2 * Non-physical true random number generator based on timing jitter --
3 * Jitter RNG standalone code.
5 * Copyright Stephan Mueller <smueller@chronox.de>, 2015 - 2023
10 * See https://www.chronox.de/jent.html
15 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
16 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
18 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
19 * notice, and the entire permission notice in its entirety,
20 * including the disclaimer of warranties.
21 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
22 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
23 * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
24 * 3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote
25 * products derived from this software without specific prior
28 * ALTERNATIVELY, this product may be distributed under the terms of
29 * the GNU General Public License, in which case the provisions of the GPL2 are
30 * required INSTEAD OF the above restrictions. (This clause is
31 * necessary due to a potential bad interaction between the GPL and
32 * the restrictions contained in a BSD-style copyright.)
34 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
35 * WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
36 * OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ALL OF
37 * WHICH ARE HEREBY DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE
38 * LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
39 * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT
40 * OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR
41 * BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF
42 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
43 * (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE
44 * USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF NOT ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
49 * This Jitterentropy RNG is based on the jitterentropy library
50 * version 3.4.0 provided at https://www.chronox.de/jent.html
54 #error "The CPU Jitter random number generator must not be compiled with optimizations. See documentation. Use the compiler switch -O0 for compiling jitterentropy.c."
57 typedef unsigned long long __u64;
58 typedef long long __s64;
59 typedef unsigned int __u32;
60 typedef unsigned char u8;
61 #define NULL ((void *) 0)
63 /* The entropy pool */
65 /* SHA3-256 is used as conditioner */
66 #define DATA_SIZE_BITS 256
67 /* all data values that are vital to maintain the security
68 * of the RNG are marked as SENSITIVE. A user must not
69 * access that information while the RNG executes its loops to
70 * calculate the next random value. */
71 void *hash_state; /* SENSITIVE hash state entropy pool */
72 __u64 prev_time; /* SENSITIVE Previous time stamp */
73 __u64 last_delta; /* SENSITIVE stuck test */
74 __s64 last_delta2; /* SENSITIVE stuck test */
75 unsigned int osr; /* Oversample rate */
76 #define JENT_MEMORY_BLOCKS 64
77 #define JENT_MEMORY_BLOCKSIZE 32
78 #define JENT_MEMORY_ACCESSLOOPS 128
79 #define JENT_MEMORY_SIZE (JENT_MEMORY_BLOCKS*JENT_MEMORY_BLOCKSIZE)
80 unsigned char *mem; /* Memory access location with size of
81 * memblocks * memblocksize */
82 unsigned int memlocation; /* Pointer to byte in *mem */
83 unsigned int memblocks; /* Number of memory blocks in *mem */
84 unsigned int memblocksize; /* Size of one memory block in bytes */
85 unsigned int memaccessloops; /* Number of memory accesses per random
88 /* Repetition Count Test */
89 unsigned int rct_count; /* Number of stuck values */
91 /* Intermittent health test failure threshold of 2^-30 */
92 #define JENT_RCT_CUTOFF 30 /* Taken from SP800-90B sec 4.4.1 */
93 #define JENT_APT_CUTOFF 325 /* Taken from SP800-90B sec 4.4.2 */
94 /* Permanent health test failure threshold of 2^-60 */
95 #define JENT_RCT_CUTOFF_PERMANENT 60
96 #define JENT_APT_CUTOFF_PERMANENT 355
97 #define JENT_APT_WINDOW_SIZE 512 /* Data window size */
98 /* LSB of time stamp to process */
99 #define JENT_APT_LSB 16
100 #define JENT_APT_WORD_MASK (JENT_APT_LSB - 1)
101 unsigned int apt_observations; /* Number of collected observations */
102 unsigned int apt_count; /* APT counter */
103 unsigned int apt_base; /* APT base reference */
104 unsigned int apt_base_set:1; /* APT base reference set? */
107 /* Flags that can be used to initialize the RNG */
108 #define JENT_DISABLE_MEMORY_ACCESS (1<<2) /* Disable memory access for more
109 * entropy, saves MEMORY_SIZE RAM for
110 * entropy collector */
112 /* -- error codes for init function -- */
113 #define JENT_ENOTIME 1 /* Timer service not available */
114 #define JENT_ECOARSETIME 2 /* Timer too coarse for RNG */
115 #define JENT_ENOMONOTONIC 3 /* Timer is not monotonic increasing */
116 #define JENT_EVARVAR 5 /* Timer does not produce variations of
117 * variations (2nd derivation of time is
119 #define JENT_ESTUCK 8 /* Too many stuck results during init. */
120 #define JENT_EHEALTH 9 /* Health test failed during initialization */
123 * The output n bits can receive more than n bits of min entropy, of course,
124 * but the fixed output of the conditioning function can only asymptotically
125 * approach the output size bits of min entropy, not attain that bound. Random
126 * maps will tend to have output collisions, which reduces the creditable
127 * output entropy (that is what SP 800-90B Section 3.1.5.1.2 attempts to bound).
