2 # This file is subject to the terms and conditions of the GNU General Public
3 # License. See the file "COPYING" in the main directory of this archive
6 # Copyright (C) 1994, 95, 96, 2003 by Ralf Baechle
7 # DECStation modifications by Paul M. Antoine, 1996
8 # Copyright (C) 2002, 2003, 2004 Maciej W. Rozycki
10 # This file is included by the global makefile so that you can add your own
11 # architecture-specific flags and dependencies.
14 archscripts: scripts_basic
15 $(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=arch/mips/tools elf-entry
16 ifeq ($(CONFIG_CPU_LOONGSON3_WORKAROUNDS),y)
17 $(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=arch/mips/tools loongson3-llsc-check
19 $(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=arch/mips/boot/tools relocs
21 KBUILD_DEFCONFIG := 32r2el_defconfig
25 # Select the object file format to substitute into the linker script.
27 ifdef CONFIG_CPU_LITTLE_ENDIAN
28 32bit-tool-archpref = mipsel
29 64bit-tool-archpref = mips64el
30 32bit-bfd = elf32-tradlittlemips
31 64bit-bfd = elf64-tradlittlemips
32 32bit-emul = elf32ltsmip
33 64bit-emul = elf64ltsmip
35 32bit-tool-archpref = mips
36 64bit-tool-archpref = mips64
37 32bit-bfd = elf32-tradbigmips
38 64bit-bfd = elf64-tradbigmips
39 32bit-emul = elf32btsmip
40 64bit-emul = elf64btsmip
44 tool-archpref = $(32bit-tool-archpref)
48 tool-archpref = $(64bit-tool-archpref)
53 ifeq ($(CROSS_COMPILE),)
54 CROSS_COMPILE := $(call cc-cross-prefix, $(tool-archpref)-linux- $(tool-archpref)-linux-gnu- $(tool-archpref)-unknown-linux-gnu-)
58 ifdef CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER
59 ifndef KBUILD_MCOUNT_RA_ADDRESS
60 ifeq ($(call cc-option-yn,-mmcount-ra-address), y)
61 cflags-y += -mmcount-ra-address -DKBUILD_MCOUNT_RA_ADDRESS
65 cflags-y += $(call cc-option, -mno-check-zero-division)
68 ld-emul = $(32bit-emul)
70 vmlinux-64 = vmlinux.64
76 ld-emul = $(64bit-emul)
77 vmlinux-32 = vmlinux.32
83 all-$(CONFIG_BOOT_ELF32) := $(vmlinux-32)
84 all-$(CONFIG_BOOT_ELF64) := $(vmlinux-64)
85 all-$(CONFIG_SYS_SUPPORTS_ZBOOT)+= vmlinuz
88 # GCC uses -G 0 -mabicalls -fpic as default. We don't want PIC in the kernel
89 # code since it only slows down the whole thing. At some point we might make
90 # use of global pointer optimizations but their use of $28 conflicts with
91 # the current pointer optimization.
93 # The DECStation requires an ECOFF kernel for remote booting, other MIPS
94 # machines may also. Since BFD is incredibly buggy with respect to
95 # crossformat linking we rely on the elf2ecoff tool for format conversion.
97 cflags-y += -G 0 -mno-abicalls -fno-pic -pipe
98 cflags-y += -msoft-float
99 LDFLAGS_vmlinux += -G 0 -static -n -nostdlib
100 KBUILD_AFLAGS_MODULE += -mlong-calls
101 KBUILD_CFLAGS_MODULE += -mlong-calls
103 ifeq ($(CONFIG_RELOCATABLE),y)
104 LDFLAGS_vmlinux += --emit-relocs
108 # pass -msoft-float to GAS if it supports it. However on newer binutils
109 # (specifically newer than 2.24.51.20140728) we then also need to explicitly
110 # set ".set hardfloat" in all files which manipulate floating point registers.
