2 * Kernel Probes (KProbes)
4 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
5 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
6 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
7 * (at your option) any later version.
9 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
10 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
11 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
12 * GNU General Public License for more details.
14 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
15 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
16 * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
18 * Copyright (C) IBM Corporation, 2002, 2004
20 * 2002-Oct Created by Vamsi Krishna S <vamsi_krishna@in.ibm.com> Kernel
21 * Probes initial implementation ( includes contributions from
23 * 2004-July Suparna Bhattacharya <suparna@in.ibm.com> added jumper probes
24 * interface to access function arguments.
25 * 2004-Oct Jim Keniston <jkenisto@us.ibm.com> and Prasanna S Panchamukhi
26 * <prasanna@in.ibm.com> adapted for x86_64 from i386.
27 * 2005-Mar Roland McGrath <roland@redhat.com>
28 * Fixed to handle %rip-relative addressing mode correctly.
29 * 2005-May Hien Nguyen <hien@us.ibm.com>, Jim Keniston
30 * <jkenisto@us.ibm.com> and Prasanna S Panchamukhi
31 * <prasanna@in.ibm.com> added function-return probes.
32 * 2005-May Rusty Lynch <rusty.lynch@intel.com>
33 * Added function return probes functionality
34 * 2006-Feb Masami Hiramatsu <hiramatu@sdl.hitachi.co.jp> added
35 * kprobe-booster and kretprobe-booster for i386.
36 * 2007-Dec Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@redhat.com> added kprobe-booster
37 * and kretprobe-booster for x86-64
38 * 2007-Dec Masami Hiramatsu <mhiramat@redhat.com>, Arjan van de Ven
39 * <arjan@infradead.org> and Jim Keniston <jkenisto@us.ibm.com>
40 * unified x86 kprobes code.
42 #include <linux/kprobes.h>
43 #include <linux/ptrace.h>
44 #include <linux/string.h>
45 #include <linux/slab.h>
46 #include <linux/hardirq.h>
47 #include <linux/preempt.h>
48 #include <linux/module.h>
49 #include <linux/kdebug.h>
50 #include <linux/kallsyms.h>
51 #include <linux/ftrace.h>
53 #include <asm/cacheflush.h>
55 #include <asm/pgtable.h>
56 #include <asm/uaccess.h>
57 #include <asm/alternative.h>
59 #include <asm/debugreg.h>
61 #include "kprobes-common.h"
63 void jprobe_return_end(void);
65 DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct kprobe *, current_kprobe) = NULL;
66 DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct kprobe_ctlblk, kprobe_ctlblk);
68 #define stack_addr(regs) ((unsigned long *)kernel_stack_pointer(regs))
70 #define W(row, b0, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, b7, b8, b9, ba, bb, bc, bd, be, bf)\
71 (((b0##UL << 0x0)|(b1##UL << 0x1)|(b2##UL << 0x2)|(b3##UL << 0x3) | \
72 (b4##UL << 0x4)|(b5##UL << 0x5)|(b6##UL << 0x6)|(b7##UL << 0x7) | \
73 (b8##UL << 0x8)|(b9##UL << 0x9)|(ba##UL << 0xa)|(bb##UL << 0xb) | \
74 (bc##UL << 0xc)|(bd##UL << 0xd)|(be##UL << 0xe)|(bf##UL << 0xf)) \
77 * Undefined/reserved opcodes, conditional jump, Opcode Extension
78 * Groups, and some special opcodes can not boost.
79 * This is non-const and volatile to keep gcc from statically
80 * optimizing it out, as variable_test_bit makes gcc think only
81 * *(unsigned long*) is used.