129 * The value "64" is justified in Appendix A.4 of the current 90C draft,
130 * and aligns with NIST's in "epsilon" definition in this document, which is
131 * that a string can be considered "full entropy" if you can bound the min
132 * entropy in each bit of output to at least 1-epsilon, where epsilon is
133 * required to be <= 2^(-32).
135 #define JENT_ENTROPY_SAFETY_FACTOR 64
137 #include <linux/fips.h>
138 #include "jitterentropy.h"
140 /***************************************************************************
141 * Adaptive Proportion Test
143 * This test complies with SP800-90B section 4.4.2.
144 ***************************************************************************/
147 * Reset the APT counter
149 * @ec [in] Reference to entropy collector
151 static void jent_apt_reset(struct rand_data *ec, unsigned int delta_masked)
153 /* Reset APT counter */
155 ec->apt_base = delta_masked;
156 ec->apt_observations = 0;
160 * Insert a new entropy event into APT
162 * @ec [in] Reference to entropy collector
163 * @delta_masked [in] Masked time delta to process
165 static void jent_apt_insert(struct rand_data *ec, unsigned int delta_masked)
167 /* Initialize the base reference */
168 if (!ec->apt_base_set) {
169 ec->apt_base = delta_masked;
170 ec->apt_base_set = 1;
174 if (delta_masked == ec->apt_base)
177 ec->apt_observations++;
179 if (ec->apt_observations >= JENT_APT_WINDOW_SIZE)
180 jent_apt_reset(ec, delta_masked);
183 /* APT health test failure detection */
184 static int jent_apt_permanent_failure(struct rand_data *ec)
186 return (ec->apt_count >= JENT_APT_CUTOFF_PERMANENT) ? 1 : 0;
189 static int jent_apt_failure(struct rand_data *ec)
191 return (ec->apt_count >= JENT_APT_CUTOFF) ? 1 : 0;
194 /***************************************************************************
195 * Stuck Test and its use as Repetition Count Test
197 * The Jitter RNG uses an enhanced version of the Repetition Count Test
198 * (RCT) specified in SP800-90B section 4.4.1. Instead of counting identical
199 * back-to-back values, the input to the RCT is the counting of the stuck
200 * values during the generation of one Jitter RNG output block.
202 * The RCT is applied with an alpha of 2^{-30} compliant to FIPS 140-2 IG 9.8.
204 * During the counting operation, the Jitter RNG always calculates the RCT
205 * cut-off value of C. If that value exceeds the allowed cut-off value,
206 * the Jitter RNG output block will be calculated completely but discarded at
207 * the end. The caller of the Jitter RNG is informed with an error code.
208 ***************************************************************************/
211 * Repetition Count Test as defined in SP800-90B section 4.4.1
213 * @ec [in] Reference to entropy collector
214 * @stuck [in] Indicator whether the value is stuck
216 static void jent_rct_insert(struct rand_data *ec, int stuck)
226 static inline __u64 jent_delta(__u64 prev, __u64 next)
228 #define JENT_UINT64_MAX (__u64)(~((__u64) 0))
229 return (prev < next) ? (next - prev) :
230 (JENT_UINT64_MAX - prev + 1 + next);
234 * Stuck test by checking the:
235 * 1st derivative of the jitter measurement (time delta)
236 * 2nd derivative of the jitter measurement (delta of time deltas)
237 * 3rd derivative of the jitter measurement (delta of delta of time deltas)
239 * All values must always be non-zero.
