1 /* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only */
3 * linux/arch/arm/lib/backtrace-clang.S
5 * Copyright (C) 2019 Nathan Huckleberry
8 #include <linux/kern_levels.h>
9 #include <linux/linkage.h>
10 #include <asm/assembler.h>
13 /* fp is 0 or stack frame */
24 #if !defined(CONFIG_FRAME_POINTER) || !defined(CONFIG_PRINTK)
31 * Clang does not store pc or sp in function prologues so we don't know exactly
32 * where the function starts.
34 * We can treat the current frame's lr as the saved pc and the preceding
35 * frame's lr as the current frame's lr, but we can't trace the most recent
36 * call. Inserting a false stack frame allows us to reference the function
37 * called last in the stacktrace.
39 * If the call instruction was a bl we can look at the callers branch
40 * instruction to calculate the saved pc. We can recover the pc in most cases,
41 * but in cases such as calling function pointers we cannot. In this case,
42 * default to using the lr. This will be some address in the function, but will
43 * not be the function start.
45 * Unfortunately due to the stack frame layout we can't dump r0 - r3, but these
46 * are less frequently saved.
52 * optionally saved caller registers (r4 - r10)
53 * optionally saved arguments (r0 - r3)
54 * <top of stack frame>
57 * Functions start with the following code sequence:
58 * corrected pc => stmfd sp!, {..., fp, lr}
60 * stmfd sp!, {r0 - r3} (optional)
67 * The diagram below shows an example stack setup for dump_stack.
69 * The frame for c_backtrace has pointers to the code of dump_stack. This is
70 * why the frame of c_backtrace is used to for the pc calculation of
71 * dump_stack. This is why we must move back a frame to print dump_stack.
73 * The stored locals for dump_stack are in dump_stack's frame. This means that
74 * to fully print dump_stack's frame we need both the frame for dump_stack (for
75 * locals) and the frame that was called by dump_stack (for pc).
77 * To print locals we must know where the function start is. If we read the
78 * function prologue opcodes we can determine which variables are stored in the
81 * To find the function start of dump_stack we can look at the stored LR of
82 * show_stack. It points at the instruction directly after the bl dump_stack.
83 * We can then read the offset from the bl opcode to determine where the branch
84 * takes us. The address calculated must be the start of dump_stack.
86 * c_backtrace frame dump_stack:
87 * {[LR] } ============| ...
88 * {[FP] } =======| | bl c_backtrace
91 * {[R0-R3] } | show_stack:
92 * dump_stack frame | ...
93 * {[LR] } =============| bl dump_stack
94 * {[FP] } <=======| |=> ...
99 stmfd sp!, {r4 - r9, fp, lr} @ Save an extra register
100 @ to ensure 8 byte alignment
101 movs frame, r0 @ if frame pointer is zero
102 beq no_frame @ we have no stack frames
104 tst r1, #0x10 @ 26 or 32-bit mode?
105 moveq mask, #0xfc000003
106 movne mask, #0 @ mask for 32-bit
109 * Switches the current frame to be the frame for dump_stack.
111 add frame, sp, #24 @ switch to false frame
112 for_each_frame: tst frame, mask @ Check for address exceptions
116 * sv_fp is the stack frame with the locals for the current considered
119 * sv_pc is the saved lr frame the frame above. This is a pointer to a code
120 * address within the current considered function, but it is not the function
121 * start. This value gets updated to be the function start later if it is
124 1001: ldr sv_pc, [frame, #4] @ get saved 'pc'
125 1002: ldr sv_fp, [frame, #0] @ get saved fp
127 teq sv_fp, mask @ make sure next frame exists
131 * sv_lr is the lr from the function that called the current function. This is
132 * a pointer to a code address in the current function's caller. sv_lr-4 is
133 * the instruction used to call the current function.
135 * This sv_lr can be used to calculate the function start if the function was
136 * called using a bl instruction. If the function start can be recovered sv_pc
137 * is overwritten with the function start.
139 * If the current function was called using a function pointer we cannot
140 * recover the function start and instead continue with sv_pc as an arbitrary
141 * value within the current function. If this is the case we cannot print
142 * registers for the current function, but the stacktrace is still printed
145 1003: ldr sv_lr, [sv_fp, #4] @ get saved lr from next frame
147 ldr r0, [sv_lr, #-4] @ get call instruction
149 and r2, r3, r0 @ is this a bl call
151 bne finished_setup @ give up if it's not
152 and r0, #0xffffff @ get call offset 24-bit int
153 lsl r0, r0, #8 @ sign extend offset
155 ldr sv_pc, [sv_fp, #4] @ get lr address
156 add sv_pc, sv_pc, #-4 @ get call instruction address
157 add sv_pc, sv_pc, #8 @ take care of prefetch
158 add sv_pc, sv_pc, r0, lsl #2@ find function start
162 bic sv_pc, sv_pc, mask @ mask PC/LR for the mode
165 * Print the function (sv_pc) and where it was called from (sv_lr).
171 bic r1, r1, mask @ mask PC/LR for the mode
173 bl dump_backtrace_entry
176 * Test if the function start is a stmfd instruction to determine which
177 * registers were stored in the function prologue.
179 * If we could not recover the sv_pc because we were called through a function
180 * pointer the comparison will fail and no registers will print. Unwinding will
181 * continue as if there had been no registers stored in this frame.
183 1005: ldr r1, [sv_pc, #0] @ if stmfd sp!, {..., fp, lr}
184 ldr r3, .Lopcode @ instruction exists,
186 ldr r0, [frame] @ locals are stored in
187 @ the preceding frame
190 bleq dump_backtrace_stm @ dump saved registers
193 * If we are out of frames or if the next frame is invalid.
195 teq sv_fp, #0 @ zero saved fp means
196 beq no_frame @ no further frames
198 cmp sv_fp, frame @ next frame must be
199 mov frame, sv_fp @ above the current frame
206 no_frame: ldmfd sp!, {r4 - r9, fp, pc}
208 .pushsection __ex_table,"a"
217 .Lbad: .asciz "%sBacktrace aborted due to bad frame pointer <%p>\n"
219 .Lopcode: .word 0xe92d4800 >> 11 @ stmfd sp!, {... fp, lr}
220 .word 0x0b000000 @ bl if these bits are set