Merge branch 'misc' of git://git.denx.de/u-boot-blackfin

[kernel/u-boot.git] / README

#
# (C) Copyright 2000 - 2009
# Wolfgang Denk, DENX Software Engineering, wd@denx.de.
#
# See file CREDITS for list of people who contributed to this
# project.
#
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
# modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
# published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
# the License, or (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
# Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
# MA 02111-1307 USA
#

Summary:
========

This directory contains the source code for U-Boot, a boot loader for
Embedded boards based on PowerPC, ARM, MIPS and several other
processors, which can be installed in a boot ROM and used to
initialize and test the hardware or to download and run application
code.

The development of U-Boot is closely related to Linux: some parts of
the source code originate in the Linux source tree, we have some
header files in common, and special provision has been made to
support booting of Linux images.

Some attention has been paid to make this software easily
configurable and extendable. For instance, all monitor commands are
implemented with the same call interface, so that it's very easy to
add new commands. Also, instead of permanently adding rarely used
code (for instance hardware test utilities) to the monitor, you can
load and run it dynamically.


Status:
=======

In general, all boards for which a configuration option exists in the
Makefile have been tested to some extent and can be considered
"working". In fact, many of them are used in production systems.

In case of problems see the CHANGELOG and CREDITS files to find out
who contributed the specific port. The MAINTAINERS file lists board
maintainers.


Where to get help:
==================

In case you have questions about, problems with or contributions for
U-Boot you should send a message to the U-Boot mailing list at
<u-boot@lists.denx.de>. There is also an archive of previous traffic
on the mailing list - please search the archive before asking FAQ's.
Please see http://lists.denx.de/pipermail/u-boot and
http://dir.gmane.org/gmane.comp.boot-loaders.u-boot


Where to get source code:
=========================

The U-Boot source code is maintained in the git repository at
git://www.denx.de/git/u-boot.git ; you can browse it online at
http://www.denx.de/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi?p=u-boot.git;a=summary

The "snapshot" links on this page allow you to download tarballs of
any version you might be interested in. Official releases are also
available for FTP download from the ftp://ftp.denx.de/pub/u-boot/
directory.

Pre-built (and tested) images are available from
ftp://ftp.denx.de/pub/u-boot/images/


Where we come from:
===================

- start from 8xxrom sources
- create PPCBoot project (http://sourceforge.net/projects/ppcboot)
- clean up code
- make it easier to add custom boards
- make it possible to add other [PowerPC] CPUs
- extend functions, especially:
  * Provide extended interface to Linux boot loader
  * S-Record download
  * network boot
  * PCMCIA / CompactFlash / ATA disk / SCSI ... boot
- create ARMBoot project (http://sourceforge.net/projects/armboot)
- add other CPU families (starting with ARM)
- create U-Boot project (http://sourceforge.net/projects/u-boot)
- current project page: see http://www.denx.de/wiki/U-Boot


Names and Spelling:
===================

The "official" name of this project is "Das U-Boot". The spelling
"U-Boot" shall be used in all written text (documentation, comments
in source files etc.). Example:

        This is the README file for the U-Boot project.

File names etc. shall be based on the string "u-boot". Examples:

        include/asm-ppc/u-boot.h

        #include <asm/u-boot.h>

Variable names, preprocessor constants etc. shall be either based on
the string "u_boot" or on "U_BOOT". Example:

        U_BOOT_VERSION          u_boot_logo
        IH_OS_U_BOOT            u_boot_hush_start


Versioning:
===========

Starting with the release in October 2008, the names of the releases
were changed from numerical release numbers without deeper meaning
into a time stamp based numbering. Regular releases are identified by
names consisting of the calendar year and month of the release date.
Additional fields (if present) indicate release candidates or bug fix
releases in "stable" maintenance trees.

