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41 <h1 class="docs">Bibliographies and references</h1>
43 <div style="width: 75%; margin: auto;">
44 <ul class="no-enumerator">
45 <li><a href="#intro-ref">Introduction to bibliographies and references</a></li>
46 <li><a href="#tutorial-ref">Tutorial on <kbd>refer</kbd> usage with mom</a>
47 <ul style="margin-left: -.5em; list-style-type: disc;">
48 <li><a href="#db-ref">Create a <kbd>refer</kbd> database</a></li>
49 <li><a href="#rcommands-ref">Insert a <kbd>refer</kbd> block</a></li>
50 <li><a href="#placement-ref">Tell mom where you want your references (if footnotes or endnotes)</a></li>
51 <li><a href="#accessing-ref">Accessing references in the database</a></li>
52 <li><a href="#fn-en-recipe">Entering footnote/endnote references</a></li>
53 <li><a href="#parenthetical">Parenthetical insertions</a></li>
54 <li><a href="#bibliography-from-embedded">Generating a bibliography from parenthetical insertions</h4></a></li>
55 <li><a href="#bibliography-recipe">Generating a comprehensive bibliography</a></li>
56 <li><a href="#invoking-ref">Invoking groff with mom and <kbd>refer</kbd></a></li>
58 <li><a href="#mla">MLA (Modern Language Association) style</a>
59 <ul style="margin-left: -.5em; list-style-type: disc;">
60 <li><a href="#ref-styles">Types of references (endnote, footnote, or embedded in text)</a></li>
61 <li><a href="#parenthetical">Inserting parenthetical references into the text</a></li>
63 <li><a href="#database">The <kbd>refer</kbd> database</a>
64 <ul style="margin-left: -.5em; list-style-type: disc;">
65 <li><a href="#database-intro">Introduction</a></li>
66 <li><a href="#database-rules">Rules</a></li>
67 <li><a href="#fields-quick">Quick guide to field identifiers (%A for author, %T for title, etc)</a></li>
68 <li><a href="#fields-specifics">Field identifiers: specifics, usage and examples</a>
69 <ul style="margin-left: -.5em; list-style-type: square;">
70 <li><a href="#ibid">avoiding ibid, idem and their ilk</a></li>
73 <li><a href="#index-ref">The bibliography and reference macros</a>
74 <ul style="margin-left: -.5em; list-style-type: disc;">
75 <li><a href="#biblio-control">Bibliography control macros and defaults</a></li>
80 <div class="rule-medium"><hr/></div>
82 <h2 id="intro-ref" class="docs">Introduction to bibliographies and references</h2>
85 Mom provides the ability to format and generate bibliographies, as
86 well as footnote or endnote references, in MLA (Modern Language
87 Association) style. She accomplishes this by working in conjunction
88 with a special groff program called <kbd>refer</kbd>.
92 <kbd>Refer</kbd> requires first that you create a database of works
93 that will be cited in your documents. Once that’s done, special
94 macros let you briefly key in references to entries in the database
95 and have mom format them with respect to order, punctuation and
96 italicization in footnotes, endnotes, or a full bibliography.
100 <kbd>Refer</kbd> has been around for a long time. It’s
101 powerful and has many, many features. Unfortunately, the manpage
102 (<kbd>man refer</kbd>), while complete and accurate, is
103 dense and not a good introduction. (It’s a classic manpage
104 Catch-22: the manpage is useful only after you know how to use the
109 In order to get mom users up and running with <kbd>refer</kbd>,
110 this section of mom’s documentation focuses exclusively, in a
111 recipe-like manner, on what you need to know to use <kbd>refer</kbd>
112 satisfactorily in conjunction with mom. The instructions are not to
113 be taken as a manual on full <kbd>refer</kbd> usage.
117 If you’re already a <kbd>refer</kbd> user, the information
118 herein will be useful for adapting your current <kbd>refer</kbd>
119 usage to mom’s way of doing things. If you’ve never
120 used <kbd>refer</kbd>, the information is essential, and, in many
121 cases, may be all you need.
125 I encourage anyone interested in what MLA style looks
126 like—and, by extension, how your bibliographies and references
127 will look after mom formats them—to check out
129 <span class="pre-in-pp">
130 <a href="http://www.aresearchguide.com/12biblio.html">http://www.aresearchguide.com/12biblio.html</a>
132 or any other website or reference book on MLA style.
135 <div class="rule-short" style="margin-top: 1em;"><hr/></div>
137 <div class="examples-container" style="margin-top: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
138 <h3 id="tutorial-ref" class="docs">Tutorial on refer usage with mom</h3>
139 <ol style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: -.5em;">
140 <li><a href="#db-ref">Create a <kbd>refer</kbd> database</a>
141 <ul style="margin-left: -.5em; list-style-type: disc;">
142 <li><a href="#example-refer-database">example <kbd>refer</kbd> database</a></li>
144 <li><a href="#rcommands-ref">Insert a <kbd>refer</kbd> block</a>
145 <ul style="margin-left: -.5em; list-style-type: disc;">
146 <li><a href="#fn-en-block">refer block for footnotes/endnotes</a></li>
147 <li><a href="#in-text-block">refer block for parenthetical insertions into running text</a></li>
148 <li><a href="#bibliography-block">refer block for comprehensive bibliographies (reading lists)</a></li>
150 <li><a href="#placement-ref">Tell mom where you want your references (if footnotes or endnotes)</a></li>
151 <li><a href="#accessing-ref">Accessing references in the database</a></li>
152 <li><a href="#fn-en-recipe">Entering footnote/endnote references</a></li>
153 <li><a href="#parenthetical-insertions">Parenthetical insertions</a></li>
154 <li><a href="#bibliography-from-embedded">Generating a bibliography from parenthetical insertions</a></li>
155 <li><a href="#bibliography-recipe">Generating a comprehensive bibliography</a></li>
156 <li><a href="#invoking-ref">Invoking groff with mom and <kbd>refer</kbd></a></li>
159 <h4 id="db-ref" class="docs">1. Create a refer database</h4>
162 The first step in using <kbd>refer</kbd> with mom is creating a
163 database. The database is a text file containing entries for the
164 works you will be citing. You may set up separate databases for
165 individual documents, or create a large database that can be
166 accessed by many documents.
170 Entries (“records” in refer-speak) in the database
171 are separated from each other by a single, blank line. The records
172 themselves are composed of single lines (“fields”) with
173 no blank lines between them. Each field begins with a percent
174 sign and a single letter (the "field identifier")
175 eg <kbd>%A</kbd> or <kbd>%T</kbd>. The letter identifies
176 what part of a bibliographic entry the field refers to: Author,
177 Title, Publisher, Date, etc. After the field identifier comes
178 a single space, followed by the information appropriate to
182 <!-- Add rules for punctuation and italics -->
185 Here’s an example database containing two records so you can
186 visualize what the above paragraph says.
189 <div id="example-refer-database" class="examples" style="margin-top: -.5em;">Example <kbd>refer</kbd> database</div>
190 <div class="examples-container" style="padding-bottom: 1em;">
200 %T The Schumann Proof
208 The order in which you enter fields doesn’t matter.
209 <kbd>Refer</kbd> will re-arrange them for you.
212 <h4 id="rcommands-ref" class="docs">2. Insert a refer block</h4>
215 Having set up your database, you now need to put some
216 <kbd>refer</kbd>-specific commands in your mom file.
220 <kbd>Refer</kbd> commands are introduced by a single line
221 containing <kbd>.R1</kbd>, and concluded with a single line
222 containing <kbd>.R2</kbd>. What goes between the <kbd>.R1</kbd>
223 and <kbd>.R2</kbd> lines is called a “refer block”.
224 <kbd>Refer</kbd> commands in a refer block should be entered one per
225 line, in lowercase letters, <i>with no initial period</i> (dot).
226 The actual commands depend on whether you want your references
229 <li>in footnotes/endnotes</li>
230 <li>parenthetically inserted (in abbreviated form) into running text,
231 referring to a works-cited list (bibliography)</li>
232 <li>to generate a comprehensive bibliography (a reading list)</li>
235 <h5 id="fn-en-block" class="docs" style="font-size: 90%; margin-top: .25em;">Refer block for footnotes/endnotes</h5>
237 <p style="margin-top: .5em;">
238 If you want footnote or endnote references, place this block at
239 the <i>top</i> of your mom file.
242 <div id="refer-block1" class="examples" style="margin-top: -.5em;">
243 <div class="examples-container" style="padding-bottom: 1em;">
247 no-label-in-reference
248 join-authors " and " ", " ", and "
249 database <full path to database>
254 <p style="margin-top: .5em; font-size: 95%; line-height: 120%;">
255 <kbd><full path to the database></kbd>
256 means the full path including the filename, eg
257 <kbd>/home/user/refer/my-database-file</kbd>.