83 static volatile u32 twobyte_is_boostable[256 / 32] = {
84 /* 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f */
85 /* ---------------------------------------------- */
86 W(0x00, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) | /* 00 */
87 W(0x10, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) , /* 10 */
88 W(0x20, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) | /* 20 */
89 W(0x30, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) , /* 30 */
90 W(0x40, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1) | /* 40 */
91 W(0x50, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) , /* 50 */
92 W(0x60, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1) | /* 60 */
93 W(0x70, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1) , /* 70 */
94 W(0x80, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) | /* 80 */
95 W(0x90, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1) , /* 90 */
96 W(0xa0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1) | /* a0 */
97 W(0xb0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1) , /* b0 */
98 W(0xc0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1) | /* c0 */
99 W(0xd0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1) , /* d0 */
100 W(0xe0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1) | /* e0 */
101 W(0xf0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0) /* f0 */
102 /* ----------------------------------------------- */
103 /* 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f */
107 struct kretprobe_blackpoint kretprobe_blacklist[] = {
108 {"__switch_to", }, /* This function switches only current task, but
109 doesn't switch kernel stack.*/
110 {NULL, NULL} /* Terminator */
113 const int kretprobe_blacklist_size = ARRAY_SIZE(kretprobe_blacklist);
115 static void __kprobes __synthesize_relative_insn(void *from, void *to, u8 op)
117 struct __arch_relative_insn {
120 } __attribute__((packed)) *insn;
122 insn = (struct __arch_relative_insn *)from;
123 insn->raddr = (s32)((long)(to) - ((long)(from) + 5));
127 /* Insert a jump instruction at address 'from', which jumps to address 'to'.*/
128 void __kprobes synthesize_reljump(void *from, void *to)
130 __synthesize_relative_insn(from, to, RELATIVEJUMP_OPCODE);
133 /* Insert a call instruction at address 'from', which calls address 'to'.*/
134 void __kprobes synthesize_relcall(void *from, void *to)
136 __synthesize_relative_insn(from, to, RELATIVECALL_OPCODE);
140 * Skip the prefixes of the instruction.
142 static kprobe_opcode_t *__kprobes skip_prefixes(kprobe_opcode_t *insn)
146 attr = inat_get_opcode_attribute((insn_byte_t)*insn);
147 while (inat_is_legacy_prefix(attr)) {
149 attr = inat_get_opcode_attribute((insn_byte_t)*insn);
152 if (inat_is_rex_prefix(attr))
159 * Returns non-zero if opcode is boostable.
160 * RIP relative instructions are adjusted at copying time in 64 bits mode
162 int __kprobes can_boost(kprobe_opcode_t *opcodes)
164 kprobe_opcode_t opcode;
165 kprobe_opcode_t *orig_opcodes = opcodes;
167 if (search_exception_tables((unsigned long)opcodes))
168 return 0; /* Page fault may occur on this address. */
171 if (opcodes - orig_opcodes > MAX_INSN_SIZE - 1)
173 opcode = *(opcodes++);
175 /* 2nd-byte opcode */
176 if (opcode == 0x0f) {
177 if (opcodes - orig_opcodes > MAX_INSN_SIZE - 1)
179 return test_bit(*opcodes,
180 (unsigned long *)twobyte_is_boostable);
183 switch (opcode & 0xf0) {
186 goto retry; /* REX prefix is boostable */
189 if (0x63 < opcode && opcode < 0x67)
190 goto retry; /* prefixes */
191 /* can't boost Address-size override and bound */
192 return (opcode != 0x62 && opcode != 0x67);
194 return 0; /* can't boost conditional jump */
196 /* can't boost software-interruptions */
197 return (0xc1 < opcode && opcode < 0xcc) || opcode == 0xcf;
199 /* can boost AA* and XLAT */
200 return (opcode == 0xd4 || opcode == 0xd5 || opcode == 0xd7);
202 /* can boost in/out and absolute jmps */
203 return ((opcode & 0x04) || opcode == 0xea);
205 if ((opcode & 0x0c) == 0 && opcode != 0xf1)
206 goto retry; /* lock/rep(ne) prefix */
207 /* clear and set flags are boostable */
208 return (opcode == 0xf5 || (0xf7 < opcode && opcode < 0xfe));
210 /* segment override prefixes are boostable */
211 if (opcode == 0x26 || opcode == 0x36 || opcode == 0x3e)
212 goto retry; /* prefixes */
213 /* CS override prefix and call are not boostable */
214 return (opcode != 0x2e && opcode != 0x9a);
219 __recover_probed_insn(kprobe_opcode_t *buf, unsigned long addr)
223 kp = get_kprobe((void *)addr);
224 /* There is no probe, return original address */
229 * Basically, kp->ainsn.insn has an original instruction.
230 * However, RIP-relative instruction can not do single-stepping
231 * at different place, __copy_instruction() tweaks the displacement of
232 * that instruction. In that case, we can't recover the instruction
233 * from the kp->ainsn.insn.
235 * On the other hand, kp->opcode has a copy of the first byte of
236 * the probed instruction, which is overwritten by int3. And
237 * the instruction at kp->addr is not modified by kprobes except
238 * for the first byte, we can recover the original instruction
239 * from it and kp->opcode.