241 * @ec [in] Reference to entropy collector
242 * @current_delta [in] Jitter time delta
245 * 0 jitter measurement not stuck (good bit)
246 * 1 jitter measurement stuck (reject bit)
248 static int jent_stuck(struct rand_data *ec, __u64 current_delta)
250 __u64 delta2 = jent_delta(ec->last_delta, current_delta);
251 __u64 delta3 = jent_delta(ec->last_delta2, delta2);
253 ec->last_delta = current_delta;
254 ec->last_delta2 = delta2;
257 * Insert the result of the comparison of two back-to-back time
260 jent_apt_insert(ec, current_delta);
262 if (!current_delta || !delta2 || !delta3) {
263 /* RCT with a stuck bit */
264 jent_rct_insert(ec, 1);
268 /* RCT with a non-stuck bit */
269 jent_rct_insert(ec, 0);
274 /* RCT health test failure detection */
275 static int jent_rct_permanent_failure(struct rand_data *ec)
277 return (ec->rct_count >= JENT_RCT_CUTOFF_PERMANENT) ? 1 : 0;
280 static int jent_rct_failure(struct rand_data *ec)
282 return (ec->rct_count >= JENT_RCT_CUTOFF) ? 1 : 0;
285 /* Report of health test failures */
286 static int jent_health_failure(struct rand_data *ec)
288 return jent_rct_failure(ec) | jent_apt_failure(ec);
291 static int jent_permanent_health_failure(struct rand_data *ec)
293 return jent_rct_permanent_failure(ec) | jent_apt_permanent_failure(ec);
296 /***************************************************************************
298 ***************************************************************************/
301 * Update of the loop count used for the next round of
302 * an entropy collection.
305 * @bits is the number of low bits of the timer to consider
306 * @min is the number of bits we shift the timer value to the right at
307 * the end to make sure we have a guaranteed minimum value
309 * @return Newly calculated loop counter
311 static __u64 jent_loop_shuffle(unsigned int bits, unsigned int min)
316 unsigned int mask = (1<<bits) - 1;
318 jent_get_nstime(&time);
321 * We fold the time value as much as possible to ensure that as many
322 * bits of the time stamp are included as possible.
324 for (i = 0; ((DATA_SIZE_BITS + bits - 1) / bits) > i; i++) {
325 shuffle ^= time & mask;
330 * We add a lower boundary value to ensure we have a minimum
333 return (shuffle + (1<<min));
337 * CPU Jitter noise source -- this is the noise source based on the CPU
338 * execution time jitter
340 * This function injects the individual bits of the time value into the
341 * entropy pool using a hash.
343 * ec [in] entropy collector
344 * time [in] time stamp to be injected
345 * stuck [in] Is the time stamp identified as stuck?
348 * updated hash context in the entropy collector or error code
350 static int jent_condition_data(struct rand_data *ec, __u64 time, int stuck)
352 #define SHA3_HASH_LOOP (1<<3)
355 unsigned int apt_observations;
356 unsigned int apt_count;
357 unsigned int apt_base;
360 ec->apt_observations,
365 return jent_hash_time(ec->hash_state, time, (u8 *)&addtl, sizeof(addtl),
366 SHA3_HASH_LOOP, stuck);
370 * Memory Access noise source -- this is a noise source based on variations in
371 * memory access times
373 * This function performs memory accesses which will add to the timing
374 * variations due to an unknown amount of CPU wait states that need to be
375 * added when accessing memory. The memory size should be larger than the L1
376 * caches as outlined in the documentation and the associated testing.
378 * The L1 cache has a very high bandwidth, albeit its access rate is usually
379 * slower than accessing CPU registers. Therefore, L1 accesses only add minimal
380 * variations as the CPU has hardly to wait. Starting with L2, significant
381 * variations are added because L2 typically does not belong to the CPU any more
382 * and therefore a wider range of CPU wait states is necessary for accesses.
383 * L3 and real memory accesses have even a wider range of wait states. However,
384 * to reliably access either L3 or memory, the ec->mem memory must be quite
385 * large which is usually not desirable.
387 * @ec [in] Reference to the entropy collector with the memory access data -- if
388 * the reference to the memory block to be accessed is NULL, this noise
390 * @loop_cnt [in] if a value not equal to 0 is set, use the given value
391 * number of loops to perform the LFSR
393 static void jent_memaccess(struct rand_data *ec, __u64 loop_cnt)
395 unsigned int wrap = 0;
397 #define MAX_ACC_LOOP_BIT 7
398 #define MIN_ACC_LOOP_BIT 0
400 jent_loop_shuffle(MAX_ACC_LOOP_BIT, MIN_ACC_LOOP_BIT);
402 if (NULL == ec || NULL == ec->mem)
404 wrap = ec->memblocksize * ec->memblocks;
407 * testing purposes -- allow test app to set the counter, not
408 * needed during runtime
411 acc_loop_cnt = loop_cnt;
413 for (i = 0; i < (ec->memaccessloops + acc_loop_cnt); i++) {
414 unsigned char *tmpval = ec->mem + ec->memlocation;
416 * memory access: just add 1 to one byte,
417 * wrap at 255 -- memory access implies read
418 * from and write to memory location
420 *tmpval = (*tmpval + 1) & 0xff;
422 * Addition of memblocksize - 1 to pointer
423 * with wrap around logic to ensure that every
424 * memory location is hit evenly
426 ec->memlocation = ec->memlocation + ec->memblocksize - 1;
427 ec->memlocation = ec->memlocation % wrap;
431 /***************************************************************************
432 * Start of entropy processing logic
433 ***************************************************************************/
435 * This is the heart of the entropy generation: calculate time deltas and
436 * use the CPU jitter in the time deltas. The jitter is injected into the
439 * WARNING: ensure that ->prev_time is primed before using the output
440 * of this function! This can be done by calling this function
441 * and not using its result.