112 ifneq ($(call as-option,-Wa$(comma)-msoft-float,),)
113 cflags-y += -DGAS_HAS_SET_HARDFLOAT -Wa,-msoft-float
116 cflags-y += -ffreestanding
118 cflags-$(CONFIG_CPU_BIG_ENDIAN) += -EB
119 cflags-$(CONFIG_CPU_LITTLE_ENDIAN) += -EL
121 cflags-$(CONFIG_SB1XXX_CORELIS) += $(call cc-option,-mno-sched-prolog) \
122 -fno-omit-frame-pointer
124 # Some distribution-specific toolchains might pass the -fstack-check
125 # option during the build, which adds a simple stack-probe at the beginning
126 # of every function. This stack probe is to ensure that there is enough
127 # stack space, else a SEGV is generated. This is not desirable for MIPS
128 # as kernel stacks are small, placed in unmapped virtual memory, and do not
129 # grow when overflowed. Especially on SGI IP27 platforms, this check will
130 # lead to a NULL pointer dereference in _raw_spin_lock_irq.
132 # In disassembly, this stack probe appears at the top of a function as:
133 # sd zero,<offset>(sp)
134 # Where <offset> is a negative value.
136 cflags-y += -fno-stack-check
138 # binutils from v2.35 when built with --enable-mips-fix-loongson3-llsc=yes,
139 # supports an -mfix-loongson3-llsc flag which emits a sync prior to each ll
140 # instruction to work around a CPU bug (see __SYNC_loongson3_war in asm/sync.h
141 # for a description).
143 # We disable this in order to prevent the assembler meddling with the
144 # instruction that labels refer to, ie. if we label an ll instruction:
148 # ...then with the assembler fix applied the label may actually point at a sync
149 # instruction inserted by the assembler, and if we were using the label in an
150 # exception table the table would no longer contain the address of the ll
153 # Avoid this by explicitly disabling that assembler behaviour.
155 cflags-y += $(call as-option,-Wa$(comma)-mno-fix-loongson3-llsc,)
158 # CPU-dependent compiler/assembler options for optimization.
160 cflags-$(CONFIG_CPU_R3000) += -march=r3000
161 cflags-$(CONFIG_CPU_R4300) += -march=r4300 -Wa,--trap
162 cflags-$(CONFIG_CPU_VR41XX) += -march=r4100 -Wa,--trap
163 cflags-$(CONFIG_CPU_R4X00) += -march=r4600 -Wa,--trap
164 cflags-$(CONFIG_CPU_TX49XX) += -march=r4600 -Wa,--trap
165 cflags-$(CONFIG_CPU_MIPS32_R1) += -march=mips32 -Wa,--trap
166 cflags-$(CONFIG_CPU_MIPS32_R2) += -march=mips32r2 -Wa,--trap
167 cflags-$(CONFIG_CPU_MIPS32_R5) += -march=mips32r5 -Wa,--trap -modd-spreg
168 cflags-$(CONFIG_CPU_MIPS32_R6) += -march=mips32r6 -Wa,--trap -modd-spreg
169 cflags-$(CONFIG_CPU_MIPS64_R1) += -march=mips64 -Wa,--trap
170 cflags-$(CONFIG_CPU_MIPS64_R2) += -march=mips64r2 -Wa,--trap
171 cflags-$(CONFIG_CPU_MIPS64_R5) += -march=mips64r5 -Wa,--trap
172 cflags-$(CONFIG_CPU_MIPS64_R6) += -march=mips64r6 -Wa,--trap
173 cflags-$(CONFIG_CPU_P5600) += -march=p5600 -Wa,--trap -modd-spreg
174 cflags-$(CONFIG_CPU_R5000) += -march=r5000 -Wa,--trap
175 cflags-$(CONFIG_CPU_R5500) += $(call cc-option,-march=r5500,-march=r5000) \
177 cflags-$(CONFIG_CPU_NEVADA) += $(call cc-option,-march=rm5200,-march=r5000) \
179 cflags-$(CONFIG_CPU_RM7000) += $(call cc-option,-march=rm7000,-march=r5000) \
181 cflags-$(CONFIG_CPU_SB1) += $(call cc-option,-march=sb1,-march=r5000) \
183 cflags-$(CONFIG_CPU_SB1) += $(call cc-option,-mno-mdmx)
184 cflags-$(CONFIG_CPU_SB1) += $(call cc-option,-mno-mips3d)
185 cflags-$(CONFIG_CPU_R10000) += $(call cc-option,-march=r10000,-march=r8000) \