241 memcpy(buf, kp->addr, MAX_INSN_SIZE * sizeof(kprobe_opcode_t));
243 return (unsigned long)buf;
247 * Recover the probed instruction at addr for further analysis.
248 * Caller must lock kprobes by kprobe_mutex, or disable preemption
249 * for preventing to release referencing kprobes.
251 unsigned long recover_probed_instruction(kprobe_opcode_t *buf, unsigned long addr)
253 unsigned long __addr;
255 __addr = __recover_optprobed_insn(buf, addr);
259 return __recover_probed_insn(buf, addr);
262 /* Check if paddr is at an instruction boundary */
263 static int __kprobes can_probe(unsigned long paddr)
265 unsigned long addr, __addr, offset = 0;
267 kprobe_opcode_t buf[MAX_INSN_SIZE];
269 if (!kallsyms_lookup_size_offset(paddr, NULL, &offset))
272 /* Decode instructions */
273 addr = paddr - offset;
274 while (addr < paddr) {
276 * Check if the instruction has been modified by another
277 * kprobe, in which case we replace the breakpoint by the
278 * original instruction in our buffer.
279 * Also, jump optimization will change the breakpoint to
280 * relative-jump. Since the relative-jump itself is
281 * normally used, we just go through if there is no kprobe.
283 __addr = recover_probed_instruction(buf, addr);
284 kernel_insn_init(&insn, (void *)__addr);
285 insn_get_length(&insn);
288 * Another debugging subsystem might insert this breakpoint.
289 * In that case, we can't recover it.
291 if (insn.opcode.bytes[0] == BREAKPOINT_INSTRUCTION)
296 return (addr == paddr);
300 * Returns non-zero if opcode modifies the interrupt flag.
302 static int __kprobes is_IF_modifier(kprobe_opcode_t *insn)
305 insn = skip_prefixes(insn);
310 case 0xcf: /* iret/iretd */
311 case 0x9d: /* popf/popfd */
319 * Copy an instruction and adjust the displacement if the instruction
320 * uses the %rip-relative addressing mode.
321 * If it does, Return the address of the 32-bit displacement word.
322 * If not, return null.
323 * Only applicable to 64-bit x86.
325 int __kprobes __copy_instruction(u8 *dest, u8 *src)
328 kprobe_opcode_t buf[MAX_INSN_SIZE];
330 kernel_insn_init(&insn, (void *)recover_probed_instruction(buf, (unsigned long)src));
331 insn_get_length(&insn);
332 /* Another subsystem puts a breakpoint, failed to recover */
333 if (insn.opcode.bytes[0] == BREAKPOINT_INSTRUCTION)
335 memcpy(dest, insn.kaddr, insn.length);
338 if (insn_rip_relative(&insn)) {
341 kernel_insn_init(&insn, dest);
342 insn_get_displacement(&insn);
344 * The copied instruction uses the %rip-relative addressing
345 * mode. Adjust the displacement for the difference between
346 * the original location of this instruction and the location
347 * of the copy that will actually be run. The tricky bit here
348 * is making sure that the sign extension happens correctly in
349 * this calculation, since we need a signed 32-bit result to
350 * be sign-extended to 64 bits when it's added to the %rip
351 * value and yield the same 64-bit result that the sign-
352 * extension of the original signed 32-bit displacement would
355 newdisp = (u8 *) src + (s64) insn.displacement.value - (u8 *) dest;
356 BUG_ON((s64) (s32) newdisp != newdisp); /* Sanity check. */
357 disp = (u8 *) dest + insn_offset_displacement(&insn);
358 *(s32 *) disp = (s32) newdisp;
364 static void __kprobes arch_copy_kprobe(struct kprobe *p)
366 /* Copy an instruction with recovering if other optprobe modifies it.*/
367 __copy_instruction(p->ainsn.insn, p->addr);
370 * __copy_instruction can modify the displacement of the instruction,
371 * but it doesn't affect boostable check.