Examples:
        U-Boot v2009.11     - Release November 2009
        U-Boot v2009.11.1   - Release 1 in version November 2009 stable tree
        U-Boot v2010.09-rc1 - Release candiate 1 for September 2010 release


Directory Hierarchy:
====================

/arch                   Architecture specific files
  /arm                  Files generic to ARM architecture
    /cpu                CPU specific files
      /arm720t          Files specific to ARM 720 CPUs
      /arm920t          Files specific to ARM 920 CPUs
        /at91rm9200     Files specific to Atmel AT91RM9200 CPU
        /imx            Files specific to Freescale MC9328 i.MX CPUs
        /s3c24x0        Files specific to Samsung S3C24X0 CPUs
      /arm925t          Files specific to ARM 925 CPUs
      /arm926ejs        Files specific to ARM 926 CPUs
      /arm1136          Files specific to ARM 1136 CPUs
      /ixp              Files specific to Intel XScale IXP CPUs
      /pxa              Files specific to Intel XScale PXA CPUs
      /s3c44b0          Files specific to Samsung S3C44B0 CPUs
      /sa1100           Files specific to Intel StrongARM SA1100 CPUs
    /lib                Architecture specific library files
  /avr32                Files generic to AVR32 architecture
    /cpu                CPU specific files
    /lib                Architecture specific library files
  /blackfin             Files generic to Analog Devices Blackfin architecture
    /cpu                CPU specific files
    /lib                Architecture specific library files
  /x86                  Files generic to x86 architecture
    /cpu                CPU specific files
    /lib                Architecture specific library files
  /m68k                 Files generic to m68k architecture
    /cpu                CPU specific files
      /mcf52x2          Files specific to Freescale ColdFire MCF52x2 CPUs
      /mcf5227x         Files specific to Freescale ColdFire MCF5227x CPUs
      /mcf532x          Files specific to Freescale ColdFire MCF5329 CPUs
      /mcf5445x         Files specific to Freescale ColdFire MCF5445x CPUs
      /mcf547x_8x       Files specific to Freescale ColdFire MCF547x_8x CPUs
    /lib                Architecture specific library files
  /microblaze           Files generic to microblaze architecture
    /cpu                CPU specific files
    /lib                Architecture specific library files
  /mips                 Files generic to MIPS architecture
    /cpu                CPU specific files
    /lib                Architecture specific library files
  /nios2                Files generic to Altera NIOS2 architecture
    /cpu                CPU specific files
    /lib                Architecture specific library files
  /powerpc              Files generic to PowerPC architecture
    /cpu                CPU specific files
      /74xx_7xx         Files specific to Freescale MPC74xx and 7xx CPUs
      /mpc5xx           Files specific to Freescale MPC5xx CPUs
      /mpc5xxx          Files specific to Freescale MPC5xxx CPUs
      /mpc8xx           Files specific to Freescale MPC8xx CPUs
      /mpc8220          Files specific to Freescale MPC8220 CPUs
      /mpc824x          Files specific to Freescale MPC824x CPUs
      /mpc8260          Files specific to Freescale MPC8260 CPUs
      /mpc85xx          Files specific to Freescale MPC85xx CPUs
      /ppc4xx           Files specific to AMCC PowerPC 4xx CPUs
    /lib                Architecture specific library files
  /sh                   Files generic to SH architecture
    /cpu                CPU specific files
      /sh2              Files specific to sh2 CPUs
      /sh3              Files specific to sh3 CPUs
      /sh4              Files specific to sh4 CPUs
    /lib                Architecture specific library files
  /sparc                Files generic to SPARC architecture
    /cpu                CPU specific files
      /leon2            Files specific to Gaisler LEON2 SPARC CPU
      /leon3            Files specific to Gaisler LEON3 SPARC CPU
    /lib                Architecture specific library files
/api                    Machine/arch independent API for external apps
/board                  Board dependent files
/common                 Misc architecture independent functions
/disk                   Code for disk drive partition handling
/doc                    Documentation (don't expect too much)
/drivers                Commonly used device drivers
/examples               Example code for standalone applications, etc.
/fs                     Filesystem code (cramfs, ext2, jffs2, etc.)
/include                Header Files
/lib                    Files generic to all architectures
  /libfdt               Library files to support flattened device trees
  /lzma                 Library files to support LZMA decompression
  /lzo                  Library files to support LZO decompression
/net                    Networking code
/post                   Power On Self Test
/rtc                    Real Time Clock drivers
/tools                  Tools to build S-Record or U-Boot images, etc.