187 cflags-$(CONFIG_CPU_CAVIUM_OCTEON) += $(call cc-option,-march=octeon) -Wa,--trap
188 ifeq (,$(findstring march=octeon, $(cflags-$(CONFIG_CPU_CAVIUM_OCTEON))))
189 cflags-$(CONFIG_CPU_CAVIUM_OCTEON) += -Wa,-march=octeon
191 cflags-$(CONFIG_CAVIUM_CN63XXP1) += -Wa,-mfix-cn63xxp1
192 cflags-$(CONFIG_CPU_BMIPS) += -march=mips32 -Wa,-mips32 -Wa,--trap
194 cflags-$(CONFIG_CPU_R4000_WORKAROUNDS) += $(call cc-option,-mfix-r4000,)
195 cflags-$(CONFIG_CPU_R4400_WORKAROUNDS) += $(call cc-option,-mfix-r4400,)
196 cflags-$(CONFIG_CPU_DADDI_WORKAROUNDS) += $(call cc-option,-mno-daddi,)
198 # For smartmips configurations, there are hundreds of warnings due to ISA overrides
199 # in assembly and header files. smartmips is only supported for MIPS32r1 onwards
200 # and there is no support for 64-bit. Various '.set mips2' or '.set mips3' or
201 # similar directives in the kernel will spam the build logs with the following warnings:
202 # Warning: the `smartmips' extension requires MIPS32 revision 1 or greater
204 # Warning: the 64-bit MIPS architecture does not support the `smartmips' extension
205 # Pass -Wa,--no-warn to disable all assembler warnings until the kernel code has
206 # been fixed properly.
207 mips-cflags := $(cflags-y)
208 ifeq ($(CONFIG_CPU_HAS_SMARTMIPS),y)
209 smartmips-ase := $(call cc-option-yn,$(mips-cflags) -msmartmips)
210 cflags-$(smartmips-ase) += -msmartmips -Wa,--no-warn
212 ifeq ($(CONFIG_CPU_MICROMIPS),y)
213 micromips-ase := $(call cc-option-yn,$(mips-cflags) -mmicromips)
214 cflags-$(micromips-ase) += -mmicromips
216 ifeq ($(CONFIG_CPU_HAS_MSA),y)
217 toolchain-msa := $(call cc-option-yn,$(mips-cflags) -mhard-float -mfp64 -Wa$(comma)-mmsa)
218 cflags-$(toolchain-msa) += -DTOOLCHAIN_SUPPORTS_MSA
220 toolchain-virt := $(call cc-option-yn,$(mips-cflags) -mvirt)
221 cflags-$(toolchain-virt) += -DTOOLCHAIN_SUPPORTS_VIRT
222 # For -mmicromips, use -Wa,-fatal-warnings to catch unsupported -mxpa which
224 xpa-cflags-y := $(mips-cflags)
225 xpa-cflags-$(micromips-ase) += -mmicromips -Wa$(comma)-fatal-warnings
226 toolchain-xpa := $(call cc-option-yn,$(xpa-cflags-y) -mxpa)
227 cflags-$(toolchain-xpa) += -DTOOLCHAIN_SUPPORTS_XPA
228 toolchain-crc := $(call cc-option-yn,$(mips-cflags) -Wa$(comma)-mcrc)
229 cflags-$(toolchain-crc) += -DTOOLCHAIN_SUPPORTS_CRC
230 toolchain-dsp := $(call cc-option-yn,$(mips-cflags) -Wa$(comma)-mdsp)
231 cflags-$(toolchain-dsp) += -DTOOLCHAIN_SUPPORTS_DSP
232 toolchain-ginv := $(call cc-option-yn,$(mips-cflags) -Wa$(comma)-mginv)
233 cflags-$(toolchain-ginv) += -DTOOLCHAIN_SUPPORTS_GINV
238 libs-$(CONFIG_FW_ARC) += arch/mips/fw/arc/
239 libs-$(CONFIG_FW_CFE) += arch/mips/fw/cfe/
240 libs-$(CONFIG_FW_SNIPROM) += arch/mips/fw/sni/
241 libs-y += arch/mips/fw/lib/
246 ifdef CONFIG_SYS_SUPPORTS_ZBOOT
247 COMPRESSION_FNAME = vmlinuz
249 COMPRESSION_FNAME = vmlinux
253 # Board-dependent options and extra files
255 include $(srctree)/arch/mips/Kbuild.platforms
257 ifdef CONFIG_PHYSICAL_START
258 load-y = $(CONFIG_PHYSICAL_START)
261 entry-y = $(shell $(objtree)/arch/mips/tools/elf-entry vmlinux)
262 cflags-y += -I$(srctree)/arch/mips/include/asm/mach-generic
263 drivers-$(CONFIG_PCI) += arch/mips/pci/
266 # Automatically detect the build format. By default we choose
267 # the elf format according to the load address.