260 <h5 id="in-text-block" class="docs" style="font-size: 90%; margin-top: .25em;">Refer block for parenthetical insertions into running text</h5>
262 <p style="margin-top: .5em;">
263 If you want short, parenthetical insertions into running text,
264 referring to works cited in a bibliography, place this block at
265 the <i>top</i> of your mom file.
268 <div id="refer-block2" class="examples" style="margin-top: -.5em;">
269 <div class="examples-container" style="padding-bottom: 1em;">
273 bracket-label " (" ")" ", "
274 join-authors ", and " ", " ", and "
278 database <full path to database>
283 <p style="margin-top: .5em; font-size: 95%; line-height: 120%;">
284 <kbd><full path to the database></kbd>
285 means the full path including the filename, eg
286 <kbd>/home/user/refer/my-database-file</kbd>.
289 <h5 id="bibliography-block" class="docs" style="font-size: 90%; margin-top: .25em;">Refer block for comprehensive bibliographies</h5>
291 <p style="margin-top: .5em;">
292 If you want to output an entire <kbd>refer</kbd> database, or
293 generate a comprehensive bibliography (a reading list) from a
294 database, place this block at the <i>bottom</i> of your mom file,
295 either prior to or immediately after invoking
296 <a href="#bibliography">BIBLIOGRAPHY</a>.
299 <div id="refer-block2" class="examples" style="margin-top: -.5em;">
300 <div class="examples-container" style="padding-bottom: 1em;">
304 no-label-in-reference
305 join-authors ", and " ", " ", and "
308 database <full path to database>
314 <p style="margin-top: .5em; font-size: 95%; line-height: 120%;">
315 <kbd><full path to the database></kbd>
316 means the full path including the filename, eg
317 <kbd>/home/user/refer/my-database</kbd>.
320 <h4 id="placement-ref" class="docs">3. Tell mom where you want your references</h4>
323 If you want references in footnotes, issue the instruction
325 <span class="pre-in-pp">
328 anywhere before the first citation in your file. Footnote markers
329 will be inserted into the text, and the bibliographic information
330 for the citation will appear as a footnote.
334 If you want references in endnotes, issue the instruction
336 <span class="pre-in-pp">
339 anywhere before the first citation in your file. Endnote markers
340 will be inserted into the text, and the bibliographic information
341 for the citation will appear as an endnote entry.
345 Note that if you want references parenthetically inserted
346 into running text, referring to entries in a works-cited list
347 (bibliography) that <kbd>mom</kbd> and <kbd>refer</kbd> assemble
348 automatically, no special instructions are required. See
349 <a href="#bibliography-from-embedded">Generating a bibliography from parenthetical insertions</a>
350 for how to output the collected references.
354 For outputting an entire <kbd>refer</kbd> database, or
355 generating a comprehensive reading list from a database, see the
357 <a href="#bibliography">BIBLIOGRAPHY</a>.
360 <h4 id="accessing-ref" class="docs">4. Accessing references in the database</h4>
363 References are accessed by putting keywords from the desired database
364 record between two special <kbd>refer</kbd> commands:
366 <span class="pre-in-pp">
371 <span class="pre-in-pp">
374 Keywords are any word, or set of words, that identify a database
375 record unambiguously. Thus, if you have only one database record for
376 the author Ray Bradbury,
378 <span class="pre-in-pp">
383 is sufficient. However, if your database contains several records
384 for books by Bradbury, say, <i>Fahrenheit 451</i> and <i>The
385 Martian Chronicles</i>,
386 “<kbd>bradbury 451</kbd>” and
387 “<kbd>bradbury martian</kbd>” would identify the two records unambiguously.
391 A special database field identifier, <kbd>%K</kbd>, lets you create
392 unique keywords for database records to help clear up any ambiguity.
396 Notice that you don’t have to worry about capitalization when
400 <h4 id="fn-en-recipe" class="docs">5. Entering footnote/endnote references</h4>
403 Depending on which you have issued, a
404 <kbd><a href="#footnote-refs">.FOOTNOTE_REFS</a></kbd>
406 <kbd><a href="#endnote-refs">.ENDNOTE_REFS</a></kbd>
407 command, entering references is done like this:
409 <span class="pre-in-pp">
416 If FOOTNOTE_REFS is in effect, the reference between the first
417 and second <kbd>.REF</kbd> will be treated as a footnote. If
418 ENDNOTE_REFS, it will be treated as an endnote. Endnote references
419 must be explicitly output with
420 <a href="docelement.html#ENDNOTES">ENDNOTES</a>
421 at the end of your file, before
422 <a href="tables-of-contents.html#TOC">TOC</a>.
425 <div class="box-important">
427 <span class="important">Important:</span>
428 REF behaves identically to
429 <a href="docelement.html#footnote">FOOTNOTE</a>
431 <a href="docelement.html#endnote">ENDNOTE</a>
432 with respect to the use of the <kbd>\c</kbd> inline escape. Please
434 <a href="docelement.html#footnote-note">HYPER IMPORTANT NOTE</a>
435 found in the document entry for FOOTNOTE (which also applies to
440 <h4 id="parenthetical-insertions" class="docs">6. Parenthetical insertions</h4>
444 <a href="#parenthetical">Inserting parenthetical references into
448 <h4 id="bibliography-from-embedded" class="docs">7. Generating a bibliography from parenthetical insertions</h4>
451 To generate a bibliography from works cited by parenthetical
452 insertions in the text, put this at the end of your document, before
453 <kbd><a href="tables-of-contest.html#TOC">.TOC</a></kbd>.
455 <span class="pre-in-pp">
464 <h4 id="bibliography-recipe" class="docs">8. Generating a comprehensive bibliography</h4>
467 You can also generate a comprehensive bibliography, which is to say a
468 bibliography containing more works than are actually cited (a
469 “reading list”), by placing references between
470 <kbd><a href="#bibliography">.BIBLIOGRAPHY</a></kbd>
472 <kbd><a href="#bibliography">.BIBLIOGRAPHY OFF</a></kbd>.
473 Once you have input the desired references, insert
475 <span class="pre-in-pp">
480 and follow it with <kbd>.BIBLIOGRAPHY OFF</kbd>. Study the
481 example below if you’re having trouble visualizing this.
484 <div id="example-bibliography" class="examples" style="margin-top: -.5em;">Example bibliography</div>
485 <div class="examples-container" style="padding-bottom: 1em;">
490 no-label-in-reference
491 join-authors ", and " ", " ", and "
494 database <full path to database>
510 Alternatively, you can output an entire database as a
511 bibliography. Do the following at the end of your document, before
512 <kbd><a href="tables-of-contest.html#TOC">.TOC</a></kbd>.
514 <span class="pre-in-pp">
518 no-label-in-reference
519 join-authors ", and " ", " ", and "
522 bibliography <full path to database>
528 <h4 id="invoking-ref" class="docs">9. Invoking groff with mom and refer</h4>
531 So, now you’ve got a document formatted properly to use
532 references processed with <kbd>refer</kbd>, what do you do to output
537 It’s simple. Instead of invoking groff with just the
538 <kbd>-mom</kbd> option, as explained
539 <a href="using.html#using-saving">here</a>,
540 invoke groff with the <kbd>-R</kbd> option as well, like this:
542 <span class="pre-in-pp">
543 groff -R -mom <filename> ...
548 <div class="rule-medium" style="margin-top: 1em;"><hr/></div>
550 <h2 id="mla" class="docs">MLA (Modern Language Association) style</h2>
552 <h3 id="ref-styles" class="docs">Types of references (endnote, footnote, or embedded in text)</h3>
555 MLA allows for three types of references, or referencing styles:
557 <ul style="margin-top: -.5em;">
558 <li>short, parenthetical references in the text, linked to a
559 works-cited list (bibliography) at the end of the document</li>
560 <li>footnote references</li>
561 <li>endnote references</li>
564 <p style="margin-top: -.5em;">
565 There are significant differences between the way footnote/endnote
566 references should be formatted, and the formatting style of
567 bibliographies. One example is that footnote/endnote references
568 should have their first lines indented, whereas bibliographic
569 references should have their second lines indented. Fortunately,
570 with mom, there’s no need to concern yourself with the differences;
571 they’re taken care of automatically.
575 In terms of inserting references into your documents,
576 footnote/endnote references are input in a manner similar to
577 entering any other kind of
578 <a href="docelement.html#footnote-into">footnote</a>
580 <a href="docelement.html#endnote-into">endnote</a>.
581 Parenthetical references, however, need to be handled differently.
582 See the next section.
585 <h3 id="parenthetical" class="docs">Inserting parenthetical references into the text</h3>
588 MLA style prefers restricting the information in parenthetical
589 references to the barest minimum needed to identify works
590 in the works-cited list (the bibliography). Typically, a
591 parenthetical insertion is just the author’s last name
592 followed by the page number of the cited work (if only one work by
593 that author is cited), or by the author, a shortened title of the
594 work, and the page number (if more than one work is cited).
