1 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
3 * Copyright (c) 2011 The Chromium OS Authors.
5 * Daniel Engström, Omicron Ceti AB, <daniel@omicron.se>
9 * Linux x86 zImage and bzImage loading
11 * based on the procdure described in
12 * linux/Documentation/i386/boot.txt
15 #define LOG_CATEGORY LOGC_BOOT
26 #include <acpi/acpi_table.h>
28 #include <asm/ptrace.h>
29 #include <asm/zimage.h>
30 #include <asm/byteorder.h>
31 #include <asm/bootm.h>
32 #include <asm/bootparam.h>
34 #include <asm/global_data.h>
35 #ifdef CONFIG_SYS_COREBOOT
36 #include <asm/arch/timestamp.h>
38 #include <linux/compiler.h>
39 #include <linux/ctype.h>
40 #include <linux/libfdt.h>
42 DECLARE_GLOBAL_DATA_PTR;
47 * relative to setup_base (which is 0x90000 currently)
49 * 0x0000-0x7FFF Real mode kernel
50 * 0x8000-0x8FFF Stack and heap
51 * 0x9000-0x90FF Kernel command line
53 #define DEFAULT_SETUP_BASE 0x90000
54 #define COMMAND_LINE_OFFSET 0x9000
55 #define HEAP_END_OFFSET 0x8e00
57 #define COMMAND_LINE_SIZE 2048
60 * struct zboot_state - Current state of the boot
62 * @bzimage_addr: Address of the bzImage to boot
63 * @bzimage_size: Size of the bzImage, or 0 to detect this
64 * @initrd_addr: Address of the initial ramdisk, or 0 if none
65 * @initrd_size: Size of the initial ramdisk, or 0 if none
66 * @load_address: Address where the bzImage is moved before booting, either
67 * BZIMAGE_LOAD_ADDR or ZIMAGE_LOAD_ADDR
68 * @base_ptr: Pointer to the boot parameters, typically at address
70 * @cmdline: Environment variable containing the 'override' command line, or
71 * NULL to use the one in the setup block
79 struct boot_params *base_ptr;
84 ZBOOT_STATE_START = BIT(0),
85 ZBOOT_STATE_LOAD = BIT(1),
86 ZBOOT_STATE_SETUP = BIT(2),
87 ZBOOT_STATE_INFO = BIT(3),
88 ZBOOT_STATE_GO = BIT(4),
90 /* This one doesn't execute automatically, so stop the count before 5 */
91 ZBOOT_STATE_DUMP = BIT(5),
92 ZBOOT_STATE_COUNT = 5,
95 static void build_command_line(char *command_line, int auto_boot)
97 char *env_command_line;
99 command_line[0] = '\0';
101 env_command_line = env_get("bootargs");
103 /* set console= argument if we use a serial console */
104 if (!strstr(env_command_line, "console=")) {
105 if (!strcmp(env_get("stdout"), "serial")) {
107 /* We seem to use serial console */
108 sprintf(command_line, "console=ttyS0,%s ",
109 env_get("baudrate"));
114 strcat(command_line, "auto ");
116 if (env_command_line)
117 strcat(command_line, env_command_line);
119 printf("Kernel command line:");
125 static int kernel_magic_ok(struct setup_header *hdr)
127 if (KERNEL_MAGIC != hdr->boot_flag) {
128 printf("Error: Invalid Boot Flag "
129 "(found 0x%04x, expected 0x%04x)\n",
130 hdr->boot_flag, KERNEL_MAGIC);
133 printf("Valid Boot Flag\n");
138 static int get_boot_protocol(struct setup_header *hdr, bool verbose)
140 if (hdr->header == KERNEL_V2_MAGIC) {
142 printf("Magic signature found\n");
145 /* Very old kernel */
147 printf("Magic signature not found\n");
152 static int setup_device_tree(struct setup_header *hdr, const void *fdt_blob)
154 int bootproto = get_boot_protocol(hdr, false);
155 struct setup_data *sd;
158 if (bootproto < 0x0209)
164 size = fdt_totalsize(fdt_blob);
168 size += sizeof(struct setup_data);
169 sd = (struct setup_data *)malloc(size);
171 printf("Not enough memory for DTB setup data\n");
175 sd->next = hdr->setup_data;
