                 break;
1593             }
1594         }
1595     }
1596
1597     if (swapchainPresentMode != presentMode) {
1598         ERR_EXIT("Present mode specified is not supported\n", "Present mode unsupported");
1599     }
1600
1601     // Determine the number of VkImages to use in the swap chain.
1602     // Application desires to acquire 3 images at a time for triple
1603     // buffering
1604     uint32_t desiredNumOfSwapchainImages = 3;
1605     if (desiredNumOfSwapchainImages < surfCapabilities.minImageCount) {
1606         desiredNumOfSwapchainImages = surfCapabilities.minImageCount;
1607     }
1608
1609     // If maxImageCount is 0, we can ask for as many images as we want,
1610     // otherwise
1611     // we're limited to maxImageCount
1612     if ((surfCapabilities.maxImageCount > 0) && (desiredNumOfSwapchainImages > surfCapabilities.maxImageCount)) {
1613         // Application must settle for fewer images than desired:
1614         desiredNumOfSwapchainImages = surfCapabilities.maxImageCount;
1615     }
1616
1617     vk::SurfaceTransformFlagBitsKHR preTransform;
1618     if (surfCapabilities.supportedTransforms & vk::SurfaceTransformFlagBitsKHR::eIdentity) {
1619         preTransform = vk::SurfaceTransformFlagBitsKHR::eIdentity;
1620     } else {
1621         preTransform = surfCapabilities.currentTransform;
1622     }
1623
1624     // Find a supported composite alpha mode - one of these is guaranteed to be set
1625     vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR compositeAlpha = vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR::eOpaque;
1626     vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR compositeAlphaFlags[4] = {
1627         vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR::eOpaque,
1628         vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR::ePreMultiplied,
1629         vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR::ePostMultiplied,
1630         vk::CompositeAlphaFlagBitsKHR::eInherit,
1631     };
1632     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE(compositeAlphaFlags); i++) {
1633         if (surfCapabilities.supportedCompositeAlpha & compositeAlphaFlags[i]) {
1634             compositeAlpha = compositeAlphaFlags[i];
1635             break;
1636         }
1637     }
1638
1639     auto const swapchain_ci = vk::SwapchainCreateInfoKHR()
1640                                   .setSurface(surface)
1641                                   .setMinImageCount(desiredNumOfSwapchainImages)
1642                                   .setImageFormat(format)
1643                                   .setImageColorSpace(color_space)
1644                                   .setImageExtent({swapchainExtent.width, swapchainExtent.height})
1645                                   .setImageArrayLayers(1)
1646                                   .setImageUsage(vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eColorAttachment)
1647                                   .setImageSharingMode(vk::SharingMode::eExclusive)
1648                                   .setQueueFamilyIndexCount(0)
1649                                   .setPQueueFamilyIndices(nullptr)
1650                                   .setPreTransform(preTransform)
1651                                   .setCompositeAlpha(compositeAlpha)
1652                                   .setPresentMode(swapchainPresentMode)
1653                                   .setClipped(true)
1654                                   .setOldSwapchain(oldSwapchain);
1655
1656     result = device.createSwapchainKHR(&swapchain_ci, nullptr, &swapchain);
1657     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1658
1659     // If we just re-created an existing swapchain, we should destroy the
1660     // old
1661     // swapchain at this point.
1662     // Note: destroying the swapchain also cleans up all its associated
1663     // presentable images once the platform is done with them.
1664     if (oldSwapchain) {
1665         device.destroySwapchainKHR(oldSwapchain, nullptr);
1666     }
1667
1668     result = device.getSwapchainImagesKHR(swapchain, &swapchainImageCount, static_cast<vk::Image *>(nullptr));
1669     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1670
1671     std::unique_ptr<vk::Image[]> swapchainImages(new vk::Image[swapchainImageCount]);
1672     result = device.getSwapchainImagesKHR(swapchain, &swapchainImageCount, swapchainImages.get());
1673     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1674
1675     swapchain_image_resources.reset(new SwapchainImageResources[swapchainImageCount]);
1676
1677     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; ++i) {
1678         auto color_image_view = vk::ImageViewCreateInfo()
1679                                     .setViewType(vk::ImageViewType::e2D)
1680                                     .setFormat(format)
1681                                     .setSubresourceRange(vk::ImageSubresourceRange(vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, 0, 1, 0, 1));
1682
1683         swapchain_image_resources[i].image = swapchainImages[i];
1684
1685         color_image_view.image = swapchain_image_resources[i].image;
1686
1687         result = device.createImageView(&color_image_view, nullptr, &swapchain_image_resources[i].view);
1688         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1689     }
1690 }
1691
1692 void Demo::prepare_cube_data_buffers() {
1693     mat4x4 VP;
1694     mat4x4_mul(VP, projection_matrix, view_matrix);
1695
1696     mat4x4 MVP;
1697     mat4x4_mul(MVP, VP, model_matrix);
1698
1699     vktexcube_vs_uniform data;
1700     memcpy(data.mvp, MVP, sizeof(MVP));
1701     //    dumpMatrix("MVP", MVP)
1702
1703     for (int32_t i = 0; i < 12 * 3; i++) {
1704         data.position[i][0] = g_vertex_buffer_data[i * 3];
1705         data.position[i][1] = g_vertex_buffer_data[i * 3 + 1];
1706         data.position[i][2] = g_vertex_buffer_data[i * 3 + 2];
1707         data.position[i][3] = 1.0f;
1708         data.attr[i][0] = g_uv_buffer_data[2 * i];
1709         data.attr[i][1] = g_uv_buffer_data[2 * i + 1];
1710         data.attr[i][2] = 0;
1711         data.attr[i][3] = 0;
1712     }
1713
1714     auto const buf_info = vk::BufferCreateInfo().setSize(sizeof(data)).setUsage(vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eUniformBuffer);
1715
1716     for (unsigned int i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; i++) {
1717         auto result = device.createBuffer(&buf_info, nullptr, &swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_buffer);
1718         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1719
1720         vk::MemoryRequirements mem_reqs;
1721         device.getBufferMemoryRequirements(swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_buffer, &mem_reqs);
1722
1723         auto mem_alloc = vk::MemoryAllocateInfo().setAllocationSize(mem_reqs.size).setMemoryTypeIndex(0);
1724
1725         bool const pass = memory_type_from_properties(
1726             mem_reqs.memoryTypeBits, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible | vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostCoherent,
1727             &mem_alloc.memoryTypeIndex);
1728         VERIFY(pass);
1729
1730         result = device.allocateMemory(&mem_alloc, nullptr, &swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_memory);
1731         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1732
1733         auto pData = device.mapMemory(swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_memory, 0, VK_WHOLE_SIZE, vk::MemoryMapFlags());
1734         VERIFY(pData.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1735
1736         memcpy(pData.value, &data, sizeof data);
1737
1738         device.unmapMemory(swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_memory);
1739
1740         result =
1741             device.bindBufferMemory(swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_buffer, swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_memory, 0);
1742         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1743     }
1744 }
1745
1746 void Demo::prepare_depth() {
1747     depth.format = vk::Format::eD16Unorm;
1748
1749     auto const image = vk::ImageCreateInfo()
1750                            .setImageType(vk::ImageType::e2D)
1751                            .setFormat(depth.format)
1752                            .setExtent({(uint32_t)width, (uint32_t)height, 1})
1753                            .setMipLevels(1)
1754                            .setArrayLayers(1)
1755                            .setSamples(vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1)
1756                            .setTiling(vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal)
1757                            .setUsage(vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eDepthStencilAttachment)
1758                            .setSharingMode(vk::SharingMode::eExclusive)
1759                            .setQueueFamilyIndexCount(0)
1760                            .setPQueueFamilyIndices(nullptr)
1761                            .setInitialLayout(vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined);
1762
1763     auto result = device.createImage(&image, nullptr, &depth.image);
1764     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1765
1766     vk::MemoryRequirements mem_reqs;
1767     device.getImageMemoryRequirements(depth.image, &mem_reqs);
1768
1769     depth.mem_alloc.setAllocationSize(mem_reqs.size);
1770     depth.mem_alloc.setMemoryTypeIndex(0);
1771
1772     auto const pass = memory_type_from_properties(mem_reqs.memoryTypeBits, vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eDeviceLocal,
1773                                                   &depth.mem_alloc.memoryTypeIndex);
1774     VERIFY(pass);
1775
1776     result = device.allocateMemory(&depth.mem_alloc, nullptr, &depth.mem);
1777     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1778
1779     result = device.bindImageMemory(depth.image, depth.mem, 0);
1780     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1781
1782     auto const view = vk::ImageViewCreateInfo()
1783                           .setImage(depth.image)
1784                           .setViewType(vk::ImageViewType::e2D)
1785                           .setFormat(depth.format)
1786                           .setSubresourceRange(vk::ImageSubresourceRange(vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eDepth, 0, 1, 0, 1));
1787     result = device.createImageView(&view, nullptr, &depth.view);
1788     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1789 }
1790
1791 void Demo::prepare_descriptor_layout() {
1792     vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding const layout_bindings[2] = {vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding()