598 This necessitates a slightly fiddly way of entering parenthetical
599 references, though not by any means difficult or hard to make sense
604 The <kbd>refer</kbd> block suggested
605 <a href="#refer-block2">here</a>
606 for parenthetical references prints only the author’s
607 last name from the database record identified by your keywords
608 (the <kbd>label</kbd> command), surrounded by parentheses (the
609 <kbd>bracket-label</kbd> command). Therefore, assuming you are
610 citing Ray Bradbury’s <i>The Martian Chronicles</i>, and it is
611 the only work by Bradbury mentioned in the text,
613 <span class="pre-in-pp">
620 will insert “<span style="font-family: times; font-size: 105%; font-weight: bold">...end of sentence (Bradbury). A new sentence...</span>” into the text.
621 <i>The Martian Chronicles</i> will be added
622 to the works-cited list generated at the end of the document if it
623 is not already present as the result of an earlier reference.
627 If you need a page number to identify where in <i>The Martian
628 Chronicles</i> to find a specific quote
630 <span class="pre-in-pp">
631 "...aluminum roaches and iron crickets."
637 results in “<span style="font-family: times; font-size: 105%; font-weight: bold">“...aluminum roaches and iron crickets.” (Bradbury 168) A new sentence...</span>”
638 (which is excruciatingly correct MLA style). The
639 “<kbd>[</kbd>” before <kbd>martian chronicles</kbd> tells
640 refer to print the opening parenthesis; any text immediately
641 following the “<kbd>.]</kbd>”, including spaces,
642 <i>replaces</i> the closing parenthesis. (Notice that you have to
643 add the closing parenthesis yourself after the page number.)
647 If your document cites more than one work by Bradbury and you need
648 a title and page number in addition to the author's name in the
651 <span class="pre-in-pp">
652 "...aluminum roaches and iron crickets."
655 .], \fIChronicles\fP 168)
658 will produce “<span style="font-family: times; font-size: 105%; font-weight: bold">“...aluminum roaches and iron crickets.” (Bradbury, <i>Chronicles</i> 168) A new sentence...</span>”.
661 <div class="examples-container" style="margin-top: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em;">
662 <h3 id="tutorial-ref" class="docs">The <span style="text-transform: none">‘label’<span style="text-transform: uppercase"> and <span style="text-transform: none">‘bracket-label’<span style="text-transform: uppercase"> commands</h3>
665 The <kbd>label</kbd> and <kbd>bracket-label</kbd> commands in
666 the refer block allow you to customize what information goes
667 into parenthetical references, and how they should be formatted.
668 <kbd>label</kbd> dictates which fields from the database record
669 to print and how to punctuate them. <kbd>bracket-label</kbd>
670 controls the bracketing style. Users are encouraged to consult
671 <kbd>man refer</kbd> for usage.
675 Here’s an example of how to set up APA-style references, which
676 require the author and date of publication, optionally with a page
677 number or range of pages.
679 <span class="pre-in-pp">
681 label "(A.n|Q) ', ' D.y"
682 bracket-label " (" ")" ", "
683 join-authors ", and " ", " ", and "
687 database /home/peter/Groff-mom/Testing/Refer/refer-database
690 Assuming a reference to a work by Ursula Leguin published in 1980
692 <span class="pre-in-pp">
698 <span style="font-family: times; font-size: 105%; font-weight: bold">
701 If a page number is also required
703 <span class="pre-in-pp">
709 <span style="font-family: times; font-size: 105%; font-weight: bold">(Leguin, 1980, p. 73)</span>.
713 <div class="rule-medium" style="margin-top: 1em;"><hr/></div>
715 <h2 id="database" class="docs">The refer database</h2>
717 <h3 id="database-intro" class="docs">Introduction</h3>
719 <p style="margin-top: .5em;">
720 The heart and soul of <kbd>refer</kbd> is the bibliographic
721 database. Knowing how to create records (ie. the entries for works
722 cited in a document) is largely a question matching data (author,
723 title, publisher, etc) with the correct field identifier. For
724 example, if you’re citing from a scholarly journal, you need to know
725 that <kbd>%J</kbd> is the field identifier for journal names and
726 <kbd>%N</kbd> is the field identifier for the journal number. Use
728 <a href="#fields-quick">Quick list of field identifiers</a>
732 <h3 id="database-rules" class="docs">The rules</h3>
734 <p style="margin-top: .5em;">
735 Entering the data correctly is also important. Fortunately, there
736 are very few rules, and those there are make sense. In a nutshell:
738 <ul style="margin-top: -.5em;">
739 <li>enter the data in each field in natural order; author John Smith is
740 “John Smith”, editor Jane Doe is “Jane Doe”</li>
741 <li>capitalize all proper nouns and words in titles as you expect
742 to see them; otherwise, use lowercase</li>
743 <li>use no terminating punctuation unless required; typically,
744 required punctuation is the period after a shortform
745 (“ed.” or “eds.”, “Jr.”,
746 etc) or a question mark or exclamation mark at the end of a
748 <li>if part of a field needs to be set off in single-quotes, use
749 <kbd>\[oq]</kbd> and <kbd>\[cq]</kbd> (openquote, closequote) rather than the
750 single-quote (or apostrophe) character on your keyboard</li>
751 <li>if part of a field needs to be forced into italics, use the
752 escapes <kbd>\*[IT]</kbd> and <kbd>\*[PREV]</kbd>; if the italicized
753 portion concludes the field, omit <kbd>\*[PREV]</kbd></li>
754 <li>if you require characters with accents, ligatures or special
755 symbols, use groff’s “named” glyphs (eg.
756 <kbd>\['e]</kbd> for <kbd>é</kbd>); a full list can be found in
757 <kbd>man groff_char</kbd></li>
760 <h3 id="fields-quick" class="docs" style="margin-top: 1.25em; margin-bottom: .5em;">Quick guide to field identifiers <span style="text-transform: none;">(click on any that are links for more information)</span></h3>
762 <div class="examples-container" style="padding-bottom: 1em;">
764 <a class="quick" href="#A">%A</a> author – records may contain multiple authors,
766 <a class="quick" href="#Q">%Q</a> non-human author – corporate author, eg. National Geographic;
767 may also be used for exceptional reference types
768 <a class="quick" href="#m">%m</a> multiple authors – whenever "et al." is desirable
769 <a class="quick" href="#i">%i</a> idem – multiple works by the same author
770 <a class="quick" href="#p">%p</a> post-author – post-author information (eg appendix,
772 %T title – primary title (of a book) or the
773 title of an article (within a scholarly
774 journal or a magazine)
775 %B book title – when %T contains the title of an article;
776 <a class="quick" href="#q">%q</a> force quote – force a title into double-quotes
777 %t reprint title – if different from a work's original title
778 %b main author – when citing a preface, foreword,
779 introduction, or afterword, the author of
780 the complete original work
781 <a class="quick" href="#E">%E</a> editor – records may contain multiple editors,
783 <a class="quick" href="#l">%l</a> translator – if more than one translator, all the
785 %r translator – if tr. and ed. are one in the same
787 %M magazine or – when %T contains the title of an article
789 %J journal – when %T contains the title of an article
790 %e edition – number or name of an edition
791 (eg Second, 2nd, Collector's, etc.)
792 %S series – series name of books or journals
793 %V volume – volume number (of books)
794 %N journal number – journal or magazine number
795 %R report number – technical report number
796 %G gov’t. – government ordering number
797 <a class="quick" href="#O">%O</a> other – information or which there is no appropriate
799 <a class="quick" href="#C">%C</a> city – city of publication
800 %I publisher – publisher
801 %D date – publication date
802 <a class="quick" href="#d">%d</a> original
803 publication date – if different from date of publication
804 <a class="quick" href="#P">%P</a> page(s) – page number or range
805 <a class="quick" href="#n">%n</a> annotation – annotation to the reference
806 %s site name – for internet references, the website name
807 %c content – for internet references, the source of
808 the material (eg. Web or Email); for websites,
809 the content, if unclear
810 %o organization – for internet sites, the organization, group
811 or sponsor of the site
812 %a access date – for internet sites, the date of access
813 %u URL – for internet sites, the full URL
814 <a class="quick" href="#K">%K</a> keywords – words that help clear up ambiguities in
819 <h3 id="fields-specifics" class="docs">Field identifiers: specifics, usage and examples</h3>
821 <h4 id="A" class="docs fields">%A – author field</h4>
824 For multiple authors, enter each in a separate <kbd>%A</kbd>
825 field in the order in which they should appear. If the author on
826 the title page is the editor (say, a book of short stories edited by
827 Ray Bradbury), add <kbd>, ed.</kbd> to the end of the
828 <kbd>%A</kbd> field, like this:
830 <span class="pre-in-pp">
833 Do not use the <kbd>%E</kbd> field in these instances. If the work
834 has several such editors, enter each in a separate <kbd>%A</kbd>
835 field, as for multiple authors, and add <kbd>, eds.</kbd> to the
838 <span class="pre-in-pp">
840 %A Bill Parsons, eds.