176 sd->type = SETUP_DTB;
177 sd->len = fdt_totalsize(fdt_blob);
178 memcpy(sd->data, fdt_blob, sd->len);
179 hdr->setup_data = (unsigned long)sd;
184 const char *zimage_get_kernel_version(struct boot_params *params,
187 struct setup_header *hdr = ¶ms->hdr;
191 bootproto = get_boot_protocol(hdr, false);
192 log_debug("bootproto %x, hdr->setup_sects %x\n", bootproto,
194 if (bootproto < 0x0200 || hdr->setup_sects < 15)
197 /* sanity-check the kernel version in case it is missing */
198 log_debug("hdr->kernel_version %x, str at %p\n", hdr->kernel_version,
199 kernel_base + hdr->kernel_version + 0x200);
200 for (s = kernel_base + hdr->kernel_version + 0x200, end = s + 0x100; *s;
206 return kernel_base + hdr->kernel_version + 0x200;
209 struct boot_params *load_zimage(char *image, unsigned long kernel_size,
210 ulong *load_addressp)
212 struct boot_params *setup_base;
218 struct boot_params *params = (struct boot_params *)image;
219 struct setup_header *hdr = ¶ms->hdr;
221 /* base address for real-mode segment */
222 setup_base = (struct boot_params *)DEFAULT_SETUP_BASE;
224 if (!kernel_magic_ok(hdr))
227 /* determine size of setup */
228 if (0 == hdr->setup_sects) {
229 log_warning("Setup Sectors = 0 (defaulting to 4)\n");
230 setup_size = 5 * 512;
232 setup_size = (hdr->setup_sects + 1) * 512;
235 log_debug("Setup Size = 0x%8.8lx\n", (ulong)setup_size);
237 if (setup_size > SETUP_MAX_SIZE)
238 printf("Error: Setup is too large (%d bytes)\n", setup_size);
240 /* determine boot protocol version */
241 bootproto = get_boot_protocol(hdr, true);
243 log_debug("Using boot protocol version %x.%02x\n",
244 (bootproto & 0xff00) >> 8, bootproto & 0xff);
246 version = zimage_get_kernel_version(params, image);
248 printf("Linux kernel version %s\n", version);
250 printf("Setup Sectors < 15 - Cannot print kernel version\n");
252 /* Determine image type */
253 big_image = (bootproto >= 0x0200) &&
254 (hdr->loadflags & BIG_KERNEL_FLAG);
256 /* Determine load address */
258 *load_addressp = BZIMAGE_LOAD_ADDR;
260 *load_addressp = ZIMAGE_LOAD_ADDR;
262 printf("Building boot_params at 0x%8.8lx\n", (ulong)setup_base);
263 memset(setup_base, 0, sizeof(*setup_base));
264 setup_base->hdr = params->hdr;
266 if (bootproto >= 0x0204)
267 kernel_size = hdr->syssize * 16;
269 kernel_size -= setup_size;
271 if (bootproto == 0x0100) {
273 * A very old kernel MUST have its real-mode code
276 if ((ulong)setup_base != 0x90000) {
277 /* Copy the real-mode kernel */
278 memmove((void *)0x90000, setup_base, setup_size);
280 /* Copy the command line */
281 memmove((void *)0x99000,
282 (u8 *)setup_base + COMMAND_LINE_OFFSET,
286 setup_base = (struct boot_params *)0x90000;
289 /* It is recommended to clear memory up to the 32K mark */
290 memset((u8 *)0x90000 + setup_size, 0,
291 SETUP_MAX_SIZE - setup_size);
295 if (kernel_size > BZIMAGE_MAX_SIZE) {
296 printf("Error: bzImage kernel too big! "
297 "(size: %ld, max: %d)\n",
298 kernel_size, BZIMAGE_MAX_SIZE);
301 } else if ((kernel_size) > ZIMAGE_MAX_SIZE) {
302 printf("Error: zImage kernel too big! (size: %ld, max: %d)\n",
303 kernel_size, ZIMAGE_MAX_SIZE);
307 printf("Loading %s at address %lx (%ld bytes)\n",
308 big_image ? "bzImage" : "zImage", *load_addressp, kernel_size);
310 memmove((void *)*load_addressp, image + setup_size, kernel_size);