1793                                                                    .setBinding(0)
1794                                                                    .setDescriptorType(vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBuffer)
1795                                                                    .setDescriptorCount(1)
1796                                                                    .setStageFlags(vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eVertex)
1797                                                                    .setPImmutableSamplers(nullptr),
1798                                                                vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding()
1799                                                                    .setBinding(1)
1800                                                                    .setDescriptorType(vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler)
1801                                                                    .setDescriptorCount(texture_count)
1802                                                                    .setStageFlags(vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment)
1803                                                                    .setPImmutableSamplers(nullptr)};
1804
1805     auto const descriptor_layout = vk::DescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo().setBindingCount(2).setPBindings(layout_bindings);
1806
1807     auto result = device.createDescriptorSetLayout(&descriptor_layout, nullptr, &desc_layout);
1808     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1809
1810     auto const pPipelineLayoutCreateInfo = vk::PipelineLayoutCreateInfo().setSetLayoutCount(1).setPSetLayouts(&desc_layout);
1811
1812     result = device.createPipelineLayout(&pPipelineLayoutCreateInfo, nullptr, &pipeline_layout);
1813     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1814 }
1815
1816 void Demo::prepare_descriptor_pool() {
1817     vk::DescriptorPoolSize const poolSizes[2] = {
1818         vk::DescriptorPoolSize().setType(vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBuffer).setDescriptorCount(swapchainImageCount),
1819         vk::DescriptorPoolSize()
1820             .setType(vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler)
1821             .setDescriptorCount(swapchainImageCount * texture_count)};
1822
1823     auto const descriptor_pool =
1824         vk::DescriptorPoolCreateInfo().setMaxSets(swapchainImageCount).setPoolSizeCount(2).setPPoolSizes(poolSizes);
1825
1826     auto result = device.createDescriptorPool(&descriptor_pool, nullptr, &desc_pool);
1827     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1828 }
1829
1830 void Demo::prepare_descriptor_set() {
1831     auto const alloc_info =
1832         vk::DescriptorSetAllocateInfo().setDescriptorPool(desc_pool).setDescriptorSetCount(1).setPSetLayouts(&desc_layout);
1833
1834     auto buffer_info = vk::DescriptorBufferInfo().setOffset(0).setRange(sizeof(struct vktexcube_vs_uniform));
1835
1836     vk::DescriptorImageInfo tex_descs[texture_count];
1837     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < texture_count; i++) {
1838         tex_descs[i].setSampler(textures[i].sampler);
1839         tex_descs[i].setImageView(textures[i].view);
1840         tex_descs[i].setImageLayout(vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal);
1841     }
1842
1843     vk::WriteDescriptorSet writes[2];
1844
1845     writes[0].setDescriptorCount(1);
1846     writes[0].setDescriptorType(vk::DescriptorType::eUniformBuffer);
1847     writes[0].setPBufferInfo(&buffer_info);
1848
1849     writes[1].setDstBinding(1);
1850     writes[1].setDescriptorCount(texture_count);
1851     writes[1].setDescriptorType(vk::DescriptorType::eCombinedImageSampler);
1852     writes[1].setPImageInfo(tex_descs);
1853
1854     for (unsigned int i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; i++) {
1855         auto result = device.allocateDescriptorSets(&alloc_info, &swapchain_image_resources[i].descriptor_set);
1856         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1857
1858         buffer_info.setBuffer(swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_buffer);
1859         writes[0].setDstSet(swapchain_image_resources[i].descriptor_set);
1860         writes[1].setDstSet(swapchain_image_resources[i].descriptor_set);
1861         device.updateDescriptorSets(2, writes, 0, nullptr);
1862     }
1863 }
1864
1865 void Demo::prepare_framebuffers() {
1866     vk::ImageView attachments[2];
1867     attachments[1] = depth.view;
1868
1869     auto const fb_info = vk::FramebufferCreateInfo()
1870                              .setRenderPass(render_pass)
1871                              .setAttachmentCount(2)
1872                              .setPAttachments(attachments)
1873                              .setWidth((uint32_t)width)
1874                              .setHeight((uint32_t)height)
1875                              .setLayers(1);
1876
1877     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; i++) {
1878         attachments[0] = swapchain_image_resources[i].view;
1879         auto const result = device.createFramebuffer(&fb_info, nullptr, &swapchain_image_resources[i].framebuffer);
1880         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1881     }
1882 }
1883
1884 vk::ShaderModule Demo::prepare_fs() {
1885     const uint32_t fragShaderCode[] = {
1886 #include "cube.frag.inc"
1887     };
1888
1889     frag_shader_module = prepare_shader_module(fragShaderCode, sizeof(fragShaderCode));
1890
1891     return frag_shader_module;
1892 }
1893
1894 void Demo::prepare_pipeline() {
1895     vk::PipelineCacheCreateInfo const pipelineCacheInfo;
1896     auto result = device.createPipelineCache(&pipelineCacheInfo, nullptr, &pipelineCache);
1897     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1898
1899     vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo const shaderStageInfo[2] = {
1900         vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo().setStage(vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eVertex).setModule(prepare_vs()).setPName("main"),
1901         vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo().setStage(vk::ShaderStageFlagBits::eFragment).setModule(prepare_fs()).setPName("main")};
1902
1903     vk::PipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo const vertexInputInfo;
1904
1905     auto const inputAssemblyInfo = vk::PipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo().setTopology(vk::PrimitiveTopology::eTriangleList);
1906
1907     // TODO: Where are pViewports and pScissors set?
1908     auto const viewportInfo = vk::PipelineViewportStateCreateInfo().setViewportCount(1).setScissorCount(1);
1909
1910     auto const rasterizationInfo = vk::PipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo()
1911                                        .setDepthClampEnable(VK_FALSE)
1912                                        .setRasterizerDiscardEnable(VK_FALSE)
1913                                        .setPolygonMode(vk::PolygonMode::eFill)
1914                                        .setCullMode(vk::CullModeFlagBits::eBack)
1915                                        .setFrontFace(vk::FrontFace::eCounterClockwise)
1916                                        .setDepthBiasEnable(VK_FALSE)
1917                                        .setLineWidth(1.0f);
1918
1919     auto const multisampleInfo = vk::PipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo();
1920
1921     auto const stencilOp =
1922         vk::StencilOpState().setFailOp(vk::StencilOp::eKeep).setPassOp(vk::StencilOp::eKeep).setCompareOp(vk::CompareOp::eAlways);
1923
1924     auto const depthStencilInfo = vk::PipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo()
1925                                       .setDepthTestEnable(VK_TRUE)
1926                                       .setDepthWriteEnable(VK_TRUE)
1927                                       .setDepthCompareOp(vk::CompareOp::eLessOrEqual)
1928                                       .setDepthBoundsTestEnable(VK_FALSE)
1929                                       .setStencilTestEnable(VK_FALSE)
1930                                       .setFront(stencilOp)
1931                                       .setBack(stencilOp);
1932
1933     vk::PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState const colorBlendAttachments[1] = {
1934         vk::PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState().setColorWriteMask(vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eR | vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eG |
1935                                                                   vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eB | vk::ColorComponentFlagBits::eA)};
1936
1937     auto const colorBlendInfo =
1938         vk::PipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo().setAttachmentCount(1).setPAttachments(colorBlendAttachments);
1939
1940     vk::DynamicState const dynamicStates[2] = {vk::DynamicState::eViewport, vk::DynamicState::eScissor};
1941
1942     auto const dynamicStateInfo = vk::PipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo().setPDynamicStates(dynamicStates).setDynamicStateCount(2);
1943
1944     auto const pipeline = vk::GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo()
1945                               .setStageCount(2)
1946                               .setPStages(shaderStageInfo)
1947                               .setPVertexInputState(&vertexInputInfo)
1948                               .setPInputAssemblyState(&inputAssemblyInfo)
1949                               .setPViewportState(&viewportInfo)
1950                               .setPRasterizationState(&rasterizationInfo)
1951                               .setPMultisampleState(&multisampleInfo)
1952                               .setPDepthStencilState(&depthStencilInfo)
1953                               .setPColorBlendState(&colorBlendInfo)
1954                               .setPDynamicState(&dynamicStateInfo)
1955                               .setLayout(pipeline_layout)
1956                               .setRenderPass(render_pass);
1957
1958     result = device.createGraphicsPipelines(pipelineCache, 1, &pipeline, nullptr, &this->pipeline);
1959     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
1960
1961     device.destroyShaderModule(frag_shader_module, nullptr);
1962     device.destroyShaderModule(vert_shader_module, nullptr);
1963 }
1964
1965 void Demo::prepare_render_pass() {
1966     // The initial layout for the color and depth attachments will be LAYOUT_UNDEFINED
1967     // because at the start of the renderpass, we don't care about their contents.