Software Configuration:
=======================

Configuration is usually done using C preprocessor defines; the
rationale behind that is to avoid dead code whenever possible.

There are two classes of configuration variables:

* Configuration _OPTIONS_:
  These are selectable by the user and have names beginning with
  "CONFIG_".

* Configuration _SETTINGS_:
  These depend on the hardware etc. and should not be meddled with if
  you don't know what you're doing; they have names beginning with
  "CONFIG_SYS_".

Later we will add a configuration tool - probably similar to or even
identical to what's used for the Linux kernel. Right now, we have to
do the configuration by hand, which means creating some symbolic
links and editing some configuration files. We use the TQM8xxL boards
as an example here.


Selection of Processor Architecture and Board Type:
---------------------------------------------------

For all supported boards there are ready-to-use default
configurations available; just type "make <board_name>_config".

Example: For a TQM823L module type:

        cd u-boot
        make TQM823L_config

For the Cogent platform, you need to specify the CPU type as well;
e.g. "make cogent_mpc8xx_config". And also configure the cogent
directory according to the instructions in cogent/README.


Configuration Options:
----------------------

Configuration depends on the combination of board and CPU type; all
such information is kept in a configuration file
"include/configs/<board_name>.h".

Example: For a TQM823L module, all configuration settings are in
"include/configs/TQM823L.h".


Many of the options are named exactly as the corresponding Linux
kernel configuration options. The intention is to make it easier to
build a config tool - later.


The following options need to be configured:

- CPU Type:     Define exactly one, e.g. CONFIG_MPC85XX.

- Board Type:   Define exactly one, e.g. CONFIG_MPC8540ADS.

- CPU Daughterboard Type: (if CONFIG_ATSTK1000 is defined)
                Define exactly one, e.g. CONFIG_ATSTK1002

- CPU Module Type: (if CONFIG_COGENT is defined)
                Define exactly one of
                CONFIG_CMA286_60_OLD
--- FIXME --- not tested yet:
                CONFIG_CMA286_60, CONFIG_CMA286_21, CONFIG_CMA286_60P,
                CONFIG_CMA287_23, CONFIG_CMA287_50

- Motherboard Type: (if CONFIG_COGENT is defined)
                Define exactly one of
                CONFIG_CMA101, CONFIG_CMA102

- Motherboard I/O Modules: (if CONFIG_COGENT is defined)
                Define one or more of
                CONFIG_CMA302

- Motherboard Options: (if CONFIG_CMA101 or CONFIG_CMA102 are defined)
                Define one or more of
                CONFIG_LCD_HEARTBEAT    - update a character position on
                                          the LCD display every second with
                                          a "rotator" |\-/|\-/

- Board flavour: (if CONFIG_MPC8260ADS is defined)
                CONFIG_ADSTYPE
                Possible values are:
                        CONFIG_SYS_8260ADS      - original MPC8260ADS
                        CONFIG_SYS_8266ADS      - MPC8266ADS
                        CONFIG_SYS_PQ2FADS      - PQ2FADS-ZU or PQ2FADS-VR
                        CONFIG_SYS_8272ADS      - MPC8272ADS

- Marvell Family Member
                CONFIG_SYS_MVFS         - define it if you want to enable
                                          multiple fs option at one time
                                          for marvell soc family

- MPC824X Family Member (if CONFIG_MPC824X is defined)
                Define exactly one of
                CONFIG_MPC8240, CONFIG_MPC8245

- 8xx CPU Options: (if using an MPC8xx CPU)
                CONFIG_8xx_GCLK_FREQ    - deprecated: CPU clock if
                                          get_gclk_freq() cannot work
                                          e.g. if there is no 32KHz
                                          reference PIT/RTC clock
                CONFIG_8xx_OSCLK        - PLL input clock (either EXTCLK
                                          or XTAL/EXTAL)

- 859/866/885 CPU options: (if using a MPC859 or MPC866 or MPC885 CPU):
                CONFIG_SYS_8xx_CPUCLK_MIN
                CONFIG_SYS_8xx_CPUCLK_MAX
                CONFIG_8xx_CPUCLK_DEFAULT
                        See doc/README.MPC866

                CONFIG_SYS_MEASURE_CPUCLK

                Define this to measure the actual CPU clock instead
                of relying on the correctness of the configured
                values. Mostly useful for board bringup to make sure
                the PLL is locked at the intended frequency. Note
                that this requires a (stable) reference clock (32 kHz
                RTC clock or CONFIG_SYS_8XX_XIN)

                CONFIG_SYS_DELAYED_ICACHE

                Define this option if you want to enable the
                ICache only when Code runs from RAM.