268 # We can always force a build with a 64-bits symbol format by
269 # passing 'KBUILD_SYM32=no' option to the make's command line.
273 ifeq ($(shell expr $(load-y) \< 0xffffffff80000000), 0)
278 ifeq ($(KBUILD_SYM32)$(call cc-option-yn,-msym32), yy)
279 cflags-y += -msym32 -DKBUILD_64BIT_SYM32
281 ifeq ($(CONFIG_CPU_DADDI_WORKAROUNDS), y)
282 $(error CONFIG_CPU_DADDI_WORKAROUNDS unsupported without -msym32)
287 # When linking a 32-bit executable the LLVM linker cannot cope with a
288 # 32-bit load address that has been sign-extended to 64 bits. Simply
289 # remove the upper 32 bits then, as it is safe to do so with other
294 load-ld = $(subst 0xffffffff,0x,$(load-y))
297 KBUILD_AFLAGS += $(cflags-y)
298 KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(cflags-y)
299 KBUILD_CPPFLAGS += -DVMLINUX_LOAD_ADDRESS=$(load-y) -DLINKER_LOAD_ADDRESS=$(load-ld)
300 KBUILD_CPPFLAGS += -DDATAOFFSET=$(if $(dataoffset-y),$(dataoffset-y),0)
302 bootvars-y = VMLINUX_LOAD_ADDRESS=$(load-y) \
303 LINKER_LOAD_ADDRESS=$(load-ld) \
304 VMLINUX_ENTRY_ADDRESS=$(entry-y) \
305 PLATFORM="$(platform-y)" \
306 ITS_INPUTS="$(its-y)"
308 bootvars-y += ADDR_BITS=32
311 bootvars-y += ADDR_BITS=64
314 # This is required to get dwarf unwinding tables into .debug_frame
315 # instead of .eh_frame so we don't discard them.
316 KBUILD_CFLAGS += -fno-asynchronous-unwind-tables
318 KBUILD_LDFLAGS += -m $(ld-emul)
321 CHECKFLAGS += $(shell $(CC) $(KBUILD_CFLAGS) -dM -E -x c /dev/null | \
322 egrep -vw '__GNUC_(MINOR_|PATCHLEVEL_)?_' | \
323 sed -e "s/^\#define /-D'/" -e "s/ /'='/" -e "s/$$/'/" -e 's/\$$/&&/g')
326 OBJCOPYFLAGS += --remove-section=.reginfo
328 head-y := arch/mips/kernel/head.o
330 libs-y += arch/mips/lib/
331 libs-$(CONFIG_MIPS_FP_SUPPORT) += arch/mips/math-emu/
333 drivers-y += arch/mips/crypto/
335 # suspend and hibernation support
336 drivers-$(CONFIG_PM) += arch/mips/power/
338 # boot image targets (arch/mips/boot/)
339 boot-y := vmlinux.bin
340 boot-y += vmlinux.ecoff
341 boot-y += vmlinux.srec
346 boot-y += uImage.lzma
348 boot-y += vmlinux.itb
349 boot-y += vmlinux.gz.itb
350 boot-y += vmlinux.bz2.itb
351 boot-y += vmlinux.lzma.itb
352 boot-y += vmlinux.lzo.itb
354 # compressed boot image targets (arch/mips/boot/compressed/)
356 bootz-y += vmlinuz.bin
357 bootz-y += vmlinuz.ecoff
358 bootz-y += vmlinuz.srec
359 bootz-y += uzImage.bin
360 bootz-y += vmlinuz.itb
363 # Some machines like the Indy need 32-bit ELF binaries for booting purposes.
364 # Other need ECOFF, so we build a 32-bit ELF binary for them which we then
365 # convert to ECOFF using elf2ecoff.