1968     // At the start of the subpass, the color attachment's layout will be transitioned
1969     // to LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL and the depth stencil attachment's layout
1970     // will be transitioned to LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL.  At the end of
1971     // the renderpass, the color attachment's layout will be transitioned to
1972     // LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR to be ready to present.  This is all done as part of
1973     // the renderpass, no barriers are necessary.
1974     const vk::AttachmentDescription attachments[2] = {vk::AttachmentDescription()
1975                                                           .setFormat(format)
1976                                                           .setSamples(vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1)
1977                                                           .setLoadOp(vk::AttachmentLoadOp::eClear)
1978                                                           .setStoreOp(vk::AttachmentStoreOp::eStore)
1979                                                           .setStencilLoadOp(vk::AttachmentLoadOp::eDontCare)
1980                                                           .setStencilStoreOp(vk::AttachmentStoreOp::eDontCare)
1981                                                           .setInitialLayout(vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined)
1982                                                           .setFinalLayout(vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR),
1983                                                       vk::AttachmentDescription()
1984                                                           .setFormat(depth.format)
1985                                                           .setSamples(vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1)
1986                                                           .setLoadOp(vk::AttachmentLoadOp::eClear)
1987                                                           .setStoreOp(vk::AttachmentStoreOp::eDontCare)
1988                                                           .setStencilLoadOp(vk::AttachmentLoadOp::eDontCare)
1989                                                           .setStencilStoreOp(vk::AttachmentStoreOp::eDontCare)
1990                                                           .setInitialLayout(vk::ImageLayout::eUndefined)
1991                                                           .setFinalLayout(vk::ImageLayout::eDepthStencilAttachmentOptimal)};
1992
1993     auto const color_reference = vk::AttachmentReference().setAttachment(0).setLayout(vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal);
1994
1995     auto const depth_reference =
1996         vk::AttachmentReference().setAttachment(1).setLayout(vk::ImageLayout::eDepthStencilAttachmentOptimal);
1997
1998     auto const subpass = vk::SubpassDescription()
1999                              .setPipelineBindPoint(vk::PipelineBindPoint::eGraphics)
2000                              .setInputAttachmentCount(0)
2001                              .setPInputAttachments(nullptr)
2002                              .setColorAttachmentCount(1)
2003                              .setPColorAttachments(&color_reference)
2004                              .setPResolveAttachments(nullptr)
2005                              .setPDepthStencilAttachment(&depth_reference)
2006                              .setPreserveAttachmentCount(0)
2007                              .setPPreserveAttachments(nullptr);
2008
2009     vk::PipelineStageFlags stages = vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eEarlyFragmentTests | vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eLateFragmentTests;
2010     vk::SubpassDependency const dependencies[2] = {
2011         vk::SubpassDependency()  // Depth buffer is shared between swapchain images
2012             .setSrcSubpass(VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL)
2013             .setDstSubpass(0)
2014             .setSrcStageMask(stages)
2015             .setDstStageMask(stages)
2016             .setSrcAccessMask(vk::AccessFlagBits::eDepthStencilAttachmentWrite)
2017             .setDstAccessMask(vk::AccessFlagBits::eDepthStencilAttachmentRead | vk::AccessFlagBits::eDepthStencilAttachmentWrite)
2018             .setDependencyFlags(vk::DependencyFlags()),
2019         vk::SubpassDependency()  // Image layout transition
2020             .setSrcSubpass(VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL)
2021             .setDstSubpass(0)
2022             .setSrcStageMask(vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eColorAttachmentOutput)
2023             .setDstStageMask(vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eColorAttachmentOutput)
2024             .setSrcAccessMask(vk::AccessFlagBits())
2025             .setDstAccessMask(vk::AccessFlagBits::eColorAttachmentWrite | vk::AccessFlagBits::eColorAttachmentRead)
2026             .setDependencyFlags(vk::DependencyFlags()),
2027     };
2028
2029     auto const rp_info = vk::RenderPassCreateInfo()
2030                              .setAttachmentCount(2)
2031                              .setPAttachments(attachments)
2032                              .setSubpassCount(1)
2033                              .setPSubpasses(&subpass)
2034                              .setDependencyCount(2)
2035                              .setPDependencies(dependencies);
2036
2037     auto result = device.createRenderPass(&rp_info, nullptr, &render_pass);
2038     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2039 }
2040
2041 vk::ShaderModule Demo::prepare_shader_module(const uint32_t *code, size_t size) {
2042     const auto moduleCreateInfo = vk::ShaderModuleCreateInfo().setCodeSize(size).setPCode(code);
2043
2044     vk::ShaderModule module;
2045     auto result = device.createShaderModule(&moduleCreateInfo, nullptr, &module);
2046     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2047
2048     return module;
2049 }
2050
2051 void Demo::prepare_texture_buffer(const char *filename, texture_object *tex_obj) {
2052     int32_t tex_width;
2053     int32_t tex_height;
2054
2055     if (!loadTexture(filename, NULL, NULL, &tex_width, &tex_height)) {
2056         ERR_EXIT("Failed to load textures", "Load Texture Failure");
2057     }
2058
2059     tex_obj->tex_width = tex_width;
2060     tex_obj->tex_height = tex_height;
2061
2062     auto const buffer_create_info = vk::BufferCreateInfo()
2063                                         .setSize(tex_width * tex_height * 4)
2064                                         .setUsage(vk::BufferUsageFlagBits::eTransferSrc)
2065                                         .setSharingMode(vk::SharingMode::eExclusive)
2066                                         .setQueueFamilyIndexCount(0)
2067                                         .setPQueueFamilyIndices(nullptr);
2068
2069     auto result = device.createBuffer(&buffer_create_info, nullptr, &tex_obj->buffer);
2070     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2071
2072     vk::MemoryRequirements mem_reqs;
2073     device.getBufferMemoryRequirements(tex_obj->buffer, &mem_reqs);
2074
2075     tex_obj->mem_alloc.setAllocationSize(mem_reqs.size);
2076     tex_obj->mem_alloc.setMemoryTypeIndex(0);
2077
2078     vk::MemoryPropertyFlags requirements = vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible | vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostCoherent;
2079     auto pass = memory_type_from_properties(mem_reqs.memoryTypeBits, requirements, &tex_obj->mem_alloc.memoryTypeIndex);
2080     VERIFY(pass == true);
2081
2082     result = device.allocateMemory(&tex_obj->mem_alloc, nullptr, &(tex_obj->mem));
2083     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2084
2085     result = device.bindBufferMemory(tex_obj->buffer, tex_obj->mem, 0);
2086     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2087
2088     vk::SubresourceLayout layout;
2089     memset(&layout, 0, sizeof(layout));
2090     layout.rowPitch = tex_width * 4;
2091     auto data = device.mapMemory(tex_obj->mem, 0, tex_obj->mem_alloc.allocationSize);
2092     VERIFY(data.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2093
2094     if (!loadTexture(filename, (uint8_t *)data.value, &layout, &tex_width, &tex_height)) {
2095         fprintf(stderr, "Error loading texture: %s\n", filename);
2096     }
2097
2098     device.unmapMemory(tex_obj->mem);
2099 }
2100
2101 void Demo::prepare_texture_image(const char *filename, texture_object *tex_obj, vk::ImageTiling tiling, vk::ImageUsageFlags usage,
2102                                  vk::MemoryPropertyFlags required_props) {
2103     int32_t tex_width;
2104     int32_t tex_height;
2105     if (!loadTexture(filename, nullptr, nullptr, &tex_width, &tex_height)) {
2106         ERR_EXIT("Failed to load textures", "Load Texture Failure");
2107     }
2108
2109     tex_obj->tex_width = tex_width;
2110     tex_obj->tex_height = tex_height;
2111
2112     auto const image_create_info = vk::ImageCreateInfo()
2113                                        .setImageType(vk::ImageType::e2D)
2114                                        .setFormat(vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Unorm)