- Intel Monahans options:
                CONFIG_SYS_MONAHANS_RUN_MODE_OSC_RATIO

                Defines the Monahans run mode to oscillator
                ratio. Valid values are 8, 16, 24, 31. The core
                frequency is this value multiplied by 13 MHz.

                CONFIG_SYS_MONAHANS_TURBO_RUN_MODE_RATIO

                Defines the Monahans turbo mode to oscillator
                ratio. Valid values are 1 (default if undefined) and
                2. The core frequency as calculated above is multiplied
                by this value.

- Linux Kernel Interface:
                CONFIG_CLOCKS_IN_MHZ

                U-Boot stores all clock information in Hz
                internally. For binary compatibility with older Linux
                kernels (which expect the clocks passed in the
                bd_info data to be in MHz) the environment variable
                "clocks_in_mhz" can be defined so that U-Boot
                converts clock data to MHZ before passing it to the
                Linux kernel.
                When CONFIG_CLOCKS_IN_MHZ is defined, a definition of
                "clocks_in_mhz=1" is automatically included in the
                default environment.

                CONFIG_MEMSIZE_IN_BYTES         [relevant for MIPS only]

                When transferring memsize parameter to linux, some versions
                expect it to be in bytes, others in MB.
                Define CONFIG_MEMSIZE_IN_BYTES to make it in bytes.

                CONFIG_OF_LIBFDT

                New kernel versions are expecting firmware settings to be
                passed using flattened device trees (based on open firmware
                concepts).

                CONFIG_OF_LIBFDT
                 * New libfdt-based support
                 * Adds the "fdt" command
                 * The bootm command automatically updates the fdt

                OF_CPU - The proper name of the cpus node (only required for
                        MPC512X and MPC5xxx based boards).
                OF_SOC - The proper name of the soc node (only required for
                        MPC512X and MPC5xxx based boards).
                OF_TBCLK - The timebase frequency.
                OF_STDOUT_PATH - The path to the console device

                boards with QUICC Engines require OF_QE to set UCC MAC
                addresses

                CONFIG_OF_BOARD_SETUP

                Board code has addition modification that it wants to make
                to the flat device tree before handing it off to the kernel

                CONFIG_OF_BOOT_CPU

                This define fills in the correct boot CPU in the boot
                param header, the default value is zero if undefined.

                CONFIG_OF_IDE_FIXUP

                U-Boot can detect if an IDE device is present or not.
                If not, and this new config option is activated, U-Boot
                removes the ATA node from the DTS before booting Linux,
                so the Linux IDE driver does not probe the device and
                crash. This is needed for buggy hardware (uc101) where
                no pull down resistor is connected to the signal IDE5V_DD7.

- vxWorks boot parameters:

                bootvx constructs a valid bootline using the following
                environments variables: bootfile, ipaddr, serverip, hostname.
                It loads the vxWorks image pointed bootfile.

                CONFIG_SYS_VXWORKS_BOOT_DEVICE - The vxworks device name
                CONFIG_SYS_VXWORKS_MAC_PTR - Ethernet 6 byte MA -address
                CONFIG_SYS_VXWORKS_SERVERNAME - Name of the server
                CONFIG_SYS_VXWORKS_BOOT_ADDR - Address of boot parameters

                CONFIG_SYS_VXWORKS_ADD_PARAMS

                Add it at the end of the bootline. E.g "u=username pw=secret"

                Note: If a "bootargs" environment is defined, it will overwride
                the defaults discussed just above.

- Serial Ports:
                CONFIG_PL010_SERIAL

                Define this if you want support for Amba PrimeCell PL010 UARTs.