315 int setup_zimage(struct boot_params *setup_base, char *cmd_line, int auto_boot,
316 ulong initrd_addr, ulong initrd_size, ulong cmdline_force)
318 struct setup_header *hdr = &setup_base->hdr;
319 int bootproto = get_boot_protocol(hdr, false);
321 log_debug("Setup E820 entries\n");
322 if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_COREBOOT_SYSINFO)) {
323 setup_base->e820_entries = cb_install_e820_map(
324 ARRAY_SIZE(setup_base->e820_map), setup_base->e820_map);
326 setup_base->e820_entries = install_e820_map(
327 ARRAY_SIZE(setup_base->e820_map), setup_base->e820_map);
330 if (bootproto == 0x0100) {
331 setup_base->screen_info.cl_magic = COMMAND_LINE_MAGIC;
332 setup_base->screen_info.cl_offset = COMMAND_LINE_OFFSET;
334 if (bootproto >= 0x0200) {
335 hdr->type_of_loader = 0x80; /* U-Boot version 0 */
337 printf("Initial RAM disk at linear address "
338 "0x%08lx, size %ld bytes\n",
339 initrd_addr, initrd_size);
341 hdr->ramdisk_image = initrd_addr;
342 hdr->ramdisk_size = initrd_size;
346 if (bootproto >= 0x0201) {
347 hdr->heap_end_ptr = HEAP_END_OFFSET;
348 hdr->loadflags |= HEAP_FLAG;
355 log_debug("Setup cmdline\n");
356 if (bootproto >= 0x0206)
357 max_size = hdr->cmdline_size;
358 if (bootproto >= 0x0202) {
359 hdr->cmd_line_ptr = (uintptr_t)cmd_line;
360 } else if (bootproto >= 0x0200) {
361 setup_base->screen_info.cl_magic = COMMAND_LINE_MAGIC;
362 setup_base->screen_info.cl_offset =
363 (uintptr_t)cmd_line - (uintptr_t)setup_base;
365 hdr->setup_move_size = 0x9100;
368 /* build command line at COMMAND_LINE_OFFSET */
370 strcpy(cmd_line, (char *)cmdline_force);
372 build_command_line(cmd_line, auto_boot);
373 if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_CMD_BOOTM)) {
374 ret = bootm_process_cmdline(cmd_line, max_size,
377 printf("Cmdline setup failed (max_size=%x, bootproto=%x, err=%d)\n",
378 max_size, bootproto, ret);
382 printf("Kernel command line: \"");
387 if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_INTEL_MID) && bootproto >= 0x0207)
388 hdr->hardware_subarch = X86_SUBARCH_INTEL_MID;
390 if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_GENERATE_ACPI_TABLE))
391 setup_base->acpi_rsdp_addr = acpi_get_rsdp_addr();
393 log_debug("Setup devicetree\n");
394 setup_device_tree(hdr, (const void *)env_get_hex("fdtaddr", 0));
395 setup_video(&setup_base->screen_info);
397 if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_EFI_STUB))
398 setup_efi_info(&setup_base->efi_info);
403 static int do_zboot_start(struct cmd_tbl *cmdtp, int flag, int argc,
408 memset(&state, '\0', sizeof(state));
410 /* argv[1] holds the address of the bzImage */
413 s = env_get("fileaddr");
417 state.bzimage_addr = hextoul(s, NULL);
420 /* argv[2] holds the size of the bzImage */
421 state.bzimage_size = hextoul(argv[2], NULL);
425 state.initrd_addr = hextoul(argv[3], NULL);
427 state.initrd_size = hextoul(argv[4], NULL);
430 * When the base_ptr is passed in, we assume that the image is
431 * already loaded at the address given by argv[1] and therefore
432 * the original bzImage is somewhere else, or not accessible.
433 * In any case, we don't need access to the bzImage since all
434 * the processing is assumed to be done.
436 * So set the base_ptr to the given address, use this arg as the
437 * load address and set bzimage_addr to 0 so we know that it
438 * cannot be proceesed (or processed again).