373 if (can_boost(p->ainsn.insn))
374 p->ainsn.boostable = 0;
376 p->ainsn.boostable = -1;
378 /* Also, displacement change doesn't affect the first byte */
379 p->opcode = p->ainsn.insn[0];
382 int __kprobes arch_prepare_kprobe(struct kprobe *p)
384 if (alternatives_text_reserved(p->addr, p->addr))
387 if (!can_probe((unsigned long)p->addr))
389 /* insn: must be on special executable page on x86. */
390 p->ainsn.insn = get_insn_slot();
397 void __kprobes arch_arm_kprobe(struct kprobe *p)
399 text_poke(p->addr, ((unsigned char []){BREAKPOINT_INSTRUCTION}), 1);
402 void __kprobes arch_disarm_kprobe(struct kprobe *p)
404 text_poke(p->addr, &p->opcode, 1);
407 void __kprobes arch_remove_kprobe(struct kprobe *p)
410 free_insn_slot(p->ainsn.insn, (p->ainsn.boostable == 1));
411 p->ainsn.insn = NULL;
415 static void __kprobes save_previous_kprobe(struct kprobe_ctlblk *kcb)
417 kcb->prev_kprobe.kp = kprobe_running();
418 kcb->prev_kprobe.status = kcb->kprobe_status;
419 kcb->prev_kprobe.old_flags = kcb->kprobe_old_flags;
420 kcb->prev_kprobe.saved_flags = kcb->kprobe_saved_flags;
423 static void __kprobes restore_previous_kprobe(struct kprobe_ctlblk *kcb)
425 __this_cpu_write(current_kprobe, kcb->prev_kprobe.kp);
426 kcb->kprobe_status = kcb->prev_kprobe.status;
427 kcb->kprobe_old_flags = kcb->prev_kprobe.old_flags;
428 kcb->kprobe_saved_flags = kcb->prev_kprobe.saved_flags;
431 static void __kprobes set_current_kprobe(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs,
432 struct kprobe_ctlblk *kcb)
434 __this_cpu_write(current_kprobe, p);
435 kcb->kprobe_saved_flags = kcb->kprobe_old_flags
436 = (regs->flags & (X86_EFLAGS_TF | X86_EFLAGS_IF));
437 if (is_IF_modifier(p->ainsn.insn))
438 kcb->kprobe_saved_flags &= ~X86_EFLAGS_IF;
441 static void __kprobes clear_btf(void)
443 if (test_thread_flag(TIF_BLOCKSTEP)) {
444 unsigned long debugctl = get_debugctlmsr();
446 debugctl &= ~DEBUGCTLMSR_BTF;
447 update_debugctlmsr(debugctl);
451 static void __kprobes restore_btf(void)
453 if (test_thread_flag(TIF_BLOCKSTEP)) {
454 unsigned long debugctl = get_debugctlmsr();
456 debugctl |= DEBUGCTLMSR_BTF;
457 update_debugctlmsr(debugctl);
462 arch_prepare_kretprobe(struct kretprobe_instance *ri, struct pt_regs *regs)
464 unsigned long *sara = stack_addr(regs);
466 ri->ret_addr = (kprobe_opcode_t *) *sara;
468 /* Replace the return addr with trampoline addr */
469 *sara = (unsigned long) &kretprobe_trampoline;
472 static void __kprobes
473 setup_singlestep(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs, struct kprobe_ctlblk *kcb, int reenter)
475 if (setup_detour_execution(p, regs, reenter))
478 #if !defined(CONFIG_PREEMPT)
479 if (p->ainsn.boostable == 1 && !p->post_handler) {
480 /* Boost up -- we can execute copied instructions directly */
482 reset_current_kprobe();
484 * Reentering boosted probe doesn't reset current_kprobe,
485 * nor set current_kprobe, because it doesn't use single
488 regs->ip = (unsigned long)p->ainsn.insn;
489 preempt_enable_no_resched();
494 save_previous_kprobe(kcb);
495 set_current_kprobe(p, regs, kcb);
496 kcb->kprobe_status = KPROBE_REENTER;
498 kcb->kprobe_status = KPROBE_HIT_SS;
499 /* Prepare real single stepping */
501 regs->flags |= X86_EFLAGS_TF;
502 regs->flags &= ~X86_EFLAGS_IF;
503 /* single step inline if the instruction is an int3 */
504 if (p->opcode == BREAKPOINT_INSTRUCTION)
505 regs->ip = (unsigned long)p->addr;
507 regs->ip = (unsigned long)p->ainsn.insn;
511 * We have reentered the kprobe_handler(), since another probe was hit while
512 * within the handler. We save the original kprobes variables and just single
513 * step on the instruction of the new probe without calling any user handlers.
516 reenter_kprobe(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs, struct kprobe_ctlblk *kcb)
518 switch (kcb->kprobe_status) {
519 case KPROBE_HIT_SSDONE:
520 case KPROBE_HIT_ACTIVE:
521 kprobes_inc_nmissed_count(p);
522 setup_singlestep(p, regs, kcb, 1);
525 /* A probe has been hit in the codepath leading up to, or just
526 * after, single-stepping of a probed instruction. This entire
527 * codepath should strictly reside in .kprobes.text section.