                CONFIG_PL011_SERIAL

                Define this if you want support for Amba PrimeCell PL011 UARTs.

                CONFIG_PL011_CLOCK

                If you have Amba PrimeCell PL011 UARTs, set this variable to
                the clock speed of the UARTs.

                CONFIG_PL01x_PORTS

                If you have Amba PrimeCell PL010 or PL011 UARTs on your board,
                define this to a list of base addresses for each (supported)
                port. See e.g. include/configs/versatile.h


- Console Interface:
                Depending on board, define exactly one serial port
                (like CONFIG_8xx_CONS_SMC1, CONFIG_8xx_CONS_SMC2,
                CONFIG_8xx_CONS_SCC1, ...), or switch off the serial
                console by defining CONFIG_8xx_CONS_NONE

                Note: if CONFIG_8xx_CONS_NONE is defined, the serial
                port routines must be defined elsewhere
                (i.e. serial_init(), serial_getc(), ...)

                CONFIG_CFB_CONSOLE
                Enables console device for a color framebuffer. Needs following
                defines (cf. smiLynxEM, i8042, board/eltec/bab7xx)
                        VIDEO_FB_LITTLE_ENDIAN  graphic memory organisation
                                                (default big endian)
                        VIDEO_HW_RECTFILL       graphic chip supports
                                                rectangle fill
                                                (cf. smiLynxEM)
                        VIDEO_HW_BITBLT         graphic chip supports
                                                bit-blit (cf. smiLynxEM)
                        VIDEO_VISIBLE_COLS      visible pixel columns
                                                (cols=pitch)
                        VIDEO_VISIBLE_ROWS      visible pixel rows
                        VIDEO_PIXEL_SIZE        bytes per pixel
                        VIDEO_DATA_FORMAT       graphic data format
                                                (0-5, cf. cfb_console.c)
                        VIDEO_FB_ADRS           framebuffer address
                        VIDEO_KBD_INIT_FCT      keyboard int fct
                                                (i.e. i8042_kbd_init())
                        VIDEO_TSTC_FCT          test char fct
                                                (i.e. i8042_tstc)
                        VIDEO_GETC_FCT          get char fct
                                                (i.e. i8042_getc)
                        CONFIG_CONSOLE_CURSOR   cursor drawing on/off
                                                (requires blink timer
                                                cf. i8042.c)
                        CONFIG_SYS_CONSOLE_BLINK_COUNT blink interval (cf. i8042.c)
                        CONFIG_CONSOLE_TIME     display time/date info in
                                                upper right corner
                                                (requires CONFIG_CMD_DATE)
                        CONFIG_VIDEO_LOGO       display Linux logo in
                                                upper left corner
                        CONFIG_VIDEO_BMP_LOGO   use bmp_logo.h instead of
                                                linux_logo.h for logo.
                                                Requires CONFIG_VIDEO_LOGO
                        CONFIG_CONSOLE_EXTRA_INFO
                                                additional board info beside
                                                the logo

                When CONFIG_CFB_CONSOLE is defined, video console is
                default i/o. Serial console can be forced with
                environment 'console=serial'.

                When CONFIG_SILENT_CONSOLE is defined, all console
                messages (by U-Boot and Linux!) can be silenced with
                the "silent" environment variable. See
                doc/README.silent for more information.

- Console Baudrate:
                CONFIG_BAUDRATE - in bps
                Select one of the baudrates listed in
                CONFIG_SYS_BAUDRATE_TABLE, see below.
                CONFIG_SYS_BRGCLK_PRESCALE, baudrate prescale

- Console Rx buffer length
                With CONFIG_SYS_SMC_RXBUFLEN it is possible to define
                the maximum receive buffer length for the SMC.
                This option is actual only for 82xx and 8xx possible.
                If using CONFIG_SYS_SMC_RXBUFLEN also CONFIG_SYS_MAXIDLE
                must be defined, to setup the maximum idle timeout for
                the SMC.

- Boot Delay:   CONFIG_BOOTDELAY - in seconds
                Delay before automatically booting the default image;
                set to -1 to disable autoboot.