844 <h4 id="Q" class="docs fields">%Q – exceptional entries</h4>
847 Sometimes, a work has no author or title information, for example a
848 book review in a newspaper. In such cases, use <kbd>%Q</kbd>, like
851 <span class="pre-in-pp">
852 %Q Rev. of \*[IT]Mean Streets Omnibus\*[PREV], ed. Raymond Hammett
853 %M Times Literary Supplement
858 <h4 id="m" class="docs fields">%m – multiple authors (et al.)</h4>
861 Whenever it’s desirable to abbreviate a list of authors with
862 “et al.” enter it in the <kbd>%m field</kbd>, like this:
864 <span class="pre-in-pp">
871 <h4 id="i" class="docs fields">%i – idem</h4>
874 Whenever there are several works by the same author, fill out the
875 <kbd>%A</kbd> field with the author’s name and follow it with the
876 <kbd>%i idem</kbd>, like this:
878 <span class="pre-in-pp">
882 Per MLA style, the author’s name will be replaced by a long dash.
886 If it’s necessary to state the role the author served (say,
887 editor or translator), fill out the <kbd>%i</kbd> field with the
888 information minus <kbd>idem</kbd>, like this:
890 <span class="pre-in-pp">
893 %T Timeless Stories for Today and Tomorrow
897 <h4 id="p" class="docs fields">%p – post-author information</h4>
900 When citing from a preface, foreword, introduction, afterword or
901 appendix, MLA requires that the information come between the
902 author’s name and the work’s title, like this:
904 <span class="pre-in-pp">
905 %A Martin Packham, Jr.
907 %T Why the West was Won
909 Do not capitalize the first word in the <kbd>%p</kbd> field unless
913 <h4 id="q" class="docs fields">%q – force title into double-quotes</h4>
916 Occasionally, you may not be able to use <kbd>%T</kbd> for the
917 title because doing so will cause it to come out in italics when
918 double-quotes are called for. An example of this is when citing
919 from a dissertation. Use <kbd>%q</kbd> to get around the problem,
922 <span class="pre-in-pp">
924 %q Maternity Care Policy in the United States
925 %O diss., Boston U, 1993
929 <h4 id="E" class="docs fields">%E – editor</h4>
932 Use this only if the author and the editor are not one in the same,
935 <span class="pre-in-pp">
937 %T The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer
942 <h4 id="l" class="docs fields">%l – translator</h4>
945 If there is more than one translator, enter all the names, with
946 appropriate conjunctions and punctuation, like this:
948 <span class="pre-in-pp">
950 %T Crime and Punishment
951 %l Jessie Coulson, Marjorie Benton, and George Bigian
955 <h4 id="O" class="docs fields">%O – other</h4>
958 Occasionally, MLA requires additional information after the title
959 but before the publication data (city/publisher/date), for instance,
960 the number of volumes in a series, or the fact that the work cited
961 is a dissertation. Here are two examples:
963 <span class="pre-in-pp">
964 %A Arthur M. Schlesinger
965 %T History of U.S. Political Parties
972 %q Maternity Care Policy in the United States
973 %O diss., Boston U, 1993
975 Do not capitalize the first word of the <kbd>%O</kbd> field unless
980 Generally, consider <kbd>%O</kbd> a catch-all for information that
981 does not match the criterion of any existing field identifier.
984 <h4 id="C" class="docs fields">%C – city</h4>
987 Normally, <kbd>%C</kbd> takes the name of the city of publication,
988 and that’s all. In the case of a republished book, if new material
989 has been added, put such information in the <kbd>%C</kbd>
992 <span class="pre-in-pp">
996 %C Introd. E. L. Doctorow, New York
1000 <h4 id="d" class="docs fields">%d – original date of publication</h4>
1003 Normally, all that is required in the <kbd>%d</kbd> field is the
1004 original date of publication. However, if supplementary original
1005 publication data is desired, include it in the field, like this:
1007 <span class="pre-in-pp">
1009 %T The Remains of the Day
1010 %d London: Faber, 1989
1017 <h4 id="K" class="docs fields">%K – keywords</h4>
1020 <kbd>Refer</kbd> hates ambiguity, and complains when encountering
1021 it. Ambiguities result from the duplication of any word in more
1022 than one database record when that word is used to identify a
1023 reference in your input file. Use <kbd>%K</kbd> to create unique
1024 keywords found nowhere else in the database.
1028 Imagine, for example, that your database contains records for
1029 Ray Bradbury’s <i>The Illustrated Man</i>, another record for
1030 <i>The Illustrated Bradbury</i> and a third for <i>Bradbury,
1031 Illustrated</i>. <kbd>%K</kbd> can be used to clear up any
1032 ambiguities by assigning a unique word to each record, for example
1033 <kbd>%K ill-man</kbd> for the first, <kbd>%K ill-brad</kbd> for the
1034 second, and <kbd>%K brad-ill</kbd> for the third.
1037 <h4 id="P" class="docs fields">%P – pages</h4>
1040 When citing page numbers, which is often the case with footnotes
1041 and endnotes, it is not necessary to put the numbers in the database
1042 records. The <kbd>%P</kbd> field can be added underneath the
1043 keyword(s) in the <kbd>.[</kbd> / <kbd>.]</kbd> entries in your
1044 input file, allowing you to recycle database records. For example,
1046 <span class="pre-in-pp">
1051 could be your short record for Northrop Frye’s <i>The Anatomy of
1052 Criticism</i>. Any time you wanted to cite a particular page or
1053 range of pages from that work in a footnote or endnote, you can
1056 <span class="pre-in-pp">
1064 in your input file, and have it show up with the correct page(s).
1067 <h4 id="n" class="docs fields">%n – annotations</h4>
1070 Annotations come at the very end of references. Capitalize all
1071 words that require it, including, for bibliographic references (but not
1072 for footnotes/endnotes) the first.
1075 <div class="rule-short"><hr/></div>
1077 <div class="macro-list-container">
1078 <h3 id="index-ref" class="macro-list">The bibliography and reference macros</h3>
1079 <ul class="macro-list">
1080 <li><a href="#ref">REF</a> – begin/end a <kbd>refer</kbd> reference that will go in a footnote or endnote</li>
1081 <li><a href="#footnote-refs">FOOTNOTE_REFS</a> – instruct mom to put REFs in footnotes</li>
1082 <li><a href="#endnote-refs">ENDNOTE_REFS</a> – instruct mom to put REFs in endnotes</li>
1083 <li><a href="#indent-refs">INDENT_REFS</a> – manage indenting of references, per MLA standards</li>
1084 <li><a href="#hyphenate-refs">HYPHENATE_REFS</a> – enable/disable hyphenation of references</li>
1085 <li><a href="#bibliography">BIBLIOGRAPHY</a> – begin a bibliography</li>
1086 <li><a href="#bibliography-type">BIBLIOGRAPHY_TYPE</a> – plain, or numbered list bibliography</li>
1087 <li><a href="#biblio-control">Bibliography control macros and defaults</a></li>
1093 <div class="macro-id-overline">
1094 <h3 id="ref" class="macro-id">Begin/end a reference that goes in a footnote or endnote</h3>
1097 <div class="box-macro-args">
1102 The macro, REF, tells mom that what follows is
1103 <kbd>refer</kbd>-specific, a keyword-identified reference to a
1104 <kbd>refer</kbd> database record. Depending on whether you’ve issued
1106 <kbd><a href="#footnote-refs">.FOOTNOTE_REFS</a></kbd>
1108 <kbd><a href="#endnote-refs">.ENDNOTE_REFS</a></kbd>
1109 instruction, the reference will be formatted and placed in a
1110 footnote, or collected for output in the endnotes. Parenthetical
1111 insertion of references into the text do not require
1112 <kbd>.REF</kbd> (see
1113 <a href="#parenthetical">Inserting parenthetical references into the text</a>.)
1117 Before you use REF, you must create a <kbd>refer</kbd> block
1118 containing <kbd>refer</kbd> commands (see
1119 <a href="#rcommands-ref">Required refer commands</a>
1120 in the tutorial, above).
1124 REF usage always looks like this:
1126 <span class="pre-in-pp">
1133 Notice that REF “brackets” the <kbd>refer</kbd> instructions,
1134 and never takes an argument.
1138 What REF really is is a convenience. One could, for example, put a
1139 reference in a footnote by doing
1141 <span class="pre-in-pp">
1148 However, if you have a lot of references going into footnotes (or
1149 endnotes), it’s much shorter to type <kbd>.REF/.REF</kbd>
1150 than <kbd>.FOOTNOTE/.FOOTNOTE OFF</kbd>. It also helps you
1151 distinguish—visually, in your input file—between
1152 footnotes (or endnotes) which are references, and footnotes (or
1153 endnotes) which are explanatory, or expand on the text.
1156 <div class="box-tip">
1158 <span class="note">Note:</span>
1159 If you’re using REF to put references in footnotes and your
1160 footnotes need to be indented, you may (indeed, should) pass REF the
1161 same arguments used to indent footnotes. See
1162 <a href="docelement.html#footnote">FOOTNOTE</a>.