528 * Raise a BUG or we'll continue in an endless reentering loop
529 * and eventually a stack overflow.
531 printk(KERN_WARNING "Unrecoverable kprobe detected at %p.\n",
536 /* impossible cases */
544 #ifdef KPROBES_CAN_USE_FTRACE
545 static void __kprobes skip_singlestep(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs,
546 struct kprobe_ctlblk *kcb)
549 * Emulate singlestep (and also recover regs->ip)
550 * as if there is a 5byte nop
552 regs->ip = (unsigned long)p->addr + MCOUNT_INSN_SIZE;
553 if (unlikely(p->post_handler)) {
554 kcb->kprobe_status = KPROBE_HIT_SSDONE;
555 p->post_handler(p, regs, 0);
557 __this_cpu_write(current_kprobe, NULL);
562 * Interrupts are disabled on entry as trap3 is an interrupt gate and they
563 * remain disabled throughout this function.
565 static int __kprobes kprobe_handler(struct pt_regs *regs)
567 kprobe_opcode_t *addr;
569 struct kprobe_ctlblk *kcb;
571 addr = (kprobe_opcode_t *)(regs->ip - sizeof(kprobe_opcode_t));
573 * We don't want to be preempted for the entire
574 * duration of kprobe processing. We conditionally
575 * re-enable preemption at the end of this function,
576 * and also in reenter_kprobe() and setup_singlestep().
580 kcb = get_kprobe_ctlblk();
581 p = get_kprobe(addr);
584 if (kprobe_running()) {
585 if (reenter_kprobe(p, regs, kcb))
588 set_current_kprobe(p, regs, kcb);
589 kcb->kprobe_status = KPROBE_HIT_ACTIVE;
592 * If we have no pre-handler or it returned 0, we
593 * continue with normal processing. If we have a
594 * pre-handler and it returned non-zero, it prepped
595 * for calling the break_handler below on re-entry
596 * for jprobe processing, so get out doing nothing
599 if (!p->pre_handler || !p->pre_handler(p, regs))
600 setup_singlestep(p, regs, kcb, 0);
603 } else if (*addr != BREAKPOINT_INSTRUCTION) {
605 * The breakpoint instruction was removed right
606 * after we hit it. Another cpu has removed
607 * either a probepoint or a debugger breakpoint
608 * at this address. In either case, no further
609 * handling of this interrupt is appropriate.
610 * Back up over the (now missing) int3 and run
611 * the original instruction.
613 regs->ip = (unsigned long)addr;
614 preempt_enable_no_resched();
616 } else if (kprobe_running()) {
617 p = __this_cpu_read(current_kprobe);
618 if (p->break_handler && p->break_handler(p, regs)) {
619 #ifdef KPROBES_CAN_USE_FTRACE
620 if (kprobe_ftrace(p)) {
621 skip_singlestep(p, regs, kcb);
625 setup_singlestep(p, regs, kcb, 0);
628 } /* else: not a kprobe fault; let the kernel handle it */
630 preempt_enable_no_resched();
635 * When a retprobed function returns, this code saves registers and
636 * calls trampoline_handler() runs, which calls the kretprobe's handler.
638 static void __used __kprobes kretprobe_trampoline_holder(void)
641 ".global kretprobe_trampoline\n"
642 "kretprobe_trampoline: \n"
644 /* We don't bother saving the ss register */
649 " call trampoline_handler\n"
650 /* Replace saved sp with true return address. */
651 " movq %rax, 152(%rsp)\n"
658 " call trampoline_handler\n"
659 /* Move flags to cs */
660 " movl 56(%esp), %edx\n"
661 " movl %edx, 52(%esp)\n"
662 /* Replace saved flags with true return address. */
663 " movl %eax, 56(%esp)\n"
671 * Called from kretprobe_trampoline
673 static __used __kprobes void *trampoline_handler(struct pt_regs *regs)
675 struct kretprobe_instance *ri = NULL;
676 struct hlist_head *head, empty_rp;
677 struct hlist_node *node, *tmp;
678 unsigned long flags, orig_ret_address = 0;
679 unsigned long trampoline_address = (unsigned long)&kretprobe_trampoline;
680 kprobe_opcode_t *correct_ret_addr = NULL;
682 INIT_HLIST_HEAD(&empty_rp);
683 kretprobe_hash_lock(current, &head, &flags);
684 /* fixup registers */
686 regs->cs = __KERNEL_CS;
688 regs->cs = __KERNEL_CS | get_kernel_rpl();
691 regs->ip = trampoline_address;
692 regs->orig_ax = ~0UL;
695 * It is possible to have multiple instances associated with a given
696 * task either because multiple functions in the call path have
697 * return probes installed on them, and/or more than one
698 * return probe was registered for a target function.