440 state.base_ptr = (void *)hextoul(argv[5], NULL);
441 state.load_address = state.bzimage_addr;
442 state.bzimage_addr = 0;
445 state.cmdline = env_get(argv[6]);
450 static int zboot_load(void)
452 struct boot_params *base_ptr;
454 if (state.base_ptr) {
455 struct boot_params *from = (struct boot_params *)state.base_ptr;
457 base_ptr = (struct boot_params *)DEFAULT_SETUP_BASE;
458 log_debug("Building boot_params at 0x%8.8lx\n",
460 memset(base_ptr, '\0', sizeof(*base_ptr));
461 base_ptr->hdr = from->hdr;
463 base_ptr = load_zimage((void *)state.bzimage_addr, state.bzimage_size,
464 &state.load_address);
466 puts("## Kernel loading failed ...\n");
470 state.base_ptr = base_ptr;
475 static int do_zboot_load(struct cmd_tbl *cmdtp, int flag, int argc,
479 return CMD_RET_FAILURE;
481 if (env_set_hex("zbootbase", map_to_sysmem(state.base_ptr)) ||
482 env_set_hex("zbootaddr", state.load_address))
483 return CMD_RET_FAILURE;
488 static int zboot_setup(void)
490 struct boot_params *base_ptr = state.base_ptr;
493 ret = setup_zimage(base_ptr, (char *)base_ptr + COMMAND_LINE_OFFSET,
494 0, state.initrd_addr, state.initrd_size,
495 (ulong)state.cmdline);
502 static int do_zboot_setup(struct cmd_tbl *cmdtp, int flag, int argc,
505 struct boot_params *base_ptr = state.base_ptr;
508 printf("base is not set: use 'zboot load' first\n");
509 return CMD_RET_FAILURE;
512 puts("Setting up boot parameters failed ...\n");
513 return CMD_RET_FAILURE;
519 static int do_zboot_info(struct cmd_tbl *cmdtp, int flag, int argc,
522 printf("Kernel loaded at %08lx, setup_base=%p\n",
523 state.load_address, state.base_ptr);
528 static int zboot_go(void)
530 struct boot_params *params = state.base_ptr;
531 struct setup_header *hdr = ¶ms->hdr;
536 disable_interrupts();
538 entry = state.load_address;
540 if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_X86_RUN_64BIT) &&
541 (hdr->xloadflags & XLF_KERNEL_64)) {
546 /* we assume that the kernel is in place */
547 ret = boot_linux_kernel((ulong)state.base_ptr, entry, image_64bit);
552 static int do_zboot_go(struct cmd_tbl *cmdtp, int flag, int argc,
558 printf("Kernel returned! (err=%d)\n", ret);
560 return CMD_RET_FAILURE;
563 int zboot_start(ulong addr, ulong size, ulong initrd, ulong initrd_size,
564 ulong base, char *cmdline)
568 memset(&state, '\0', sizeof(state));
571 state.base_ptr = map_sysmem(base, 0);
572 state.load_address = addr;
574 state.bzimage_addr = addr;
576 state.bzimage_size = size;
577 state.initrd_addr = initrd;
578 state.initrd_size = initrd_size;
579 state.cmdline = cmdline;
583 return log_msg_ret("ld", ret);
586 return log_msg_ret("set", ret);
589 return log_msg_ret("set", ret);
594 static void print_num(const char *name, ulong value)
596 printf("%-20s: %lx\n", name, value);
599 static void print_num64(const char *name, u64 value)
601 printf("%-20s: %llx\n", name, value);
604 static const char *const e820_type_name[E820_COUNT] = {
606 [E820_RESERVED] = "Reserved",
607 [E820_ACPI] = "ACPI",
608 [E820_NVS] = "ACPI NVS",
609 [E820_UNUSABLE] = "Unusable",
612 static const char *const bootloader_id[] = {
617 "Etherboot/gPXE/iPXE",
625 "Arcturus Networks uCbootloader",
630 "Minimal Linux Bootloader",
631 "OVMF UEFI virtualization stack",
639 static struct flag_info load_flags[] = {
640 { LOADED_HIGH, "loaded-high" },
641 { QUIET_FLAG, "quiet" },
642 { KEEP_SEGMENTS, "keep-segments" },
643 { CAN_USE_HEAP, "can-use-heap" },
646 static struct flag_info xload_flags[] = {