1165 <p class="tip-bottom">
1166 <span class="additional-note">Additional note:</span>
1167 REF behaves identically to
1168 <a href="docelement.html#footnote">FOOTNOTE</a>
1170 <a href="docelement.html#footnote">ENDNOTE</a>,
1171 so please read the HYPER IMPORTANT NOTE found in the document entry
1173 <a href="docelement.html#footnote-note">FOOTNOTE</a>
1175 <a href="docelement.html#endnote-note">ENDNOTE</a>
1176 for instructions on correct entry of text preceding and following REF.
1180 <!-- -FOOTNOTE_REFS- -->
1183 <div class="macro-id-overline">
1184 <h3 id="footnote-refs" class="macro-id">Instruct mom to put references in footnotes</h3>
1187 <div class="box-macro-args">
1188 Macro: <b>FOOTNOTE_REFS</b>
1192 FOOTNOTE_REFS is an instruction to
1193 <a href="#ref">REF</a>,
1194 saying, “put all subsequent references bracketed by the REF
1195 macro into footnotes.” You invoke it by itself, with no
1200 When FOOTNOTE_REFS is in effect, regular footnotes, (ie
1201 those introduced with <kbd>.FOOTNOTE</kbd> and terminated with
1202 <kbd>.FOOTNOTE OFF</kbd>) continue to behave normally.
1206 You may switch between FOOTNOTE_REFS and
1207 <a href="#endnote-refs">ENDNOTE_REFS</a>
1212 By default, FOOTNOTE_REFS sets the
1213 <a href="docelement.html#footnote-marker-style">FOOTNOTE_MARKER_STYLE</a>
1214 to <kbd>NUMBER</kbd> (ie superscript numbers). You may change
1215 change that if you wish by invoking FOOTNOTE_MARKER_STYLE, with the
1216 argument you want after FOOTNOTE_REFS.
1220 If you have a lot of footnote references, and are identifying
1221 footnotes by line number rather than by markers in the text, you may
1223 <a href="docelement.html#footnotes-run-on">FOOTNOTES_RUN_ON</a>
1224 in conjunctions with FOOTNOTE_REFS.
1227 <!-- -ENDNOTE_REFS- -->
1229 <div class="macro-id-overline">
1230 <h3 id="endnote-refs" class="macro-id">Instruct mom to put references in endnotes</h3>
1233 <div class="box-macro-args">
1234 Macro: <b>ENDNOTE_REFS</b>
1238 ENDNOTE_REFS is an instruction to
1239 <a href="#ref">REF</a>,
1240 saying, “add all subsequent references bracketed by the REF
1241 macro to endnotes.” You invoke it by itself, with no argument.
1245 When ENDNOTE_REFS is in effect, mom continues to format regular
1246 endnotes, (ie those introduced with <kbd>.ENDNOTE</kbd> and
1247 terminated with <kbd>.ENDNOTE OFF</kbd>) in the normal way.
1251 You may switch between ENDNOTE_REFS and
1252 <a href="#footnote-refs">FOOTNOTE_REFS</a>
1256 <!-- -INDENT_REFS- -->
1258 <div class="macro-id-overline">
1259 <h3 id="indent-refs" class="macro-id">Manage indenting of references, per MLA standards</h3>
1262 <div class="box-macro-args">
1263 Macro: <b>INDENT_REFS</b> <kbd class="macro-args">FOOTNOTE | ENDNOTE | BIBLIO <indent> </kbd>
1266 <p class="requires">
1267 • <kbd style="font-style: normal;"><indent></kbd> requires a <a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a>
1271 MLA-style requires that footnote or endnote references should
1272 have their first lines indented, whereas bibliographic references
1273 should have their second and subsequent lines indented. Thus, if
1274 you invoke INDENT_REFS with a first argument of <kbd>FOOTNOTE</kbd>
1275 or <kbd>ENDNOTE</kbd>, the value you give to
1276 <kbd><indent></kbd> sets the indent of the first line for
1277 those types of references; if you invoke it with <kbd>BIBLIO</kbd>,
1278 the value you give <kbd><indent></kbd> sets the indent of
1279 second and subsequent lines in bibliographies.
1283 By default, the indent for all three types of references is 1/2-inch
1285 <a href="docprocessing.html#printstyle">PRINTSTYLE <kbd>TYPEWRITE</kbd></a>
1287 <a href="definitions.html#em">ems</a>
1289 <a href="docprocessing.html#printstyle">PRINTSTYLE <kbd>TYPESET</kbd></a>.
1293 If you’d like to change the indent for footnote, endnote or
1294 bibliography references, just invoke <kbd>.INDENT_REFS</kbd> with
1295 a first argument saying which one you want the indent changed for, and
1296 a second argument saying what you’d like the indent to be.
1297 For example, if you want the second-line indent of references on a
1298 bibliography page to be 3
1299 <a href="definitions.html#picas-points">picas</a>,
1301 <span class="pre-in-pp">
1302 .INDENT_REFS BIBLIO 3P
1304 is how you’d set it up.
1307 <div class="box-tip">
1309 <span class="tip">Tip:</span>
1310 If you are identifying endnotes by line number
1311 (<a href="docelement.html#endnote-marker-style">ENDNOTE_MARKER_STYLE <kbd>LINE</kbd></a>)
1312 and have instructed mom to put references bracketed by
1313 <kbd><a href="#ref">.REF</a></kbd>
1315 <a href="#endnote-refs">ENDNOTE_REFS</a>),
1316 you will almost certainly want to adjust the second-line indent for
1317 references in endnotes, owing to the way mom formats line-numbered
1318 endnotes. Study the output of such documents to see whether an
1319 indent adjustment is required.
1323 The same advice applies to references in endnotes when you have enabled
1325 <span class="pre-in-pp">
1326 <a href="docelement.html#endnote-numbers-align-left">.ENDNOTE_NUMBERS_ALIGN_LEFT</a>
1328 in favour of mom’s default, which is to align them right.
1329 Study the output to determine what size of second-line indent works
1333 <p class="tip-bottom">
1334 <i>(Frankly, endnote references formatted in MLA-style combined with
1335 left-aligned endnote numbers is a no-win situation, and so is best
1336 avoided. Wherever you set the indent, you’ll end up with the
1337 endnote numbers appearing to hang into the left margin, so you might
1338 as well have them hang, as is the case with
1339 <kbd style="font-style: normal;">.ENDNOTE_NUMBERS_ALIGN_RIGHT</kbd>.</i> – Ed.)
1343 <!-- -HYPHENATE_REFS- -->
1345 <div class="macro-id-overline">
1346 <h3 id="hyphenate-refs" class="macro-id">Enable/disable hyphenation of references</h3>
1349 <div class="box-macro-args">
1350 Macro: <b>HYPHENATE_REFS</b> <kbd class="macro-args"><toggle></kbd>
1354 If you have hyphenation turned on for a document (see
1355 <a href="typesetting.html#hy">HY</a>),
1356 and in most cases you probably do, mom will hyphenate references
1358 <a href="#ref">REF</a>
1359 macro. Since references typically contain quite a lot of proper
1360 names, which shouldn’t be hyphenated, you may want to disable
1361 hyphenation for references.
1365 HYPHENATE_REFS is a toggle macro; invoking it by itself will turn
1366 automatic hyphenation of REF-bracketed references on (the default).
1367 Invoking it with any other argument (<kbd>OFF, NO, X</kbd>, etc.)
1368 will disable automatic hyphenation for references bracketed by REF.
1372 An alternative to turning reference hyphenation off is to prepend
1373 to selected proper names in your <kbd>refer</kbd> database
1375 <a href="definitions.html#discretionaryhyphen">discretionary hyphen</a>
1376 character, <kbd>\%</kbd>. (See
1377 <a href="#ref-disc-hy">here</a>
1378 in the tutorial for an example.)
1381 <div class="box-tip">
1383 <span class="note">Note:</span>
1384 References embedded in the body of a document are considered part of
1385 <a href="definitions.html#running">running text</a>,
1386 and are hyphenated (or not) according to whether hyphenation is
1387 turned on or off for running text. Therefore, if you want to
1388 disable hyphenation for such references, you must do so temporarily,
1390 <a href="typesetting.html#hy">HY</a>,
1393 <span class="pre-in-pp">
1400 Alternatively, sprinkle your database fields liberally with
1405 <!-- -BIBLIOGRAPHY- -->
1407 <div class="macro-id-overline">
1408 <h3 id="bibliography" class="macro-id">Begin a bibliography</h3>
1411 <div class="box-macro-args">
1412 Macro: <b>BIBLIOGRAPHY</b> <kbd class="marco-args">toggle</kbd>
1416 To append a bibliography to your document, whether of references
1417 inserted parenthetically into text or a comprehensive reading list
1418 derived from a large <kbd>refer</kbd> database, all you need
1419 do is invoke <kbd>.BIBLIOGRAPHY</kbd>. <kbd>.BIBLIOGRAPHY</kbd>
1420 breaks to a new page, prints the title (BIBLIOGRAPHY by default, but
1421 that can be changed), and awaits <kbd>refer</kbd> instructions. How
1422 to create bibliographies is covered in the tutorial section,
1423 <a href="#bibliography-from-embedded">Generating a bibliography from parenthetical insertions</a>
1425 <a href="#bibliography-recipe">Generating a comprehensive bibliography</a>.