367 quiet_cmd_32 = OBJCOPY $@
368 cmd_32 = $(OBJCOPY) -O $(32bit-bfd) $(OBJCOPYFLAGS) $< $@
373 # The 64-bit ELF tools are pretty broken so at this time we generate 64-bit
374 # ELF files from 32-bit files by conversion.
376 quiet_cmd_64 = OBJCOPY $@
377 cmd_64 = $(OBJCOPY) -O $(64bit-bfd) $(OBJCOPYFLAGS) $< $@
381 all: $(all-y) $(KBUILD_DTBS)
384 $(boot-y): $(vmlinux-32) FORCE
385 $(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=arch/mips/boot VMLINUX=$(vmlinux-32) \
386 $(bootvars-y) arch/mips/boot/$@
388 ifdef CONFIG_SYS_SUPPORTS_ZBOOT
390 $(bootz-y): $(vmlinux-32) FORCE
391 $(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=arch/mips/boot/compressed \
392 $(bootvars-y) 32bit-bfd=$(32bit-bfd) arch/mips/boot/$@
395 @echo ' CONFIG_SYS_SUPPORTS_ZBOOT is not enabled'
400 CLEAN_FILES += vmlinux.32 vmlinux.64
403 core-y += arch/mips/boot/dts/
406 ifdef CONFIG_MIPS32_N32
407 @$(kecho) ' Checking missing-syscalls for N32'
408 $(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=. missing-syscalls missing_syscalls_flags="-mabi=n32"
410 ifdef CONFIG_MIPS32_O32
411 @$(kecho) ' Checking missing-syscalls for O32'
412 $(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=. missing-syscalls missing_syscalls_flags="-mabi=32"
416 $(Q)install -D -m 755 vmlinux $(INSTALL_PATH)/vmlinux-$(KERNELRELEASE)
417 ifdef CONFIG_SYS_SUPPORTS_ZBOOT
418 $(Q)install -D -m 755 vmlinuz $(INSTALL_PATH)/vmlinuz-$(KERNELRELEASE)
420 $(Q)install -D -m 644 .config $(INSTALL_PATH)/config-$(KERNELRELEASE)
421 $(Q)install -D -m 644 System.map $(INSTALL_PATH)/System.map-$(KERNELRELEASE)
424 $(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=arch/mips/kernel/syscalls all
427 echo ' install - install kernel into $(INSTALL_PATH)'
428 echo ' vmlinux.ecoff - ECOFF boot image'
429 echo ' vmlinux.bin - Raw binary boot image'
430 echo ' vmlinux.srec - SREC boot image'
431 echo ' vmlinux.32 - 64-bit boot image wrapped in 32bits (IP22/IP32)'
432 echo ' vmlinuz - Compressed boot(zboot) image'
433 echo ' vmlinuz.ecoff - ECOFF zboot image'
434 echo ' vmlinuz.bin - Raw binary zboot image'
435 echo ' vmlinuz.srec - SREC zboot image'
436 echo ' uImage - U-Boot image'
437 echo ' uImage.bin - U-Boot image (uncompressed)'
438 echo ' uImage.bz2 - U-Boot image (bz2)'
439 echo ' uImage.gz - U-Boot image (gzip)'
440 echo ' uImage.lzma - U-Boot image (lzma)'
441 echo ' uImage.lzo - U-Boot image (lzo)'
442 echo ' uzImage.bin - U-Boot image (self-extracting)'
444 echo ' These will be default as appropriate for a configured platform.'
446 echo ' If you are targeting a system supported by generic kernels you may'
447 echo ' configure the kernel for a given architecture target like so:'
449 echo ' {micro32,32,64}{r1,r2,r6}{el,}_defconfig <BOARDS="list of boards">'
451 echo ' Where BOARDS is some subset of the following:'
452 for board in $(sort $(BOARDS)); do echo " $${board}"; done
454 echo ' Specifically the following generic default configurations are'
457 $(foreach cfg,$(generic_defconfigs),
458 printf " %-24s - Build generic kernel for $(call describe_generic_defconfig,$(cfg))\n" $(cfg);)
460 echo ' The following legacy default configurations have been converted to'
461 echo ' generic and can still be used:'
463 $(foreach cfg,$(sort $(legacy_defconfigs)),
464 printf " %-24s - Build $($(cfg)-y)\n" $(cfg);)
466 echo ' Otherwise, the following default configurations are available:'
469 generic_config_dir = $(srctree)/arch/$(ARCH)/configs/generic
470 generic_defconfigs :=
473 # If the user generates a generic kernel configuration without specifying a
474 # list of boards to include the config fragments for, default to including all
475 # available board config fragments.