647 { XLF_KERNEL_64, "64-bit-entry" },
648 { XLF_CAN_BE_LOADED_ABOVE_4G, "can-load-above-4gb" },
649 { XLF_EFI_HANDOVER_32, "32-efi-handoff" },
650 { XLF_EFI_HANDOVER_64, "64-efi-handoff" },
651 { XLF_EFI_KEXEC, "kexec-efi-runtime" },
654 static void print_flags(struct flag_info *flags, int count, uint value)
658 printf("%-20s:", "");
659 for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
660 uint mask = flags[i].bit;
663 printf(" %s", flags[i].name);
668 static void show_loader(struct setup_header *hdr)
670 bool version_valid = false;
674 type = hdr->type_of_loader >> 4;
675 version = hdr->type_of_loader & 0xf;
677 type = 0x10 + hdr->ext_loader_type;
678 version |= hdr->ext_loader_ver << 4;
679 if (!hdr->type_of_loader) {
680 name = "pre-2.00 bootloader";
681 } else if (hdr->type_of_loader == 0xff) {
683 } else if (type < ARRAY_SIZE(bootloader_id)) {
684 name = bootloader_id[type];
685 version_valid = true;
689 printf("%20s %s", "", name);
691 printf(", version %x", version);
695 void zimage_dump(struct boot_params *base_ptr)
697 struct setup_header *hdr;
701 printf("Setup located at %p:\n\n", base_ptr);
702 print_num64("ACPI RSDP addr", base_ptr->acpi_rsdp_addr);
704 printf("E820: %d entries\n", base_ptr->e820_entries);
705 if (base_ptr->e820_entries) {
706 printf("%18s %16s %s\n", "Addr", "Size", "Type");
707 for (i = 0; i < base_ptr->e820_entries; i++) {
708 struct e820_entry *entry = &base_ptr->e820_map[i];
710 printf("%12llx %10llx %s\n", entry->addr, entry->size,
711 entry->type < E820_COUNT ?
712 e820_type_name[entry->type] :
713 simple_itoa(entry->type));
717 hdr = &base_ptr->hdr;
718 print_num("Setup sectors", hdr->setup_sects);
719 print_num("Root flags", hdr->root_flags);
720 print_num("Sys size", hdr->syssize);
721 print_num("RAM size", hdr->ram_size);
722 print_num("Video mode", hdr->vid_mode);
723 print_num("Root dev", hdr->root_dev);
724 print_num("Boot flag", hdr->boot_flag);
725 print_num("Jump", hdr->jump);
726 print_num("Header", hdr->header);
727 if (hdr->header == KERNEL_V2_MAGIC)
728 printf("%-20s %s\n", "", "Kernel V2");
730 printf("%-20s %s\n", "", "Ancient kernel, using version 100");
731 print_num("Version", hdr->version);
732 print_num("Real mode switch", hdr->realmode_swtch);
733 print_num("Start sys seg", hdr->start_sys_seg);
734 print_num("Kernel version", hdr->kernel_version);
735 version = zimage_get_kernel_version(base_ptr,
736 (void *)state.bzimage_addr);
738 printf(" @%p: %s\n", version, version);
739 print_num("Type of loader", hdr->type_of_loader);
741 print_num("Load flags", hdr->loadflags);
742 print_flags(load_flags, ARRAY_SIZE(load_flags), hdr->loadflags);
743 print_num("Setup move size", hdr->setup_move_size);
744 print_num("Code32 start", hdr->code32_start);
745 print_num("Ramdisk image", hdr->ramdisk_image);
746 print_num("Ramdisk size", hdr->ramdisk_size);
747 print_num("Bootsect kludge", hdr->bootsect_kludge);
748 print_num("Heap end ptr", hdr->heap_end_ptr);
749 print_num("Ext loader ver", hdr->ext_loader_ver);
750 print_num("Ext loader type", hdr->ext_loader_type);
751 print_num("Command line ptr", hdr->cmd_line_ptr);
752 if (hdr->cmd_line_ptr) {
754 /* Use puts() to avoid limits from CONFIG_SYS_PBSIZE */
755 puts((char *)(ulong)hdr->cmd_line_ptr);
758 print_num("Initrd addr max", hdr->initrd_addr_max);
759 print_num("Kernel alignment", hdr->kernel_alignment);
760 print_num("Relocatable kernel", hdr->relocatable_kernel);