2115                                        .setExtent({(uint32_t)tex_width, (uint32_t)tex_height, 1})
2116                                        .setMipLevels(1)
2117                                        .setArrayLayers(1)
2118                                        .setSamples(vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1)
2119                                        .setTiling(tiling)
2120                                        .setUsage(usage)
2121                                        .setSharingMode(vk::SharingMode::eExclusive)
2122                                        .setQueueFamilyIndexCount(0)
2123                                        .setPQueueFamilyIndices(nullptr)
2124                                        .setInitialLayout(vk::ImageLayout::ePreinitialized);
2125
2126     auto result = device.createImage(&image_create_info, nullptr, &tex_obj->image);
2127     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2128
2129     vk::MemoryRequirements mem_reqs;
2130     device.getImageMemoryRequirements(tex_obj->image, &mem_reqs);
2131
2132     tex_obj->mem_alloc.setAllocationSize(mem_reqs.size);
2133     tex_obj->mem_alloc.setMemoryTypeIndex(0);
2134
2135     auto pass = memory_type_from_properties(mem_reqs.memoryTypeBits, required_props, &tex_obj->mem_alloc.memoryTypeIndex);
2136     VERIFY(pass == true);
2137
2138     result = device.allocateMemory(&tex_obj->mem_alloc, nullptr, &(tex_obj->mem));
2139     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2140
2141     result = device.bindImageMemory(tex_obj->image, tex_obj->mem, 0);
2142     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2143
2144     if (required_props & vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible) {
2145         auto const subres = vk::ImageSubresource().setAspectMask(vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor).setMipLevel(0).setArrayLayer(0);
2146         vk::SubresourceLayout layout;
2147         device.getImageSubresourceLayout(tex_obj->image, &subres, &layout);
2148
2149         auto data = device.mapMemory(tex_obj->mem, 0, tex_obj->mem_alloc.allocationSize);
2150         VERIFY(data.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2151
2152         if (!loadTexture(filename, (uint8_t *)data.value, &layout, &tex_width, &tex_height)) {
2153             fprintf(stderr, "Error loading texture: %s\n", filename);
2154         }
2155
2156         device.unmapMemory(tex_obj->mem);
2157     }
2158
2159     tex_obj->imageLayout = vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal;
2160 }
2161
2162 void Demo::prepare_textures() {
2163     vk::Format const tex_format = vk::Format::eR8G8B8A8Unorm;
2164     vk::FormatProperties props;
2165     gpu.getFormatProperties(tex_format, &props);
2166
2167     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < texture_count; i++) {
2168         if ((props.linearTilingFeatures & vk::FormatFeatureFlagBits::eSampledImage) && !use_staging_buffer) {
2169             /* Device can texture using linear textures */
2170             prepare_texture_image(tex_files[i], &textures[i], vk::ImageTiling::eLinear, vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eSampled,
2171                                   vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostVisible | vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eHostCoherent);
2172             // Nothing in the pipeline needs to be complete to start, and don't allow fragment
2173             // shader to run until layout transition completes
2174             set_image_layout(textures[i].image, vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, vk::ImageLayout::ePreinitialized,
2175                              textures[i].imageLayout, vk::AccessFlagBits(), vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTopOfPipe,
2176                              vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eFragmentShader);
2177             staging_texture.image = vk::Image();
2178         } else if (props.optimalTilingFeatures & vk::FormatFeatureFlagBits::eSampledImage) {
2179             /* Must use staging buffer to copy linear texture to optimized */
2180
2181             prepare_texture_buffer(tex_files[i], &staging_texture);
2182
2183             prepare_texture_image(tex_files[i], &textures[i], vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal,
2184                                   vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eTransferDst | vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eSampled,
2185                                   vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eDeviceLocal);
2186
2187             set_image_layout(textures[i].image, vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, vk::ImageLayout::ePreinitialized,
2188                              vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal, vk::AccessFlagBits(), vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTopOfPipe,
2189                              vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer);
2190
2191             auto const subresource = vk::ImageSubresourceLayers()
2192                                          .setAspectMask(vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor)
2193                                          .setMipLevel(0)
2194                                          .setBaseArrayLayer(0)
2195                                          .setLayerCount(1);
2196
2197             auto const copy_region =
2198                 vk::BufferImageCopy()
2199                     .setBufferOffset(0)
2200                     .setBufferRowLength(staging_texture.tex_width)
2201                     .setBufferImageHeight(staging_texture.tex_height)
2202                     .setImageSubresource(subresource)
2203                     .setImageOffset({0, 0, 0})
2204                     .setImageExtent({(uint32_t)staging_texture.tex_width, (uint32_t)staging_texture.tex_height, 1});
2205
2206             cmd.copyBufferToImage(staging_texture.buffer, textures[i].image, vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal, 1, &copy_region);
2207
2208             set_image_layout(textures[i].image, vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal,
2209                              textures[i].imageLayout, vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferWrite, vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eTransfer,
2210                              vk::PipelineStageFlagBits::eFragmentShader);
2211         } else {
2212             assert(!"No support for R8G8B8A8_UNORM as texture image format");
2213         }
2214
2215         auto const samplerInfo = vk::SamplerCreateInfo()
2216                                      .setMagFilter(vk::Filter::eNearest)
2217                                      .setMinFilter(vk::Filter::eNearest)
2218                                      .setMipmapMode(vk::SamplerMipmapMode::eNearest)
2219                                      .setAddressModeU(vk::SamplerAddressMode::eClampToEdge)
2220                                      .setAddressModeV(vk::SamplerAddressMode::eClampToEdge)
2221                                      .setAddressModeW(vk::SamplerAddressMode::eClampToEdge)
2222                                      .setMipLodBias(0.0f)
2223                                      .setAnisotropyEnable(VK_FALSE)
2224                                      .setMaxAnisotropy(1)
2225                                      .setCompareEnable(VK_FALSE)
2226                                      .setCompareOp(vk::CompareOp::eNever)
2227                                      .setMinLod(0.0f)
2228                                      .setMaxLod(0.0f)
2229                                      .setBorderColor(vk::BorderColor::eFloatOpaqueWhite)
2230                                      .setUnnormalizedCoordinates(VK_FALSE);
2231
2232         auto result = device.createSampler(&samplerInfo, nullptr, &textures[i].sampler);
2233         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2234
2235         auto const viewInfo = vk::ImageViewCreateInfo()
2236                                   .setImage(textures[i].image)
2237                                   .setViewType(vk::ImageViewType::e2D)
2238                                   .setFormat(tex_format)
2239                                   .setSubresourceRange(vk::ImageSubresourceRange(vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eColor, 0, 1, 0, 1));
2240
2241         result = device.createImageView(&viewInfo, nullptr, &textures[i].view);
2242         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2243     }
2244 }
2245
2246 vk::ShaderModule Demo::prepare_vs() {
2247     const uint32_t vertShaderCode[] = {
2248 #include "cube.vert.inc"
2249     };
2250
2251     vert_shader_module = prepare_shader_module(vertShaderCode, sizeof(vertShaderCode));
2252
2253     return vert_shader_module;
2254 }
2255
2256 void Demo::resize() {
2257     uint32_t i;
2258
2259     // Don't react to resize until after first initialization.
2260     if (!prepared) {
2261         return;
2262     }
2263
2264     // In order to properly resize the window, we must re-create the
2265     // swapchain
2266     // AND redo the command buffers, etc.