443 * @ec [in] Reference to entropy collector
445 * @return result of stuck test
447 static int jent_measure_jitter(struct rand_data *ec)
450 __u64 current_delta = 0;
453 /* Invoke one noise source before time measurement to add variations */
454 jent_memaccess(ec, 0);
457 * Get time stamp and calculate time delta to previous
458 * invocation to measure the timing variations
460 jent_get_nstime(&time);
461 current_delta = jent_delta(ec->prev_time, time);
462 ec->prev_time = time;
464 /* Check whether we have a stuck measurement. */
465 stuck = jent_stuck(ec, current_delta);
467 /* Now call the next noise sources which also injects the data */
468 if (jent_condition_data(ec, current_delta, stuck))
475 * Generator of one 64 bit random number
476 * Function fills rand_data->hash_state
478 * @ec [in] Reference to entropy collector
480 static void jent_gen_entropy(struct rand_data *ec)
482 unsigned int k = 0, safety_factor = 0;
485 safety_factor = JENT_ENTROPY_SAFETY_FACTOR;
487 /* priming of the ->prev_time value */
488 jent_measure_jitter(ec);
490 while (!jent_health_failure(ec)) {
491 /* If a stuck measurement is received, repeat measurement */
492 if (jent_measure_jitter(ec))
496 * We multiply the loop value with ->osr to obtain the
497 * oversampling rate requested by the caller
499 if (++k >= ((DATA_SIZE_BITS + safety_factor) * ec->osr))
505 * Entry function: Obtain entropy for the caller.
507 * This function invokes the entropy gathering logic as often to generate
508 * as many bytes as requested by the caller. The entropy gathering logic
509 * creates 64 bit per invocation.
511 * This function truncates the last 64 bit entropy value output to the exact
512 * size specified by the caller.
514 * @ec [in] Reference to entropy collector
515 * @data [in] pointer to buffer for storing random data -- buffer must already
517 * @len [in] size of the buffer, specifying also the requested number of random
520 * @return 0 when request is fulfilled or an error
522 * The following error codes can occur:
523 * -1 entropy_collector is NULL or the generation failed
524 * -2 Intermittent health failure
525 * -3 Permanent health failure
527 int jent_read_entropy(struct rand_data *ec, unsigned char *data,
530 unsigned char *p = data;
538 jent_gen_entropy(ec);
540 if (jent_permanent_health_failure(ec)) {
542 * At this point, the Jitter RNG instance is considered
543 * as a failed instance. There is no rerun of the
544 * startup test any more, because the caller
545 * is assumed to not further use this instance.