761 print_num("Min alignment", hdr->min_alignment);
762 if (hdr->min_alignment)
763 printf("%-20s: %x\n", "", 1 << hdr->min_alignment);
764 print_num("Xload flags", hdr->xloadflags);
765 print_flags(xload_flags, ARRAY_SIZE(xload_flags), hdr->xloadflags);
766 print_num("Cmdline size", hdr->cmdline_size);
767 print_num("Hardware subarch", hdr->hardware_subarch);
768 print_num64("HW subarch data", hdr->hardware_subarch_data);
769 print_num("Payload offset", hdr->payload_offset);
770 print_num("Payload length", hdr->payload_length);
771 print_num64("Setup data", hdr->setup_data);
772 print_num64("Pref address", hdr->pref_address);
773 print_num("Init size", hdr->init_size);
774 print_num("Handover offset", hdr->handover_offset);
775 if (get_boot_protocol(hdr, false) >= 0x215)
776 print_num("Kernel info offset", hdr->kernel_info_offset);
779 static int do_zboot_dump(struct cmd_tbl *cmdtp, int flag, int argc,
782 struct boot_params *base_ptr = state.base_ptr;
785 base_ptr = (void *)hextoul(argv[1], NULL);
787 printf("No zboot setup_base\n");
788 return CMD_RET_FAILURE;
790 zimage_dump(base_ptr);
795 /* Note: This defines the complete_zboot() function */
796 U_BOOT_SUBCMDS(zboot,
797 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(start, 8, 1, do_zboot_start, "", ""),
798 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(load, 1, 1, do_zboot_load, "", ""),
799 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(setup, 1, 1, do_zboot_setup, "", ""),
800 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(info, 1, 1, do_zboot_info, "", ""),
801 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(go, 1, 1, do_zboot_go, "", ""),
802 U_BOOT_CMD_MKENT(dump, 2, 1, do_zboot_dump, "", ""),
805 int do_zboot_states(struct cmd_tbl *cmdtp, int flag, int argc,
806 char *const argv[], int state_mask)
810 for (i = 0; i < ZBOOT_STATE_COUNT; i++) {
811 struct cmd_tbl *cmd = &zboot_subcmds[i];
815 if (mask & state_mask) {
816 ret = cmd->cmd(cmd, flag, argc, argv);
825 int do_zboot_parent(struct cmd_tbl *cmdtp, int flag, int argc,
826 char *const argv[], int *repeatable)
828 /* determine if we have a sub command */
832 hextoul(argv[1], &endp);
834 * endp pointing to nul means that argv[1] was just a valid
835 * number, so pass it along to the normal processing
838 return do_zboot(cmdtp, flag, argc, argv, repeatable);
841 do_zboot_states(cmdtp, flag, argc, argv, ZBOOT_STATE_START |
842 ZBOOT_STATE_LOAD | ZBOOT_STATE_SETUP |
843 ZBOOT_STATE_INFO | ZBOOT_STATE_GO);
845 return CMD_RET_FAILURE;
848 U_BOOT_CMDREP_COMPLETE(
849 zboot, 8, do_zboot_parent, "Boot bzImage",
850 "[addr] [size] [initrd addr] [initrd size] [setup] [cmdline]\n"
851 " addr - The optional starting address of the bzimage.\n"
852 " If not set it defaults to the environment\n"
853 " variable \"fileaddr\".\n"
854 " size - The optional size of the bzimage. Defaults to\n"
856 " initrd addr - The address of the initrd image to use, if any.\n"
857 " initrd size - The size of the initrd image to use, if any.\n"
858 " setup - The address of the kernel setup region, if this\n"
860 " cmdline - Environment variable containing the kernel\n"
861 " command line, to override U-Boot's normal\n"
862 " cmdline generation\n"
864 "Sub-commands to do part of the zboot sequence:\n"
865 "\tstart [addr [arg ...]] - specify arguments\n"
866 "\tload - load OS image\n"
867 "\tsetup - set up table\n"
868 "\tinfo - show summary info\n"
870 "\tdump [addr] - dump info (optional address of boot params)",