2267     //
2268     // First, perform part of the cleanup() function:
2269     prepared = false;
2270     auto result = device.waitIdle();
2271     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2272
2273     for (i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; i++) {
2274         device.destroyFramebuffer(swapchain_image_resources[i].framebuffer, nullptr);
2275     }
2276
2277     device.destroyDescriptorPool(desc_pool, nullptr);
2278
2279     device.destroyPipeline(pipeline, nullptr);
2280     device.destroyPipelineCache(pipelineCache, nullptr);
2281     device.destroyRenderPass(render_pass, nullptr);
2282     device.destroyPipelineLayout(pipeline_layout, nullptr);
2283     device.destroyDescriptorSetLayout(desc_layout, nullptr);
2284
2285     for (i = 0; i < texture_count; i++) {
2286         device.destroyImageView(textures[i].view, nullptr);
2287         device.destroyImage(textures[i].image, nullptr);
2288         device.freeMemory(textures[i].mem, nullptr);
2289         device.destroySampler(textures[i].sampler, nullptr);
2290     }
2291
2292     device.destroyImageView(depth.view, nullptr);
2293     device.destroyImage(depth.image, nullptr);
2294     device.freeMemory(depth.mem, nullptr);
2295
2296     for (i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; i++) {
2297         device.destroyImageView(swapchain_image_resources[i].view, nullptr);
2298         device.freeCommandBuffers(cmd_pool, 1, &swapchain_image_resources[i].cmd);
2299         device.destroyBuffer(swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_buffer, nullptr);
2300         device.freeMemory(swapchain_image_resources[i].uniform_memory, nullptr);
2301     }
2302
2303     device.destroyCommandPool(cmd_pool, nullptr);
2304     if (separate_present_queue) {
2305         device.destroyCommandPool(present_cmd_pool, nullptr);
2306     }
2307
2308     // Second, re-perform the prepare() function, which will re-create the
2309     // swapchain.
2310     prepare();
2311 }
2312
2313 void Demo::set_image_layout(vk::Image image, vk::ImageAspectFlags aspectMask, vk::ImageLayout oldLayout, vk::ImageLayout newLayout,
2314                             vk::AccessFlags srcAccessMask, vk::PipelineStageFlags src_stages, vk::PipelineStageFlags dest_stages) {
2315     assert(cmd);
2316
2317     auto DstAccessMask = [](vk::ImageLayout const &layout) {
2318         vk::AccessFlags flags;
2319
2320         switch (layout) {
2321             case vk::ImageLayout::eTransferDstOptimal:
2322                 // Make sure anything that was copying from this image has
2323                 // completed
2324                 flags = vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferWrite;
2325                 break;
2326             case vk::ImageLayout::eColorAttachmentOptimal:
2327                 flags = vk::AccessFlagBits::eColorAttachmentWrite;
2328                 break;
2329             case vk::ImageLayout::eDepthStencilAttachmentOptimal:
2330                 flags = vk::AccessFlagBits::eDepthStencilAttachmentWrite;
2331                 break;
2332             case vk::ImageLayout::eShaderReadOnlyOptimal:
2333                 // Make sure any Copy or CPU writes to image are flushed
2334                 flags = vk::AccessFlagBits::eShaderRead | vk::AccessFlagBits::eInputAttachmentRead;
2335                 break;
2336             case vk::ImageLayout::eTransferSrcOptimal:
2337                 flags = vk::AccessFlagBits::eTransferRead;
2338                 break;
2339             case vk::ImageLayout::ePresentSrcKHR:
2340                 flags = vk::AccessFlagBits::eMemoryRead;
2341                 break;
2342             default:
2343                 break;
2344         }
2345
2346         return flags;
2347     };
2348
2349     auto const barrier = vk::ImageMemoryBarrier()
2350                              .setSrcAccessMask(srcAccessMask)
2351                              .setDstAccessMask(DstAccessMask(newLayout))
2352                              .setOldLayout(oldLayout)
2353                              .setNewLayout(newLayout)
2354                              .setSrcQueueFamilyIndex(VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED)
2355                              .setDstQueueFamilyIndex(VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED)
2356                              .setImage(image)
2357                              .setSubresourceRange(vk::ImageSubresourceRange(aspectMask, 0, 1, 0, 1));
2358
2359     cmd.pipelineBarrier(src_stages, dest_stages, vk::DependencyFlagBits(), 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &barrier);
2360 }
2361
2362 void Demo::update_data_buffer() {
2363     mat4x4 VP;
2364     mat4x4_mul(VP, projection_matrix, view_matrix);
2365
2366     // Rotate around the Y axis
2367     mat4x4 Model;
2368     mat4x4_dup(Model, model_matrix);
2369     mat4x4_rotate(model_matrix, Model, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, (float)degreesToRadians(spin_angle));
2370
2371     mat4x4 MVP;
2372     mat4x4_mul(MVP, VP, model_matrix);
2373
2374     auto data = device.mapMemory(swapchain_image_resources[current_buffer].uniform_memory, 0, VK_WHOLE_SIZE, vk::MemoryMapFlags());
2375     VERIFY(data.result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2376
2377     memcpy(data.value, (const void *)&MVP[0][0], sizeof(MVP));
2378
2379     device.unmapMemory(swapchain_image_resources[current_buffer].uniform_memory);
2380 }
2381
2382 /* Convert ppm image data from header file into RGBA texture image */
2383 #include "lunarg.ppm.h"
2384 bool Demo::loadTexture(const char *filename, uint8_t *rgba_data, vk::SubresourceLayout *layout, int32_t *width, int32_t *height) {
2385     (void)filename;
2386     char *cPtr;
2387     cPtr = (char *)lunarg_ppm;
2388     if ((unsigned char *)cPtr >= (lunarg_ppm + lunarg_ppm_len) || strncmp(cPtr, "P6\n", 3)) {
2389         return false;
2390     }
2391     while (strncmp(cPtr++, "\n", 1))
2392         ;
2393     sscanf(cPtr, "%u %u", width, height);
2394     if (rgba_data == NULL) {
2395         return true;
2396     }
2397     while (strncmp(cPtr++, "\n", 1))
2398         ;
2399     if ((unsigned char *)cPtr >= (lunarg_ppm + lunarg_ppm_len) || strncmp(cPtr, "255\n", 4)) {
2400         return false;
2401     }
2402     while (strncmp(cPtr++, "\n", 1))
2403         ;
2404     for (int y = 0; y < *height; y++) {
2405         uint8_t *rowPtr = rgba_data;
2406         for (int x = 0; x < *width; x++) {
2407             memcpy(rowPtr, cPtr, 3);
2408             rowPtr[3] = 255; /* Alpha of 1 */
2409             rowPtr += 4;
2410             cPtr += 3;
2411         }
2412         rgba_data += layout->rowPitch;
2413     }
2414     return true;
2415 }
2416
2417 bool Demo::memory_type_from_properties(uint32_t typeBits, vk::MemoryPropertyFlags requirements_mask, uint32_t *typeIndex) {
2418     // Search memtypes to find first index with those properties
2419     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < VK_MAX_MEMORY_TYPES; i++) {
2420         if ((typeBits & 1) == 1) {
2421             // Type is available, does it match user properties?