                See doc/README.autoboot for these options that
                work with CONFIG_BOOTDELAY. None are required.
                CONFIG_BOOT_RETRY_TIME
                CONFIG_BOOT_RETRY_MIN
                CONFIG_AUTOBOOT_KEYED
                CONFIG_AUTOBOOT_PROMPT
                CONFIG_AUTOBOOT_DELAY_STR
                CONFIG_AUTOBOOT_STOP_STR
                CONFIG_AUTOBOOT_DELAY_STR2
                CONFIG_AUTOBOOT_STOP_STR2
                CONFIG_ZERO_BOOTDELAY_CHECK
                CONFIG_RESET_TO_RETRY

- Autoboot Command:
                CONFIG_BOOTCOMMAND
                Only needed when CONFIG_BOOTDELAY is enabled;
                define a command string that is automatically executed
                when no character is read on the console interface
                within "Boot Delay" after reset.

                CONFIG_BOOTARGS
                This can be used to pass arguments to the bootm
                command. The value of CONFIG_BOOTARGS goes into the
                environment value "bootargs".

                CONFIG_RAMBOOT and CONFIG_NFSBOOT
                The value of these goes into the environment as
                "ramboot" and "nfsboot" respectively, and can be used
                as a convenience, when switching between booting from
                RAM and NFS.

- Pre-Boot Commands:
                CONFIG_PREBOOT

                When this option is #defined, the existence of the
                environment variable "preboot" will be checked
                immediately before starting the CONFIG_BOOTDELAY
                countdown and/or running the auto-boot command resp.
                entering interactive mode.

                This feature is especially useful when "preboot" is
                automatically generated or modified. For an example
                see the LWMON board specific code: here "preboot" is
                modified when the user holds down a certain
                combination of keys on the (special) keyboard when
                booting the systems

- Serial Download Echo Mode:
                CONFIG_LOADS_ECHO
                If defined to 1, all characters received during a
                serial download (using the "loads" command) are
                echoed back. This might be needed by some terminal
                emulations (like "cu"), but may as well just take
                time on others. This setting #define's the initial
                value of the "loads_echo" environment variable.

- Kgdb Serial Baudrate: (if CONFIG_CMD_KGDB is defined)
                CONFIG_KGDB_BAUDRATE
                Select one of the baudrates listed in
                CONFIG_SYS_BAUDRATE_TABLE, see below.

- Monitor Functions:
                Monitor commands can be included or excluded
                from the build by using the #include files
                "config_cmd_all.h" and #undef'ing unwanted
                commands, or using "config_cmd_default.h"
                and augmenting with additional #define's
                for wanted commands.

                The default command configuration includes all commands
                except those marked below with a "*".