700 * We can handle this because:
701 * - instances are always pushed into the head of the list
702 * - when multiple return probes are registered for the same
703 * function, the (chronologically) first instance's ret_addr
704 * will be the real return address, and all the rest will
705 * point to kretprobe_trampoline.
707 hlist_for_each_entry_safe(ri, node, tmp, head, hlist) {
708 if (ri->task != current)
709 /* another task is sharing our hash bucket */
712 orig_ret_address = (unsigned long)ri->ret_addr;
714 if (orig_ret_address != trampoline_address)
716 * This is the real return address. Any other
717 * instances associated with this task are for
718 * other calls deeper on the call stack
723 kretprobe_assert(ri, orig_ret_address, trampoline_address);
725 correct_ret_addr = ri->ret_addr;
726 hlist_for_each_entry_safe(ri, node, tmp, head, hlist) {
727 if (ri->task != current)
728 /* another task is sharing our hash bucket */
731 orig_ret_address = (unsigned long)ri->ret_addr;
732 if (ri->rp && ri->rp->handler) {
733 __this_cpu_write(current_kprobe, &ri->rp->kp);
734 get_kprobe_ctlblk()->kprobe_status = KPROBE_HIT_ACTIVE;
735 ri->ret_addr = correct_ret_addr;
736 ri->rp->handler(ri, regs);
737 __this_cpu_write(current_kprobe, NULL);
740 recycle_rp_inst(ri, &empty_rp);
742 if (orig_ret_address != trampoline_address)
744 * This is the real return address. Any other
745 * instances associated with this task are for
746 * other calls deeper on the call stack
751 kretprobe_hash_unlock(current, &flags);
753 hlist_for_each_entry_safe(ri, node, tmp, &empty_rp, hlist) {
754 hlist_del(&ri->hlist);
757 return (void *)orig_ret_address;
761 * Called after single-stepping. p->addr is the address of the
762 * instruction whose first byte has been replaced by the "int 3"
763 * instruction. To avoid the SMP problems that can occur when we
764 * temporarily put back the original opcode to single-step, we
765 * single-stepped a copy of the instruction. The address of this
766 * copy is p->ainsn.insn.
768 * This function prepares to return from the post-single-step
769 * interrupt. We have to fix up the stack as follows:
771 * 0) Except in the case of absolute or indirect jump or call instructions,
772 * the new ip is relative to the copied instruction. We need to make
773 * it relative to the original instruction.
775 * 1) If the single-stepped instruction was pushfl, then the TF and IF
776 * flags are set in the just-pushed flags, and may need to be cleared.
778 * 2) If the single-stepped instruction was a call, the return address
779 * that is atop the stack is the address following the copied instruction.
780 * We need to make it the address following the original instruction.
782 * If this is the first time we've single-stepped the instruction at
783 * this probepoint, and the instruction is boostable, boost it: add a
784 * jump instruction after the copied instruction, that jumps to the next
785 * instruction after the probepoint.
787 static void __kprobes
788 resume_execution(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs, struct kprobe_ctlblk *kcb)
790 unsigned long *tos = stack_addr(regs);
791 unsigned long copy_ip = (unsigned long)p->ainsn.insn;
792 unsigned long orig_ip = (unsigned long)p->addr;
793 kprobe_opcode_t *insn = p->ainsn.insn;
796 insn = skip_prefixes(insn);
798 regs->flags &= ~X86_EFLAGS_TF;
800 case 0x9c: /* pushfl */
801 *tos &= ~(X86_EFLAGS_TF | X86_EFLAGS_IF);
802 *tos |= kcb->kprobe_old_flags;
804 case 0xc2: /* iret/ret/lret */
809 case 0xea: /* jmp absolute -- ip is correct */
810 /* ip is already adjusted, no more changes required */
811 p->ainsn.boostable = 1;
813 case 0xe8: /* call relative - Fix return addr */
814 *tos = orig_ip + (*tos - copy_ip);
817 case 0x9a: /* call absolute -- same as call absolute, indirect */
818 *tos = orig_ip + (*tos - copy_ip);
822 if ((insn[1] & 0x30) == 0x10) {
824 * call absolute, indirect
825 * Fix return addr; ip is correct.