478 BOARDS = $(patsubst board-%.config,%,$(notdir $(wildcard $(generic_config_dir)/board-*.config)))
482 # Generic kernel configurations which merge generic_defconfig with the
483 # appropriate config fragments from arch/mips/configs/generic/, resulting in
484 # the ability to easily configure the kernel for a given architecture,
485 # endianness & set of boards without duplicating the needed configuration in
486 # hundreds of defconfig files.
488 define gen_generic_defconfigs
489 $(foreach bits,$(1),$(foreach rev,$(2),$(foreach endian,$(3),
490 target := $(bits)$(rev)$(filter el,$(endian))_defconfig
491 generic_defconfigs += $$(target)
492 $$(target): $(generic_config_dir)/$(bits)$(rev).config
493 $$(target): $(generic_config_dir)/$(endian).config
497 $(eval $(call gen_generic_defconfigs,32 64,r1 r2 r6,eb el))
498 $(eval $(call gen_generic_defconfigs,micro32,r2,eb el))
500 define describe_generic_defconfig
501 $(subst 32r,MIPS32 r,$(subst 64r,MIPS64 r,$(subst el, little endian,$(patsubst %_defconfig,%,$(1)))))
504 .PHONY: $(generic_defconfigs)
505 $(generic_defconfigs):
506 $(Q)$(CONFIG_SHELL) $(srctree)/scripts/kconfig/merge_config.sh \
507 -m -O $(objtree) $(srctree)/arch/$(ARCH)/configs/generic_defconfig $^ | \
509 $(Q)cp $(KCONFIG_CONFIG) $(objtree)/.config.$@
510 $(Q)$(MAKE) -f $(srctree)/Makefile olddefconfig \
511 KCONFIG_CONFIG=$(objtree)/.config.$@ >/dev/null
512 $(Q)$(CONFIG_SHELL) $(srctree)/arch/$(ARCH)/tools/generic-board-config.sh \
513 $(srctree) $(objtree) $(objtree)/.config.$@ $(KCONFIG_CONFIG) \
514 "$(origin BOARDS)" $(BOARDS)
515 $(Q)$(MAKE) -f $(srctree)/Makefile olddefconfig
518 # Prevent generic merge_config rules attempting to merge single fragments
520 $(generic_config_dir)/%.config: ;
523 # Prevent direct use of generic_defconfig, which is intended to be used as the
524 # basis of the various ISA-specific targets generated above.
526 .PHONY: generic_defconfig
528 $(Q)echo "generic_defconfig is not intended for direct use, but should instead be"
529 $(Q)echo "used via an ISA-specific target from the following list:"
531 $(Q)for cfg in $(generic_defconfigs); do echo " $${cfg}"; done
536 # Legacy defconfig compatibility - these targets used to be real defconfigs but
537 # now that the boards have been converted to use the generic kernel they are
538 # wrappers around the generic rules above.
540 legacy_defconfigs += ocelot_defconfig
541 ocelot_defconfig-y := 32r2el_defconfig BOARDS=ocelot
543 legacy_defconfigs += sead3_defconfig
544 sead3_defconfig-y := 32r2el_defconfig BOARDS=sead-3
546 legacy_defconfigs += sead3micro_defconfig
547 sead3micro_defconfig-y := micro32r2el_defconfig BOARDS=sead-3
549 legacy_defconfigs += xilfpga_defconfig
550 xilfpga_defconfig-y := 32r2el_defconfig BOARDS=xilfpga
552 legacy_defconfigs += pistachio_defconfig
553 pistachio_defconfig-y := 32r2el_defconfig BOARDS=marduk
555 .PHONY: $(legacy_defconfigs)
556 $(legacy_defconfigs):
557 $(Q)$(MAKE) -f $(srctree)/Makefile $($@-y)