2422             if ((memory_properties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & requirements_mask) == requirements_mask) {
2423                 *typeIndex = i;
2424                 return true;
2425             }
2426         }
2427         typeBits >>= 1;
2428     }
2429
2430     // No memory types matched, return failure
2431     return false;
2432 }
2433
2434 #if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WIN32_KHR)
2435 void Demo::run() {
2436     if (!prepared) {
2437         return;
2438     }
2439
2440     draw();
2441     curFrame++;
2442
2443     if (frameCount != UINT32_MAX && curFrame == frameCount) {
2444         PostQuitMessage(validation_error);
2445     }
2446 }
2447
2448 void Demo::create_window() {
2449     WNDCLASSEX win_class;
2450
2451     // Initialize the window class structure:
2452     win_class.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
2453     win_class.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
2454     win_class.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
2455     win_class.cbClsExtra = 0;
2456     win_class.cbWndExtra = 0;
2457     win_class.hInstance = connection;  // hInstance
2458     win_class.hIcon = LoadIcon(nullptr, IDI_APPLICATION);
2459     win_class.hCursor = LoadCursor(nullptr, IDC_ARROW);
2460     win_class.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH);
2461     win_class.lpszMenuName = nullptr;
2462     win_class.lpszClassName = name;
2463     win_class.hIconSm = LoadIcon(nullptr, IDI_WINLOGO);
2464
2465     // Register window class:
2466     if (!RegisterClassEx(&win_class)) {
2467         // It didn't work, so try to give a useful error:
2468         printf("Unexpected error trying to start the application!\n");
2469         fflush(stdout);
2470         exit(1);
2471     }
2472
2473     // Create window with the registered class:
2474     RECT wr = {0, 0, static_cast<LONG>(width), static_cast<LONG>(height)};
2475     AdjustWindowRect(&wr, WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, FALSE);
2476     window = CreateWindowEx(0,
2477                             name,                  // class name
2478                             name,                  // app name
2479                             WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW |  // window style
2480                                 WS_VISIBLE | WS_SYSMENU,
2481                             100, 100,            // x/y coords
2482                             wr.right - wr.left,  // width
2483                             wr.bottom - wr.top,  // height
2484                             nullptr,             // handle to parent
2485                             nullptr,             // handle to menu
2486                             connection,          // hInstance
2487                             nullptr);            // no extra parameters
2488
2489     if (!window) {
2490         // It didn't work, so try to give a useful error:
2491         printf("Cannot create a window in which to draw!\n");
2492         fflush(stdout);
2493         exit(1);
2494     }
2495
2496     // Window client area size must be at least 1 pixel high, to prevent
2497     // crash.
2498     minsize.x = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXMINTRACK);
2499     minsize.y = GetSystemMetrics(SM_CYMINTRACK) + 1;
2500 }
2501 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
2502
2503 void Demo::create_xlib_window() {
2504     const char *display_envar = getenv("DISPLAY");
2505     if (display_envar == nullptr || display_envar[0] == '\0') {
2506         printf("Environment variable DISPLAY requires a valid value.\nExiting ...\n");
2507         fflush(stdout);
2508         exit(1);
2509     }
2510
2511     XInitThreads();
2512     display = XOpenDisplay(nullptr);
2513     long visualMask = VisualScreenMask;
2514     int numberOfVisuals;
2515     XVisualInfo vInfoTemplate = {};
2516     vInfoTemplate.screen = DefaultScreen(display);
2517     XVisualInfo *visualInfo = XGetVisualInfo(display, visualMask, &vInfoTemplate, &numberOfVisuals);
2518
2519     Colormap colormap = XCreateColormap(display, RootWindow(display, vInfoTemplate.screen), visualInfo->visual, AllocNone);
2520
2521     XSetWindowAttributes windowAttributes = {};
2522     windowAttributes.colormap = colormap;
2523     windowAttributes.background_pixel = 0xFFFFFFFF;
2524     windowAttributes.border_pixel = 0;
2525     windowAttributes.event_mask = KeyPressMask | KeyReleaseMask | StructureNotifyMask | ExposureMask;
2526
2527     xlib_window =
2528         XCreateWindow(display, RootWindow(display, vInfoTemplate.screen), 0, 0, width, height, 0, visualInfo->depth, InputOutput,
2529                       visualInfo->visual, CWBackPixel | CWBorderPixel | CWEventMask | CWColormap, &windowAttributes);
2530
2531     XSelectInput(display, xlib_window, ExposureMask | KeyPressMask);
2532     XMapWindow(display, xlib_window);
2533     XFlush(display);
2534     xlib_wm_delete_window = XInternAtom(display, "WM_DELETE_WINDOW", False);
2535 }
2536
2537 void Demo::handle_xlib_event(const XEvent *event) {
2538     switch (event->type) {
2539         case ClientMessage:
2540             if ((Atom)event->xclient.data.l[0] == xlib_wm_delete_window) {
2541                 quit = true;
2542             }
2543             break;
2544         case KeyPress:
2545             switch (event->xkey.keycode) {
2546                 case 0x9:  // Escape
2547                     quit = true;
2548                     break;
2549                 case 0x71:  // left arrow key
2550                     spin_angle -= spin_increment;
2551                     break;
2552                 case 0x72:  // right arrow key
2553                     spin_angle += spin_increment;
2554                     break;
2555                 case 0x41:  // space bar
2556                     pause = !pause;
2557                     break;
2558             }
2559             break;
2560         case ConfigureNotify:
2561             if (((int32_t)width != event->xconfigure.width) || ((int32_t)height != event->xconfigure.height)) {
2562                 width = event->xconfigure.width;
2563                 height = event->xconfigure.height;
2564                 resize();
2565             }
2566             break;
2567         default:
2568             break;
2569     }
2570 }
2571
2572 void Demo::run_xlib() {
2573     while (!quit) {
2574         XEvent event;
2575
2576         if (pause) {
2577             XNextEvent(display, &event);
2578             handle_xlib_event(&event);
2579         }
2580         while (XPending(display) > 0) {
2581             XNextEvent(display, &event);
2582             handle_xlib_event(&event);
2583         }
2584
2585         draw();
2586         curFrame++;
2587
2588         if (frameCount != UINT32_MAX && curFrame == frameCount) {
2589             quit = true;
2590         }
2591     }
2592 }
2593 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
2594
2595 void Demo::handle_xcb_event(const xcb_generic_event_t *event) {
2596     uint8_t event_code = event->response_type & 0x7f;
2597     switch (event_code) {
2598         case XCB_EXPOSE:
2599             // TODO: Resize window
2600             break;
2601         case XCB_CLIENT_MESSAGE:
2602             if ((*(xcb_client_message_event_t *)event).data.data32[0] == (*atom_wm_delete_window).atom) {
2603                 quit = true;
2604             }
2605             break;
2606         case XCB_KEY_RELEASE: {
2607             const xcb_key_release_event_t *key = (const xcb_key_release_event_t *)event;
2608
2609             switch (key->detail) {
2610                 case 0x9:  // Escape
2611                     quit = true;
2612                     break;
2613                 case 0x71:  // left arrow key
2614                     spin_angle -= spin_increment;
2615                     break;
2616                 case 0x72:  // right arrow key
2617                     spin_angle += spin_increment;
2618                     break;
2619                 case 0x41:  // space bar
2620                     pause = !pause;
2621                     break;
2622             }
2623         } break;
2624         case XCB_CONFIGURE_NOTIFY: {
2625             const xcb_configure_notify_event_t *cfg = (const xcb_configure_notify_event_t *)event;
2626             if ((width != cfg->width) || (height != cfg->height)) {
2627                 width = cfg->width;
2628                 height = cfg->height;
2629                 resize();
2630             }
2631         } break;
2632         default:
2633             break;
2634     }
2635 }
2636
2637 void Demo::run_xcb() {
2638     xcb_flush(connection);
2639
2640     while (!quit) {
2641         xcb_generic_event_t *event;
2642
2643         if (pause) {
2644             event = xcb_wait_for_event(connection);
2645         } else {
2646             event = xcb_poll_for_event(connection);
2647         }
2648         while (event) {
2649             handle_xcb_event(event);
2650             free(event);
2651             event = xcb_poll_for_event(connection);
2652         }
2653
2654         draw();
2655         curFrame++;
2656         if (frameCount != UINT32_MAX && curFrame == frameCount) {
2657             quit = true;
2658         }
2659     }
2660 }
2661
2662 void Demo::create_xcb_window() {
2663     uint32_t value_mask, value_list[32];
2664
2665     xcb_window = xcb_generate_id(connection);
2666
2667     value_mask = XCB_CW_BACK_PIXEL | XCB_CW_EVENT_MASK;
2668     value_list[0] = screen->black_pixel;
2669     value_list[1] = XCB_EVENT_MASK_KEY_RELEASE | XCB_EVENT_MASK_EXPOSURE | XCB_EVENT_MASK_STRUCTURE_NOTIFY;
2670
2671     xcb_create_window(connection, XCB_COPY_FROM_PARENT, xcb_window, screen->root, 0, 0, width, height, 0,
2672                       XCB_WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_OUTPUT, screen->root_visual, value_mask, value_list);
2673
2674     /* Magic code that will send notification when window is destroyed */