826 * But this is not boostable
828 *tos = orig_ip + (*tos - copy_ip);
830 } else if (((insn[1] & 0x31) == 0x20) ||
831 ((insn[1] & 0x31) == 0x21)) {
833 * jmp near and far, absolute indirect
834 * ip is correct. And this is boostable
836 p->ainsn.boostable = 1;
843 if (p->ainsn.boostable == 0) {
844 if ((regs->ip > copy_ip) &&
845 (regs->ip - copy_ip) + 5 < MAX_INSN_SIZE) {
847 * These instructions can be executed directly if it
848 * jumps back to correct address.
850 synthesize_reljump((void *)regs->ip,
851 (void *)orig_ip + (regs->ip - copy_ip));
852 p->ainsn.boostable = 1;
854 p->ainsn.boostable = -1;
858 regs->ip += orig_ip - copy_ip;
865 * Interrupts are disabled on entry as trap1 is an interrupt gate and they
866 * remain disabled throughout this function.
868 static int __kprobes post_kprobe_handler(struct pt_regs *regs)
870 struct kprobe *cur = kprobe_running();
871 struct kprobe_ctlblk *kcb = get_kprobe_ctlblk();
876 resume_execution(cur, regs, kcb);
877 regs->flags |= kcb->kprobe_saved_flags;
879 if ((kcb->kprobe_status != KPROBE_REENTER) && cur->post_handler) {
880 kcb->kprobe_status = KPROBE_HIT_SSDONE;
881 cur->post_handler(cur, regs, 0);
884 /* Restore back the original saved kprobes variables and continue. */
885 if (kcb->kprobe_status == KPROBE_REENTER) {
886 restore_previous_kprobe(kcb);
889 reset_current_kprobe();
891 preempt_enable_no_resched();
894 * if somebody else is singlestepping across a probe point, flags
895 * will have TF set, in which case, continue the remaining processing
896 * of do_debug, as if this is not a probe hit.
898 if (regs->flags & X86_EFLAGS_TF)
904 int __kprobes kprobe_fault_handler(struct pt_regs *regs, int trapnr)
906 struct kprobe *cur = kprobe_running();
907 struct kprobe_ctlblk *kcb = get_kprobe_ctlblk();
909 switch (kcb->kprobe_status) {
913 * We are here because the instruction being single
914 * stepped caused a page fault. We reset the current
915 * kprobe and the ip points back to the probe address
916 * and allow the page fault handler to continue as a
919 regs->ip = (unsigned long)cur->addr;
920 regs->flags |= kcb->kprobe_old_flags;
921 if (kcb->kprobe_status == KPROBE_REENTER)
922 restore_previous_kprobe(kcb);
924 reset_current_kprobe();
925 preempt_enable_no_resched();
927 case KPROBE_HIT_ACTIVE:
928 case KPROBE_HIT_SSDONE:
930 * We increment the nmissed count for accounting,
931 * we can also use npre/npostfault count for accounting
932 * these specific fault cases.
934 kprobes_inc_nmissed_count(cur);
937 * We come here because instructions in the pre/post
938 * handler caused the page_fault, this could happen
939 * if handler tries to access user space by
940 * copy_from_user(), get_user() etc. Let the
941 * user-specified handler try to fix it first.
943 if (cur->fault_handler && cur->fault_handler(cur, regs, trapnr))
947 * In case the user-specified fault handler returned
948 * zero, try to fix up.
950 if (fixup_exception(regs))
954 * fixup routine could not handle it,
955 * Let do_page_fault() fix it.
965 * Wrapper routine for handling exceptions.
968 kprobe_exceptions_notify(struct notifier_block *self, unsigned long val, void *data)
970 struct die_args *args = data;
971 int ret = NOTIFY_DONE;
973 if (args->regs && user_mode_vm(args->regs))
978 if (kprobe_handler(args->regs))
982 if (post_kprobe_handler(args->regs)) {
984 * Reset the BS bit in dr6 (pointed by args->err) to
985 * denote completion of processing
987 (*(unsigned long *)ERR_PTR(args->err)) &= ~DR_STEP;
993 * To be potentially processing a kprobe fault and to
994 * trust the result from kprobe_running(), we have
995 * be non-preemptible.