1426 When all the required data has been entered, type
1428 <span class="pre-in-pp">
1431 to complete the bibliography.
1436 <a href="#biblio-control">Bibliography control macros and defaults</a>
1437 for macros to tweak, design and control the appearance of
1441 <!-- -BIBLIOGRAPHY_TYPE- -->
1443 <div class="macro-id-overline">
1444 <h3 id="bibliography-type" class="macro-id">Plain, or numbered list bibliography</h3>
1447 <div class="box-macro-args">
1448 Macro: <b>BIBLIOGRAPHY_TYPE</b> <kbd class="macro-args">PLAIN | LIST [ <list separator> ] [ <list prefix> ]</kbd>
1452 Mom offers two styles of bibliography output: plain, or numbered
1453 list style. With the argument, <kbd>PLAIN</kbd>, bibliography entries are output
1454 with no enumerators. With the argument, <kbd>LIST</kbd>, each entry is numbered.
1458 The two optional arguments, <kbd><list separator></kbd>
1459 and <kbd><list prefix></kbd> have the same meaning as the
1460 equivalent arguments to
1461 <a href="docelement.html#list">LIST</a>
1462 (ie <kbd><separator></kbd> and <kbd><prefix></kbd>).
1466 You may enter the BIBLIOGRAPHY_TYPE either before or after
1467 <kbd>.BIBLIOGRAPHY</kbd>. It must, however, always come before the
1468 any <kbd>refer</kbd> commands. See
1469 <a href="#bibliography-from-embedded">Generating a bibliography from parenthetical insertions</a>
1471 <a href="#bibliography-recipe">Generating a comprehensive bibliography</a>.
1475 Mom’s default BIBLIOGRAPHY_TYPE is PLAIN.
1478 <!-- -BIBLIO_CONTROL- -->
1480 <div class="defaults-container" style="background-color: #ded4bd; border: none;">
1481 <h3 id="biblio-control" class="docs defaults">Bibliography control macros and defaults</h3>
1483 <p style="margin-top: .25em; margin-left: 9px;">
1484 Mom processes bibliography pages in a manner very similar to the
1485 way she processes endnotes pages. The bibliography page control
1486 macros, therefore, behave in the same way as their endnotes pages
1490 <ol style="margin-top: -.5em; padding-bottom: .5em;">
1491 <li><a href="#biblio-general"><b>General bibliography style control</b></a>
1492 <ul style="margin-left: -.5em;">
1493 <li><a href="#biblio-style">Base family/font/quad</a></li>
1494 <li><a href="#biblio-pt-size">Base point size</a></li>
1495 <li><a href="#biblio-lead">Leading</a></li>
1496 <li><a href="#biblio-spacing">Adjust the space between bibliography entries</a></li>
1497 <li><a href="#singlespace-biblio">Singlespace bibliographies (for TYPEWRITE only)</a></li>
1498 <li><a href="#biblio-no-columns">Turning off column mode during bibliography output</a></li>
1500 <li><a href="#biblio-pagination"><b>Pagination of bibliographies</b></a>
1501 <ul style="margin-left: -.5em;">
1502 <li><a href="#biblio-pagenum-style">Page numbering style</a></li>
1503 <li><a href="#biblio-first-pagenumber">Setting the first page number of bibliographies</a></li>
1504 <li><a href="#biblio-no-first-pagenum">Omitting a page number on the first page of bibliographies</a></li>
1505 <li><a href="#suspend-pagination">Suspending pagination during bibliography output</a></li>
1507 <li><a href="#biblio-header-control"><b>Header/footer control</b></a>
1508 <ul style="margin-left: -.5em;">
1509 <li><a href="#biblio-modify-hdrftr">Modifying what goes in bibliography headers/footers</a></li>
1510 <li><a href="#biblio-hdrftr-center">Header/footer centre string when doctype is CHAPTER</a></li>
1511 <li><a href="#biblio-allows-headers">Allow headers on bibliography pages</a></li>
1513 <li><a href="#biblio-main-title"><b>Bibliography first-page title control</b></a>
1515 <li><a href="#biblio-string">Title string</a></li>
1516 <li><a href="#biblio-string-control">Title string control macros and defaults</a></li>
1517 <li><a href="#biblio-string-placement">Title string placement</a></li>
1518 <li><a href="#biblio-string-underline">Title string underscoring</a></li>
1519 <li><a href="#biblio-string-caps">Title string capitalization</a></li>
1524 <h4 id="biblio-general" class="docs" style="margin-top: -1.5em; margin-bottom: .5em;">1. General bibliography page style control</h4>
1526 <h5 id="biblio-style" class="docs" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: .5em; margin-left: .5em;">• Base family/font/quad</h5>
1528 <div class="defaults-container" style="padding-bottom: 8px;">
1529 <p class="defaults" style="padding-top: 6px;">
1531 <a href="#control-macro-args">Arguments to the control macros</a>.
1533 <span class="pre defaults">
1534 .BIBLIOGRAPHY_FAMILY default = prevailing document family; default is Times Roman
1535 .BIBLIOGRAPHY_FONT default = roman
1536 .BIBLIOGRAPHY_QUAD* default = justified
1538 *Note: BIBLIOGRAPHY_QUAD must be set to either L (LEFT) or J (JUSTIFIED);
1539 R (RIGHT) and C (CENTER) will not work.
1543 <!-- -BIBLIO_PT_SIZE- -->
1545 <h5 id="biblio-pt-size" class="docs" style="margin-top: -1.5em; margin-bottom: .5em; margin-left: .5em;">• Base point size</h5>
1547 <div class="box-macro-args">
1548 Macro: <b>BIBLIOGRAPHY_PT_SIZE</b> <kbd class="macro-args"><base type size of bibliography></kbd>
1552 Unlike most other control macros that deal with size of document
1553 elements, BIBLIOGRAPHY_PT_SIZE takes as its argument an absolute
1554 value, relative to nothing. Therefore, the argument represents the
1555 size of bibliography type in
1556 <a href="definitions.html#picaspoints">points</a>,
1557 unless you append an alternative
1558 <a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a>.
1561 <span class="pre-in-pp">
1562 .BIBLIOGRAPHY_PT_SIZE 12
1564 sets the base point size of type on the bibliography page to 12
1567 <span class="pre-in-pp">
1568 .BIBLIOGRAPHY_PT_SIZE .6i
1570 sets the base point size of type on the bibliography page to 1/6 of an
1575 The type size set with BIBLIOGRAPHY_PT_SIZE is the size of type used
1576 for the text of the bibliographies, and forms the basis from which
1577 the point size of other bibliography page elements is calculated.
1582 <a href="docprocessing.html#printstyle">PRINTSTYLE <kbd>TYPESET</kbd></a>
1583 is 12.5 points (the same default size used in the body of the
1587 <!-- -BIBLIO_LEAD- -->
1589 <h5 id="biblio-lead" class="docs" style="margin-top: -.5em; margin-bottom: .5em; margin-left: .5em;">• Leading</h5>
1591 <div class="box-macro-args">
1592 Macro: <b>BIBLIOGRAPHY_LEAD</b> <kbd class="macro-args"><base leading of bibliographies> [ ADJUST ]</kbd>
1595 <p class="requires">
1596 • Does not require a <a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a>; points is assumed
1600 Unlike most other control macros that deal with leading of document
1601 elements, BIBLIOGRAPHY_LEAD takes as its argument an absolute value,
1602 relative to nothing. Therefore, the argument represents the
1603 <a href="definitions.html#leading">leading</a>
1604 of bibliographies in
1605 <a href="definitions.html#picaspoints">points</a>
1606 unless you append an alternative
1607 <a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a>.
1610 <span class="pre-in-pp">
1611 .BIBLIOGRAPHY_LEAD 14
1613 sets the base leading of type on the bibliography page to 14
1616 <span class="pre-in-pp">
1617 .BIBLIOGRAPHY_LEAD .5i
1619 sets the base leading of type on the bibliography page to 1/2 inch.
1623 If you want the leading of bibliographies adjusted to fill the page,
1624 pass BIBLIOGRAPHY_LEAD the optional argument,
1625 <kbd>ADJUST</kbd>. (See
1626 <a href="docprocessing.html#doc-lead-adjust">DOC_LEAD_ADJUST</a>
1627 for an explanation of leading adjustment.)
1632 <a href="docprocessing.html#printstyle">PRINTSTYLE <kbd>TYPESET</kbd></a>
1633 is the prevailing document lead (16 by default), adjusted.