2675     xcb_intern_atom_cookie_t cookie = xcb_intern_atom(connection, 1, 12, "WM_PROTOCOLS");
2676     xcb_intern_atom_reply_t *reply = xcb_intern_atom_reply(connection, cookie, 0);
2677
2678     xcb_intern_atom_cookie_t cookie2 = xcb_intern_atom(connection, 0, 16, "WM_DELETE_WINDOW");
2679     atom_wm_delete_window = xcb_intern_atom_reply(connection, cookie2, 0);
2680
2681     xcb_change_property(connection, XCB_PROP_MODE_REPLACE, xcb_window, (*reply).atom, 4, 32, 1, &(*atom_wm_delete_window).atom);
2682
2683     free(reply);
2684
2685     xcb_map_window(connection, xcb_window);
2686
2687     // Force the x/y coordinates to 100,100 results are identical in
2688     // consecutive
2689     // runs
2690     const uint32_t coords[] = {100, 100};
2691     xcb_configure_window(connection, xcb_window, XCB_CONFIG_WINDOW_X | XCB_CONFIG_WINDOW_Y, coords);
2692 }
2693 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
2694
2695 void Demo::run() {
2696     while (!quit) {
2697         if (pause) {
2698             wl_display_dispatch(display);
2699         } else {
2700             wl_display_dispatch_pending(display);
2701             update_data_buffer();
2702             draw();
2703             curFrame++;
2704             if (frameCount != UINT32_MAX && curFrame == frameCount) {
2705                 quit = true;
2706             }
2707         }
2708     }
2709 }
2710
2711 static void handle_surface_configure(void *data, xdg_surface *xdg_surface, uint32_t serial) {
2712     Demo *demo = (Demo *)data;
2713     xdg_surface_ack_configure(xdg_surface, serial);
2714     if (demo->xdg_surface_has_been_configured) {
2715         demo->resize();
2716     }
2717     demo->xdg_surface_has_been_configured = true;
2718 }
2719
2720 static const xdg_surface_listener surface_listener = {handle_surface_configure};
2721
2722 static void handle_toplevel_configure(void *data, xdg_toplevel *xdg_toplevel, int32_t width, int32_t height,
2723                                       struct wl_array *states) {
2724     Demo *demo = (Demo *)data;
2725     demo->width = width;
2726     demo->height = height;
2727     // This will be followed by a surface configure
2728 }
2729
2730 static void handle_toplevel_close(void *data, xdg_toplevel *xdg_toplevel) {
2731     Demo *demo = (Demo *)data;
2732     demo->quit = true;
2733 }
2734
2735 static const xdg_toplevel_listener toplevel_listener = {handle_toplevel_configure, handle_toplevel_close};
2736
2737 void Demo::create_window() {
2738     if (!wm_base) {
2739         printf("Compositor did not provide the standard protocol xdg-wm-base\n");
2740         fflush(stdout);
2741         exit(1);
2742     }
2743
2744     window = wl_compositor_create_surface(compositor);
2745     if (!window) {
2746         printf("Can not create wayland_surface from compositor!\n");
2747         fflush(stdout);
2748         exit(1);
2749     }
2750
2751     window_surface = xdg_wm_base_get_xdg_surface(wm_base, window);
2752     if (!window_surface) {
2753         printf("Can not get xdg_surface from wayland_surface!\n");
2754         fflush(stdout);
2755         exit(1);
2756     }
2757     window_toplevel = xdg_surface_get_toplevel(window_surface);
2758     if (!window_toplevel) {
2759         printf("Can not allocate xdg_toplevel for xdg_surface!\n");
2760         fflush(stdout);
2761         exit(1);
2762     }
2763     xdg_surface_add_listener(window_surface, &surface_listener, this);
2764     xdg_toplevel_add_listener(window_toplevel, &toplevel_listener, this);
2765     xdg_toplevel_set_title(window_toplevel, APP_SHORT_NAME);
2766     if (xdg_decoration_mgr) {
2767         // if supported, let the compositor render titlebars for us
2768         toplevel_decoration = zxdg_decoration_manager_v1_get_toplevel_decoration(xdg_decoration_mgr, window_toplevel);
2769         zxdg_toplevel_decoration_v1_set_mode(toplevel_decoration, ZXDG_TOPLEVEL_DECORATION_V1_MODE_SERVER_SIDE);
2770     }
2771
2772     wl_surface_commit(window);
2773 }
2774 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT)
2775 void Demo::run() {
2776     draw();
2777     curFrame++;
2778     if (frameCount != UINT32_MAX && curFrame == frameCount) {
2779         quit = true;
2780     }
2781 }
2782 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
2783
2784 vk::Result Demo::create_display_surface() {
2785     vk::Result result;
2786     uint32_t display_count;
2787     uint32_t mode_count;
2788     uint32_t plane_count;
2789     vk::DisplayPropertiesKHR display_props;
2790     vk::DisplayKHR display;
2791     vk::DisplayModePropertiesKHR mode_props;
2792     vk::DisplayPlanePropertiesKHR *plane_props;
2793     vk::Bool32 found_plane = VK_FALSE;
2794     uint32_t plane_index;
2795     vk::Extent2D image_extent;
2796
2797     // Get the first display
2798     result = gpu.getDisplayPropertiesKHR(&display_count, nullptr);
2799     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2800
2801     if (display_count == 0) {
2802         printf("Cannot find any display!\n");
2803         fflush(stdout);
2804         exit(1);
2805     }
2806
2807     display_count = 1;
2808     result = gpu.getDisplayPropertiesKHR(&display_count, &display_props);
2809     VERIFY((result == vk::Result::eSuccess) || (result == vk::Result::eIncomplete));
2810
2811     display = display_props.display;
2812
2813     // Get the first mode of the display
2814     result = gpu.getDisplayModePropertiesKHR(display, &mode_count, nullptr);
2815     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2816
2817     if (mode_count == 0) {
2818         printf("Cannot find any mode for the display!\n");
2819         fflush(stdout);
2820         exit(1);
2821     }
2822
2823     mode_count = 1;
2824     result = gpu.getDisplayModePropertiesKHR(display, &mode_count, &mode_props);
2825     VERIFY((result == vk::Result::eSuccess) || (result == vk::Result::eIncomplete));
2826
2827     // Get the list of planes
2828     result = gpu.getDisplayPlanePropertiesKHR(&plane_count, nullptr);
2829     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2830
2831     if (plane_count == 0) {
2832         printf("Cannot find any plane!\n");
2833         fflush(stdout);
2834         exit(1);
2835     }
2836
2837     plane_props = (vk::DisplayPlanePropertiesKHR *)malloc(sizeof(vk::DisplayPlanePropertiesKHR) * plane_count);
2838     VERIFY(plane_props != nullptr);
2839
2840     result = gpu.getDisplayPlanePropertiesKHR(&plane_count, plane_props);
2841     VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2842
2843     // Find a plane compatible with the display
2844     for (plane_index = 0; plane_index < plane_count; plane_index++) {
2845         uint32_t supported_count;
2846         vk::DisplayKHR *supported_displays;
2847
2848         // Disqualify planes that are bound to a different display
2849         if (plane_props[plane_index].currentDisplay && (plane_props[plane_index].currentDisplay != display)) {
2850             continue;
2851         }
2852
2853         result = gpu.getDisplayPlaneSupportedDisplaysKHR(plane_index, &supported_count, nullptr);
2854         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2855
2856         if (supported_count == 0) {
2857             continue;
2858         }
2859
2860         supported_displays = (vk::DisplayKHR *)malloc(sizeof(vk::DisplayKHR) * supported_count);
2861         VERIFY(supported_displays != nullptr);
2862
2863         result = gpu.getDisplayPlaneSupportedDisplaysKHR(plane_index, &supported_count, supported_displays);
2864         VERIFY(result == vk::Result::eSuccess);
2865
2866         for (uint32_t i = 0; i < supported_count; i++) {
2867             if (supported_displays[i] == display) {
2868                 found_plane = VK_TRUE;
2869                 break;
2870             }
2871         }
2872
2873         free(supported_displays);
2874
2875         if (found_plane) {
2876             break;
2877         }
2878     }
2879
2880     if (!found_plane) {
2881         printf("Cannot find a plane compatible with the display!\n");
2882         fflush(stdout);
2883         exit(1);
2884     }
2885
2886     free(plane_props);
2887
2888     vk::DisplayPlaneCapabilitiesKHR planeCaps;
2889     gpu.getDisplayPlaneCapabilitiesKHR(mode_props.displayMode, plane_index, &planeCaps);
2890     // Find a supported alpha mode
2891     vk::DisplayPlaneAlphaFlagBitsKHR alphaMode = vk::DisplayPlaneAlphaFlagBitsKHR::eOpaque;
2892     vk::DisplayPlaneAlphaFlagBitsKHR alphaModes[4] = {
2893         vk::DisplayPlaneAlphaFlagBitsKHR::eOpaque,
2894         vk::DisplayPlaneAlphaFlagBitsKHR::eGlobal,
2895         vk::DisplayPlaneAlphaFlagBitsKHR::ePerPixel,
2896         vk::DisplayPlaneAlphaFlagBitsKHR::ePerPixelPremultiplied,
2897     };
2898     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < sizeof(alphaModes); i++) {
2899         if (planeCaps.supportedAlpha & alphaModes[i]) {
2900             alphaMode = alphaModes[i];
2901             break;
2902         }
2903     }
2904
2905     image_extent.setWidth(mode_props.parameters.visibleRegion.width);
2906     image_extent.setHeight(mode_props.parameters.visibleRegion.height);
2907
2908     auto const createInfo = vk::DisplaySurfaceCreateInfoKHR()
2909                                 .setDisplayMode(mode_props.displayMode)
2910                                 .setPlaneIndex(plane_index)
2911                                 .setPlaneStackIndex(plane_props[plane_index].currentStackIndex)
2912                                 .setGlobalAlpha(1.0f)
2913                                 .setAlphaMode(alphaMode)
2914                                 .setImageExtent(image_extent);
2915
2916     return inst.createDisplayPlaneSurfaceKHR(&createInfo, nullptr, &surface);
2917 }
2918
2919 void Demo::run_display() {
2920     while (!quit) {
2921         draw();
2922         curFrame++;
2923
2924         if (frameCount != UINT32_MAX && curFrame == frameCount) {
2925             quit = true;
2926         }
2927     }
2928 }
2929 #endif
2930
2931 #if _WIN32
2932 // Include header required for parsing the command line options.