997 if (!preemptible() && kprobe_running() &&
998 kprobe_fault_handler(args->regs, args->trapnr))
1007 int __kprobes setjmp_pre_handler(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs)
1009 struct jprobe *jp = container_of(p, struct jprobe, kp);
1011 struct kprobe_ctlblk *kcb = get_kprobe_ctlblk();
1013 kcb->jprobe_saved_regs = *regs;
1014 kcb->jprobe_saved_sp = stack_addr(regs);
1015 addr = (unsigned long)(kcb->jprobe_saved_sp);
1018 * As Linus pointed out, gcc assumes that the callee
1019 * owns the argument space and could overwrite it, e.g.
1020 * tailcall optimization. So, to be absolutely safe
1021 * we also save and restore enough stack bytes to cover
1022 * the argument area.
1024 memcpy(kcb->jprobes_stack, (kprobe_opcode_t *)addr,
1025 MIN_STACK_SIZE(addr));
1026 regs->flags &= ~X86_EFLAGS_IF;
1027 trace_hardirqs_off();
1028 regs->ip = (unsigned long)(jp->entry);
1032 void __kprobes jprobe_return(void)
1034 struct kprobe_ctlblk *kcb = get_kprobe_ctlblk();
1037 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_64
1038 " xchg %%rbx,%%rsp \n"
1040 " xchgl %%ebx,%%esp \n"
1043 " .globl jprobe_return_end\n"
1044 " jprobe_return_end: \n"
1046 (kcb->jprobe_saved_sp):"memory");
1049 int __kprobes longjmp_break_handler(struct kprobe *p, struct pt_regs *regs)
1051 struct kprobe_ctlblk *kcb = get_kprobe_ctlblk();
1052 u8 *addr = (u8 *) (regs->ip - 1);
1053 struct jprobe *jp = container_of(p, struct jprobe, kp);
1055 if ((addr > (u8 *) jprobe_return) &&
1056 (addr < (u8 *) jprobe_return_end)) {
1057 if (stack_addr(regs) != kcb->jprobe_saved_sp) {
1058 struct pt_regs *saved_regs = &kcb->jprobe_saved_regs;
1060 "current sp %p does not match saved sp %p\n",
1061 stack_addr(regs), kcb->jprobe_saved_sp);
1062 printk(KERN_ERR "Saved registers for jprobe %p\n", jp);
1063 show_regs(saved_regs);
1064 printk(KERN_ERR "Current registers\n");
1068 *regs = kcb->jprobe_saved_regs;
1069 memcpy((kprobe_opcode_t *)(kcb->jprobe_saved_sp),
1071 MIN_STACK_SIZE(kcb->jprobe_saved_sp));
1072 preempt_enable_no_resched();
1078 #ifdef KPROBES_CAN_USE_FTRACE
1079 /* Ftrace callback handler for kprobes */
1080 void __kprobes kprobe_ftrace_handler(unsigned long ip, unsigned long parent_ip,
1081 struct ftrace_ops *ops, struct pt_regs *regs)
1084 struct kprobe_ctlblk *kcb;
1085 unsigned long flags;
1087 /* Disable irq for emulating a breakpoint and avoiding preempt */
1088 local_irq_save(flags);
1090 p = get_kprobe((kprobe_opcode_t *)ip);
1091 if (unlikely(!p) || kprobe_disabled(p))
1094 kcb = get_kprobe_ctlblk();
1095 if (kprobe_running()) {
1096 kprobes_inc_nmissed_count(p);
1098 /* Kprobe handler expects regs->ip = ip + 1 as breakpoint hit */
1099 regs->ip = ip + sizeof(kprobe_opcode_t);
1101 __this_cpu_write(current_kprobe, p);
1102 kcb->kprobe_status = KPROBE_HIT_ACTIVE;
1103 if (!p->pre_handler || !p->pre_handler(p, regs))
1104 skip_singlestep(p, regs, kcb);
1106 * If pre_handler returns !0, it sets regs->ip and
1107 * resets current kprobe.
1111 local_irq_restore(flags);
1114 int __kprobes arch_prepare_kprobe_ftrace(struct kprobe *p)
1116 p->ainsn.insn = NULL;
1117 p->ainsn.boostable = -1;
1122 int __init arch_init_kprobes(void)
1124 return arch_init_optprobes();
1127 int __kprobes arch_trampoline_kprobe(struct kprobe *p)