548 } else if (jent_health_failure(ec)) {
550 * Perform startup health tests and return permanent
553 if (jent_entropy_init(ec->hash_state))
559 if ((DATA_SIZE_BITS / 8) < len)
560 tocopy = (DATA_SIZE_BITS / 8);
563 if (jent_read_random_block(ec->hash_state, p, tocopy))
573 /***************************************************************************
574 * Initialization logic
575 ***************************************************************************/
577 struct rand_data *jent_entropy_collector_alloc(unsigned int osr,
581 struct rand_data *entropy_collector;
583 entropy_collector = jent_zalloc(sizeof(struct rand_data));
584 if (!entropy_collector)
587 if (!(flags & JENT_DISABLE_MEMORY_ACCESS)) {
588 /* Allocate memory for adding variations based on memory
591 entropy_collector->mem = jent_zalloc(JENT_MEMORY_SIZE);
592 if (!entropy_collector->mem) {
593 jent_zfree(entropy_collector);
596 entropy_collector->memblocksize = JENT_MEMORY_BLOCKSIZE;
597 entropy_collector->memblocks = JENT_MEMORY_BLOCKS;
598 entropy_collector->memaccessloops = JENT_MEMORY_ACCESSLOOPS;
601 /* verify and set the oversampling rate */
603 osr = 1; /* minimum sampling rate is 1 */
604 entropy_collector->osr = osr;
606 entropy_collector->hash_state = hash_state;
608 /* fill the data pad with non-zero values */
609 jent_gen_entropy(entropy_collector);
611 return entropy_collector;
614 void jent_entropy_collector_free(struct rand_data *entropy_collector)
616 jent_zfree(entropy_collector->mem);
617 entropy_collector->mem = NULL;
618 jent_zfree(entropy_collector);
621 int jent_entropy_init(void *hash_state)
626 unsigned int nonstuck = 0;
627 int time_backwards = 0;
630 struct rand_data ec = { 0 };
632 /* Required for RCT */
634 ec.hash_state = hash_state;
636 /* We could perform statistical tests here, but the problem is
637 * that we only have a few loop counts to do testing. These
638 * loop counts may show some slight skew and we produce
641 * Moreover, only old systems show potentially problematic
642 * jitter entropy that could potentially be caught here. But
643 * the RNG is intended for hardware that is available or widely
644 * used, but not old systems that are long out of favor. Thus,
645 * no statistical tests.
649 * We could add a check for system capabilities such as clock_getres or
650 * check for CONFIG_X86_TSC, but it does not make much sense as the
651 * following sanity checks verify that we have a high-resolution
655 * TESTLOOPCOUNT needs some loops to identify edge systems. 100 is
656 * definitely too little.
658 * SP800-90B requires at least 1024 initial test cycles.
660 #define TESTLOOPCOUNT 1024
661 #define CLEARCACHE 100
662 for (i = 0; (TESTLOOPCOUNT + CLEARCACHE) > i; i++) {
666 unsigned int lowdelta = 0;
669 /* Invoke core entropy collection logic */
670 jent_get_nstime(&time);
672 jent_condition_data(&ec, time, 0);
673 jent_get_nstime(&time2);
675 /* test whether timer works */
678 delta = jent_delta(time, time2);
680 * test whether timer is fine grained enough to provide
681 * delta even when called shortly after each other -- this
682 * implies that we also have a high resolution timer
685 return JENT_ECOARSETIME;
687 stuck = jent_stuck(&ec, delta);
690 * up to here we did not modify any variable that will be
691 * evaluated later, but we already performed some work. Thus we
692 * already have had an impact on the caches, branch prediction,
693 * etc. with the goal to clear it to get the worst case
705 * Ensure that the APT succeeded.
707 * With the check below that count_stuck must be less
708 * than 10% of the overall generated raw entropy values
709 * it is guaranteed that the APT is invoked at
710 * floor((TESTLOOPCOUNT * 0.9) / 64) == 14 times.
712 if ((nonstuck % JENT_APT_WINDOW_SIZE) == 0) {
714 delta & JENT_APT_WORD_MASK);
718 /* Validate health test result */
719 if (jent_health_failure(&ec))
722 /* test whether we have an increasing timer */
726 /* use 32 bit value to ensure compilation on 32 bit arches */
727 lowdelta = time2 - time;
728 if (!(lowdelta % 100))
732 * ensure that we have a varying delta timer which is necessary
733 * for the calculation of entropy -- perform this check
734 * only after the first loop is executed as we need to prime
737 if (delta > old_delta)
738 delta_sum += (delta - old_delta);
740 delta_sum += (old_delta - delta);
745 * we allow up to three times the time running backwards.
746 * CLOCK_REALTIME is affected by adjtime and NTP operations. Thus,
747 * if such an operation just happens to interfere with our test, it
748 * should not fail. The value of 3 should cover the NTP case being
749 * performed during our test run.
751 if (time_backwards > 3)
752 return JENT_ENOMONOTONIC;
755 * Variations of deltas of time must on average be larger
756 * than 1 to ensure the entropy estimation
757 * implied with 1 is preserved
759 if ((delta_sum) <= 1)
763 * Ensure that we have variations in the time stamp below 10 for at
764 * least 10% of all checks -- on some platforms, the counter increments
765 * in multiples of 100, but not always
767 if ((TESTLOOPCOUNT/10 * 9) < count_mod)
768 return JENT_ECOARSETIME;
771 * If we have more than 90% stuck results, then this Jitter RNG is
772 * likely to not work well.
774 if ((TESTLOOPCOUNT/10 * 9) < count_stuck)