2933 #include <shellapi.h>
2934
2935 Demo demo;
2936
2937 // MS-Windows event handling function:
2938 LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT uMsg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) {
2939     switch (uMsg) {
2940         case WM_CLOSE:
2941             PostQuitMessage(validation_error);
2942             break;
2943         case WM_PAINT:
2944             demo.run();
2945             break;
2946         case WM_GETMINMAXINFO:  // set window's minimum size
2947             ((MINMAXINFO *)lParam)->ptMinTrackSize = demo.minsize;
2948             return 0;
2949         case WM_ERASEBKGND:
2950             return 1;
2951         case WM_SIZE:
2952             // Resize the application to the new window size, except when
2953             // it was minimized. Vulkan doesn't support images or swapchains
2954             // with width=0 and height=0.
2955             if (wParam != SIZE_MINIMIZED) {
2956                 demo.width = lParam & 0xffff;
2957                 demo.height = (lParam & 0xffff0000) >> 16;
2958                 demo.resize();
2959             }
2960             break;
2961         case WM_KEYDOWN:
2962             switch (wParam) {
2963                 case VK_ESCAPE:
2964                     PostQuitMessage(validation_error);
2965                     break;
2966                 case VK_LEFT:
2967                     demo.spin_angle -= demo.spin_increment;
2968                     break;
2969                 case VK_RIGHT:
2970                     demo.spin_angle += demo.spin_increment;
2971                     break;
2972                 case VK_SPACE:
2973                     demo.pause = !demo.pause;
2974                     break;
2975             }
2976             return 0;
2977         default:
2978             break;
2979     }
2980
2981     return (DefWindowProc(hWnd, uMsg, wParam, lParam));
2982 }
2983
2984 int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR pCmdLine, int nCmdShow) {
2985     // TODO: Gah.. refactor. This isn't 1989.
2986     MSG msg;    // message
2987     bool done;  // flag saying when app is complete
2988     int argc;
2989     char **argv;
2990
2991     // Ensure wParam is initialized.
2992     msg.wParam = 0;
2993
2994     // Use the CommandLine functions to get the command line arguments.
2995     // Unfortunately, Microsoft outputs
2996     // this information as wide characters for Unicode, and we simply want the
2997     // Ascii version to be compatible
2998     // with the non-Windows side.  So, we have to convert the information to
2999     // Ascii character strings.
3000     LPWSTR *commandLineArgs = CommandLineToArgvW(GetCommandLineW(), &argc);
3001     if (nullptr == commandLineArgs) {
3002         argc = 0;
3003     }
3004
3005     if (argc > 0) {
3006         argv = (char **)malloc(sizeof(char *) * argc);
3007         if (argv == nullptr) {
3008             argc = 0;
3009         } else {
3010             for (int iii = 0; iii < argc; iii++) {
3011                 size_t wideCharLen = wcslen(commandLineArgs[iii]);
3012                 size_t numConverted = 0;
3013
3014                 argv[iii] = (char *)malloc(sizeof(char) * (wideCharLen + 1));
3015                 if (argv[iii] != nullptr) {
3016                     wcstombs_s(&numConverted, argv[iii], wideCharLen + 1, commandLineArgs[iii], wideCharLen + 1);
3017                 }
3018             }
3019         }
3020     } else {
3021         argv = nullptr;
3022     }
3023
3024     demo.init(argc, argv);
3025
3026     // Free up the items we had to allocate for the command line arguments.
3027     if (argc > 0 && argv != nullptr) {
3028         for (int iii = 0; iii < argc; iii++) {
3029             if (argv[iii] != nullptr) {
3030                 free(argv[iii]);
3031             }
3032         }
3033         free(argv);
3034     }
3035
3036     demo.connection = hInstance;
3037     strncpy(demo.name, "Vulkan Cube", APP_NAME_STR_LEN);
3038     demo.create_window();
3039     demo.init_vk_swapchain();
3040
3041     demo.prepare();
3042
3043     done = false;  // initialize loop condition variable
3044
3045     // main message loop
3046     while (!done) {
3047         if (demo.pause) {
3048             const BOOL succ = WaitMessage();
3049
3050             if (!succ) {
3051                 const auto &suppress_popups = demo.suppress_popups;
3052                 ERR_EXIT("WaitMessage() failed on paused demo", "event loop error");
3053             }
3054         }
3055
3056         PeekMessage(&msg, nullptr, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE);
3057         if (msg.message == WM_QUIT)  // check for a quit message
3058         {
3059             done = true;  // if found, quit app
3060         } else {
3061             /* Translate and dispatch to event queue*/
3062             TranslateMessage(&msg);
3063             DispatchMessage(&msg);
3064         }
3065         RedrawWindow(demo.window, nullptr, nullptr, RDW_INTERNALPAINT);
3066     }
3067
3068     demo.cleanup();
3069
3070     return (int)msg.wParam;
3071 }
3072
3073 #elif __linux__
3074
3075 int main(int argc, char **argv) {
3076     Demo demo;
3077
3078     demo.init(argc, argv);
3079
3080 #if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
3081     demo.create_xcb_window();
3082 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
3083     demo.use_xlib = true;
3084     demo.create_xlib_window();
3085 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
3086     demo.create_window();
3087 #endif
3088
3089     demo.init_vk_swapchain();
3090
3091     demo.prepare();
3092
3093 #if defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XCB_KHR)
3094     demo.run_xcb();
3095 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_XLIB_KHR)
3096     demo.run_xlib();
3097 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_WAYLAND_KHR)
3098     demo.run();
3099 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_DISPLAY_KHR)
3100     demo.run_display();
3101 #endif
3102
3103     demo.cleanup();
3104
3105     return validation_error;
3106 }
3107
3108 #elif defined(VK_USE_PLATFORM_METAL_EXT)
3109
3110 // Global function invoked from NS or UI views and controllers to create demo
3111 static void demo_main(struct Demo &demo, void *caMetalLayer, int argc, const char *argv[]) {
3112     demo.init(argc, (char **)argv);
3113     demo.caMetalLayer = caMetalLayer;
3114     demo.init_vk_swapchain();
3115     demo.prepare();
3116     demo.spin_angle = 0.4f;
3117 }
3118
3119 #else
3120 #error "Platform not supported"
3121 #endif