1636 <div class="box-tip">
1638 <span class="note">Note:</span>
1639 Even if you give mom a <kbd>.DOC_LEAD_ADJUST OFF</kbd> command,
1640 she will still, by default, adjust bibliography leading. You
1641 <i>must</i> enter <kbd>BIBLIOGRAPHY_LEAD <lead></kbd>
1642 with no <kbd>ADJUST</kbd> argument to disable this default
1647 <!-- -BIBLIO_SPACING- -->
1649 <h5 id="biblio-spacing" class="docs" style="margin-top: -.5em; margin-bottom: .5em; margin-left: .5em;">• Adjust the space between bibliography entries</h5>
1651 <div class="box-macro-args">
1652 Macro: <b>BIBLIOGRAPHY_SPACING</b> <kbd class="macro-args"><amount of space> </kbd>
1655 <p class="requires">
1656 • Requires a <a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a>
1660 By default, mom inserts no space between bibliography entries.
1661 If you’d prefer she add some, instruct her to do so with
1662 BIBLIOGRAPHY_SPACING. Say, for example, you want a half a linespace
1665 <span class="pre-in-pp">
1666 .BIBLIOGRAPHY_SPACING .5v
1671 <div class="box-tip">
1673 <span class="note">Note:</span>
1674 As with endnotes pages, inserting space between bibliography entries
1675 will most likely result in hanging bottom margins.
1679 <!-- -SINGLESPACE_BIBLIO- -->
1681 <h5 id="singlespace-biblio" class="docs" style="margin-top: -.5em; margin-bottom: .5em; margin-left: .5em;">• Singlespace bibliography (TYPEWRITE only)</h5>
1683 <div class="box-macro-args">
1684 Macro: <b>SINGLESPACE_BIBLIOGRAPHY</b> <kbd class="macro-args"><toggle></kbd>
1689 <a href="docprocessing.html#printstyle">PRINTSTYLE</a>
1690 is <kbd>TYPEWRITE</kbd> and you use TYPEWRITE’s default
1691 double-spacing, bibliographies are double-spaced. If your document
1692 is single-spaced, bibliographies are single-spaced.
1696 If, for some reason, you’d prefer that bibliographies be
1697 single-spaced in an otherwise double-spaced document (including
1699 <a href="rectoverso.html#collate">collated</a>
1700 documents), invoke <kbd>.SINGLESPACE_BIBLIOGRAPHY</kbd> with with no
1704 <!-- -BIBLIO_NO_COLUMNS- -->
1706 <h5 id="biblio-no-columns" class="docs" style="margin-top: -.5em; margin-bottom: .5em; margin-left: .5em;">• Turning off column mode during bibliography output</h5>
1708 <div class="box-macro-args">
1709 Macro: <b>BIBLIOGRAPHY_NO_COLUMNS</b> <kbd class="macro-args"><toggle></kbd>
1713 By default, if your document is set in
1714 <a href="docprocessing.html#columns">columns</a>,
1715 mom sets the bibliographies in columns, too. However, if your
1716 document is set in columns and you’d like the bibliographies
1717 not to be, just invoke <kbd>.BIBLIOGRAPHY_NO_COLUMNS</kbd> with
1718 no argument. The bibliography pages will be set to the full page
1719 measure of your document.
1723 If you output bibliographies at the end of each document in a
1724 <a href="rectoverso.html#collate">collated</a>
1725 document set in columns, column mode will automatically be
1726 reinstated for each document, even with BIBLIOGRAPHY_NO_COLUMNS
1727 turned on. In such circumstances, you must re-enable
1728 ENDNOTES_NO_COLUMNS for each separate collated document.
1731 <h4 id="biblio-pagination" class="docs" style="margin-bottom: .5em;">2. Pagination of bibliographies</h4>
1733 <!-- -BIBLIO_PAGENUM_STYLE- -->
1735 <h5 id="biblio-pagenum-style" class="docs" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: .5em; margin-left: .5em;">• Page numbering style</h5>
1737 <div class="box-macro-args">
1738 Macro: <b>BIBLIOGRAPHY_PAGENUM_STYLE</b> <kbd class="macro-args">DIGIT | ROMAN | roman | ALPHA | alpha</kbd>
1742 Use this macro to set the page numbering style of bibliography
1743 pages. The arguments are identical to those for
1744 <a href="headfootpage.html#pagenum-style">PAGENUM_STYLE</a>.
1745 The default is <kbd>digit</kbd>. You may want to change it to, say,
1746 <kbd>alpha</kbd>, which you would do with
1748 <span class="pre-in-pp">
1749 .BIBLIOGRAPHY_PAGENUM_STYLE alpha
1753 <!-- -BIBLIO_FIRST_PAGENUMBER- -->
1755 <h5 id="biblio-first-pagenumber" class="docs" style="margin-top: -.5em; margin-bottom: .5em; margin-left: .5em;">• Setting the first page number of bibliographies</h5>
1757 <div class="box-macro-args">
1758 Macro: <b>BIBILOGRAPHY_FIRST_PAGENUMBER</b> <kbd class="macro-args"><page # that appears on page 1 of bibliographies></kbd>
1762 Use this macro with caution. If the bibliography for a
1763 <a href="rectoverso.html#collate">collated</a>
1764 document is to be output at the document’s end,
1765 BIBLIOGRAPHY_FIRST_PAGENUMBER tells mom what page number to put on
1766 the first page of the bibliography.
1770 However, if you’re outputting a bibliography at the end of each
1771 section (chapter, article, etc) of a collated document,
1772 you have to reset every section’s first page number after
1773 <a href="rectoverso.html#collate">COLLATE</a>
1775 <a href="docprocessing.html#start">START</a>.
1778 <!-- -BIBLIO_NO_FIRST_PAGENUN- -->
1780 <h5 id="biblio-no-first-pagenum" class="docs" style="margin-top: -.25em; margin-bottom: .5em; margin-left: .5em;">• Omitting a page number on the first page of bibliographies</h5>
1782 <div class="box-macro-args">
1783 Macro: <b>BIBLIOGRAPHY_NO_FIRST_PAGENUM</b> <kbd class="macro-args"><toggle></kbd>
1787 This macro is for use only if
1788 <a href="headfootpage.html#footers">FOOTERS</a>
1790 <kbd><a href="#bibliography">BIBLIOGRAPHY</a></kbd>
1791 not to print a page number on the first bibliography page.
1792 Mom’s default is to print the page number.
1795 <!-- -SUSPEND_PAGINATION- -->
1797 <h5 id="suspend-pagination" class="docs" style="margin-top: -.5em; margin-bottom: .5em; margin-left: .5em;">• Suspending pagination during bibliography output</h5>
1799 <div class="box-macro-args" style="margin-bottom: 1em;">
1800 Macro: <b>SUSPEND_PAGINATION</b>
1803 <div class="box-macro-args">
1804 Macro: <b>RESTORE_PAGINATION</b>
1808 SUSPEND_PAGINATION doesn’t take an argument. Invoked
1809 immediately prior to
1810 <kbd><a href="#bibliography">BIBLIOGRAPHY</a></kbd>,
1811 it turns off pagination for the duration of the bibliography. Mom
1812 continues, however to increment page numbers silently.
1816 To restore normal document pagination after bibliographies, invoke
1817 <kbd>.RESTORE_PAGINATION</kbd> (again, with no argument) immediately
1818 after you’ve finished with your bibliography.
1821 <h4 id="biblio-header-control" class="docs" style="margin-bottom: .5em;">3. Header/footer control</h4>
1823 <h5 id="biblio-modify-hdrftr" class="docs" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: .5em; margin-left: .5em;">• Modifying what goes in the bibliography header/footer</h5>
1826 If you wish to modify what appears in the header/footer that appears
1827 on bibliography pages, make the changes before you invoke
1828 <a href="#bibliography"><kbd>.BIBLIOGRAPHY</kbd></a>,
1833 Except in the case of
1834 <a href="docprocessing.html#doctype">DOCTYPE <kbd>CHAPTER</kbd></a>,
1835 mom prints the same header or footer used throughout the document
1836 on bibliography pages. Chapters get treated differently in that,
1837 by default, mom does not print the header/footer centre string
1838 (normally the chapter number or chapter title.) In most cases, this
1839 is what you want. However, should you not want mom to remove the
1840 centre string from the bibliography pages headers/footers, invoke
1841 <kbd><a href="#bibliography-hdrftr-center">.BIBLIOGRAPHY_HEADER_CENTER</a></kbd>
1846 An important change you may want to make is to put the word
1847 “Bibliography” in the header/footer centre position. To
1850 <span class="pre-in-pp" style="margin-bottom: -1em;">
1851 .HEADER_CENTER "Bibliography"
1854 <span class="pre-in-pp" style="margin-top: -.5em;">
1855 .FOOTER_CENTER "Bibliography"
1857 prior to invoking <kbd>.BIBLIOGRAPHY</kbd>.
1860 <div class="box-tip">
1862 <span class="note">Note:</span>
1864 <a href="docprocessing.html#doctype">DOCTYPE</a>
1865 is <kbd>CHAPTER</kbd>, you must also invoke
1866 <a href="#endnotes-hdrftr-center">BIBLIOGRAPHY_HEADER_CENTER</a>
1867 for the BIBLIOGRAPHY_HEADER_CENTER to appear.
1871 <h5 id="biblio-hdrftr-center" class="docs" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: .5em; margin-left: .5em;">• Header/footer centre string when doctype is CHAPTER</h5>
1873 <div class="box-macro-args">
1874 Macro: <b>BIBLIOGRAPHY_HEADER_CENTER</b> <kbd class="macro-args">toggle</kbd>
1879 <a href="docprocessing.html#doctype">DOCTYPE</a>
1880 is <kbd>CHAPTER</kbd> and you want mom to include a centre
1881 string in the headers/footers that appear on bibliography
1882 pages, invoke <kbd>.BIBLIOGRAPHY_HEADER_CENTER</kbd> (or
1883 <kbd>.BIBLIOGRAPHY_FOOTER_CENTER</kbd>) with no argument.
1884 Mom’s default is NOT to print the centre string.
1888 If, for some reason, having enabled the header/footer centre string
1889 on bibliography pages, you wish to disable it, invoke the same macro
1890 with any argument (<kbd>OFF, QUIT, Q, X</kbd>...).
1893 <h5 id="biblio-allows-headers" class="docs" style="margin-top: -.5em; margin-bottom: .5em; margin-left: .5em;">• Allow headers on bibliography pages</h5>
1895 <div class="box-macro-args">
1896 Macro: <b>BIBLIOGRAPHY_ALLOWS_HEADERS</b> <kbd class="macro-args"><none> | ALL</kbd>
1900 By default, if HEADERS are on, mom prints page headers on all
1901 bibliography pages except the first. If you don’t want her to
1902 print headers on bibliography pages, do
1904 <span class="pre-in-pp">
1905 .BIBLIOGRAPHY_ALLOWS_HEADERS OFF
1907 If you want headers on every page including the first, do
1909 <span class="pre-in-pp">
1910 .BIBLIOGRAPHY_ALLOWS_HEADERS ALL
1914 <div class="box-tip">
1916 <span class="note">Note:</span>
1917 If FOOTERS are on, mom prints footers on every bibliography page.
1918 This is a style convention. In mom, there is no such beast as
1919 BIBLIOGRAPHY_ALLOWS_FOOTERS OFF.
1923 <h4 id="biblio-main-title" class="docs">4. Bibliography first-page title control</h4>
1925 <!-- -BIBLIO_STRING- -->
1927 <h5 id="biblio-string" class="docs" style="margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: .5em; margin-left: .5em;">• Title string</h5>
1929 <div class="box-macro-args">
1930 Macro: <b>BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING</b> <kbd class="macro-args">"<title to print at the top of bibliography pages>"</kbd>
1934 By default, mom prints the word “BIBLIOGRAPHY” as a title
1935 at the top of the first page of a bibliography. If you want her to
1936 print something else, invoke <kbd>.BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING</kbd> with
1937 the title you want, surrounded by double-quotes.
1941 If you don’t want a title at the top of the first bibliography
1942 page, invoke <kbd>.BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING</kbd> with a blank argument
1943 (either two double-quotes side by
1944 side—<kbd>""</kbd>—or no argument at all).
1947 <!-- -BIBLIO_STRING_CONTROL- -->
1949 <h5 id="biblio-string-control" class="docs" style="margin-top: -.5em; margin-bottom: .5em; margin-left: .5em;">• Title string control macros and defaults</h5>
1951 <div class="defaults-container" style="padding-bottom: 8px;">
1952 <p class="defaults" style="padding-top: 6px;">
1954 <a href="#control-macro-args">Arguments to the control macros</a>.
1956 <span class="pre defaults">
1957 .BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_FAMILY default = prevailing document family; default is Times Roman
1958 .BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_FONT default = bold
1959 .BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_SIZE* default = +1
1960 .BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_QUAD default = centred
1962 *Relative to the size of the bibliography text (set with BIBLIOGRAPHY_PT_SIZE)
1966 <!-- -BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_ADVANCE- -->
1968 <h5 id="biblio-string-placement" class="docs" style="margin-top: -1em; margin-bottom: .5em; margin-left: .5em;">• Title string placement</h5>
1970 <div class="box-macro-args">
1971 Macro: <b>BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_ADVANCE</b> <kbd class="macro-args"><distance from top of page></kbd>
1974 <p class="requires">
1975 • Argument requires a <a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a>
1979 By default, mom places the title (the docheader, as it were) of
1980 bibliographies (typically "BIBLIOGRAPHY") on the same
1981 <a href="definitions.html#baseline">baseline</a>
1982 that is used for the start of
1983 <a href="definitions.html#running">running text</a>.
1984 If you’d prefer another location, higher or lower on the page
1985 (thereby also raising or lowering the starting position of the
1986 bibliography itself), invoke <kbd>.BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_ADVANCE</kbd>
1987 with an argument stating the distance from the top edge of the page
1988 at which you’d like the title placed.
1992 The argument requires a unit of measure, so if you’d like the title
1993 to appear 1-1/2 inches from the top edge of the page, you’d tell
1994 mom about it like this:
1996 <span class="pre-in-pp">
1997 .BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_ADVANCE 1.5i
2001 <!-- -BIBLIO_STRING_UNDERLINE- -->
2003 <h5 id="biblio-string-underline" class="docs" style="margin-top: -1em; margin-bottom: .5em; margin-left: .5em;">• Title string underscoring</h5>
2005 <div class="box-macro-args">
2006 Macro: <b>BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_UNDERSCORE</b> <kbd class="macro-args">[DOUBLE] [<underline weight> [<underline gap> [<distance between double rules]]] | <none> | <anything></kbd>
2009 <p class="alias" style="margin-bottom: 0;">
2010 <i>Alias:</i> <b>BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_UNDERLINE</b>
2013 <p class="requires">
2014 • The argument
2015 <span style="font-style: normal"><kbd><underscore weight></kbd></span>
2017 <a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a>,
2018 <span style="font-style: normal;"><kbd>p</kbd></span>, appended to it
2022 Invoked without an argument,
2023 <kbd>.BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_UNDERSCORE</kbd> will place a single rule
2024 underneath the bibliography’s first-page title. Invoked with the
2025 argument, <kbd>DOUBLE</kbd>, BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_UNDERSCORE will
2026 double-underscore the title. Invoked with any other non-numeric
2027 argument, (eg <kbd>OFF, NO, X</kbd>, etc.) the macro disables
2028 underlining of the title.
2032 In addition, you can use BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_UNDERSCORE to control
2033 the weight of the underscore rule(s), the gap between the title and
2034 the underscore, and, in the case of double-underscores, the distance
2035 between the two rules.
2041 <span class="pre-in-pp">
2042 .BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_UNDERLINE 1
2043 - turn underlining on; set the rule weight to 1 point
2045 .BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_UNDERLINE 1 3p
2046 - turn underlining on; set the rule weight to 1 point; set
2047 the gap between the string and the underline to 3 points
2049 .BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_UNDERLINE DOUBLE .75 3p
2050 - turn double-underlining on; set the rule weight to 3/4 of
2051 a point; set the gap between the string and the upper
2052 underline to 3 points; leave the gap between the upper
2053 and the lower underline at the default
2055 .BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_UNDERLINE DOUBLE 1.5 1.5p 1.5p
2056 - turn double-underlining on; set the rule weight to 1-1/2
2057 points; set the gap between the string and the upper
2058 underline to 1-1/2 points; set the gap between the upper
2059 and the lower underline to 1-1/2 points
2061 Note, from the above, that in all instances, underscoring (single or
2062 double) is enabled whenever BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_UNDERSCORE is used
2067 Mom’s default is to double-underscore the title with 1/2-point
2068 rules placed 2 points apart and 2 points below the baseline of the
2072 <!-- -BIBLIO_STRING_CAPS- -->
2074 <h5 id="biblio-string-caps" class="docs" style="margin-top: -.5em; margin-bottom: .5em; margin-left: .5em;">• Title string capitalization</h5>
2076 <div class="box-macro-args">
2077 Macro: <b>BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_CAPS</b> <kbd class="macro-args">toggle</kbd>
2081 Invoked by itself, <kbd>.BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_CAPS</kbd> will
2082 automatically capitalize the bibliography first-page title. Invoked
2083 with any other argument, the macro disables automatic capitalization
2088 If you’re generating a table of contents, you may want the
2089 bibliography first-page title to be in caps, but the toc entry in
2090 caps/lower case. If the argument to
2091 <kbd><a href="#bibliography-string">BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING</a></kbd>
2092 is in caps/lower case and BIBLIOGRAPHY_STRING_CAPS is
2093 on, this is exactly what will happen.
2097 Mom’s default is to capitalize the bibliography first-page
2101 <div class="rule-long"><hr/></div>
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