                CONFIG_CMD_ASKENV       * ask for env variable
                CONFIG_CMD_BDI            bdinfo
                CONFIG_CMD_BEDBUG       * Include BedBug Debugger
                CONFIG_CMD_BMP          * BMP support
                CONFIG_CMD_BSP          * Board specific commands
                CONFIG_CMD_BOOTD          bootd
                CONFIG_CMD_CACHE        * icache, dcache
                CONFIG_CMD_CONSOLE        coninfo
                CONFIG_CMD_CRC32        * crc32
                CONFIG_CMD_DATE         * support for RTC, date/time...
                CONFIG_CMD_DHCP         * DHCP support
                CONFIG_CMD_DIAG         * Diagnostics
                CONFIG_CMD_DS4510       * ds4510 I2C gpio commands
                CONFIG_CMD_DS4510_INFO  * ds4510 I2C info command
                CONFIG_CMD_DS4510_MEM   * ds4510 I2C eeprom/sram commansd
                CONFIG_CMD_DS4510_RST   * ds4510 I2C rst command
                CONFIG_CMD_DTT          * Digital Therm and Thermostat
                CONFIG_CMD_ECHO           echo arguments
                CONFIG_CMD_EDITENV        edit env variable
                CONFIG_CMD_EEPROM       * EEPROM read/write support
                CONFIG_CMD_ELF          * bootelf, bootvx
                CONFIG_CMD_EXPORTENV    * export the environment
                CONFIG_CMD_SAVEENV        saveenv
                CONFIG_CMD_FDC          * Floppy Disk Support
                CONFIG_CMD_FAT          * FAT partition support
                CONFIG_CMD_FDOS         * Dos diskette Support
                CONFIG_CMD_FLASH          flinfo, erase, protect
                CONFIG_CMD_FPGA           FPGA device initialization support
                CONFIG_CMD_GO           * the 'go' command (exec code)
                CONFIG_CMD_HWFLOW       * RTS/CTS hw flow control
                CONFIG_CMD_I2C          * I2C serial bus support
                CONFIG_CMD_IDE          * IDE harddisk support
                CONFIG_CMD_IMI            iminfo
                CONFIG_CMD_IMLS           List all found images
                CONFIG_CMD_IMMAP        * IMMR dump support
                CONFIG_CMD_IMPORTENV    * import an environment
                CONFIG_CMD_IRQ          * irqinfo
                CONFIG_CMD_ITEST          Integer/string test of 2 values
                CONFIG_CMD_JFFS2        * JFFS2 Support
                CONFIG_CMD_KGDB         * kgdb
                CONFIG_CMD_LDRINFO        ldrinfo (display Blackfin loader)
                CONFIG_CMD_LOADB          loadb
                CONFIG_CMD_LOADS          loads
                CONFIG_CMD_MD5SUM         print md5 message digest
                                          (requires CONFIG_CMD_MEMORY and CONFIG_MD5)
                CONFIG_CMD_MEMORY         md, mm, nm, mw, cp, cmp, crc, base,
                                          loop, loopw, mtest
                CONFIG_CMD_MISC           Misc functions like sleep etc
                CONFIG_CMD_MMC          * MMC memory mapped support
                CONFIG_CMD_MII          * MII utility commands
                CONFIG_CMD_MTDPARTS     * MTD partition support
                CONFIG_CMD_NAND         * NAND support
                CONFIG_CMD_NET            bootp, tftpboot, rarpboot
                CONFIG_CMD_PCA953X      * PCA953x I2C gpio commands
                CONFIG_CMD_PCA953X_INFO * PCA953x I2C gpio info command
                CONFIG_CMD_PCI          * pciinfo
                CONFIG_CMD_PCMCIA               * PCMCIA support
                CONFIG_CMD_PING         * send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network
                                          host
                CONFIG_CMD_PORTIO       * Port I/O
                CONFIG_CMD_REGINFO      * Register dump
                CONFIG_CMD_RUN            run command in env variable
                CONFIG_CMD_SAVES        * save S record dump
                CONFIG_CMD_SCSI         * SCSI Support
                CONFIG_CMD_SDRAM        * print SDRAM configuration information
                                          (requires CONFIG_CMD_I2C)
                CONFIG_CMD_SETGETDCR      Support for DCR Register access
                                          (4xx only)
                CONFIG_CMD_SHA1SUM        print sha1 memory digest
                                          (requires CONFIG_CMD_MEMORY)
                CONFIG_CMD_SOURCE         "source" command Support
                CONFIG_CMD_SPI          * SPI serial bus support
                CONFIG_CMD_USB          * USB support
                CONFIG_CMD_VFD          * VFD support (TRAB)
                CONFIG_CMD_CDP          * Cisco Discover Protocol support
                CONFIG_CMD_FSL          * Microblaze FSL support


                EXAMPLE: If you want all functions except of network
                support you can write:

                #include "config_cmd_all.h"
                #undef CONFIG_CMD_NET

        Other Commands:
                fdt (flattened device tree) command: CONFIG_OF_LIBFDT

        Note:   Don't enable the "icache" and "dcache" commands
                (configuration option CONFIG_CMD_CACHE) unless you know
                what you (and your U-Boot users) are doing. Data
                cache cannot be enabled on systems like the 8xx or
                8260 (where accesses to the IMMR region must be
                uncached), and it cannot be disabled on all other
                systems where we (mis-) use the data cache to hold an
                initial stack and some data.


                XXX - this list needs to get updated!

- Watchdog:
                CONFIG_WATCHDOG
                If this variable is defined, it enables watchdog
                support. There must be support in the platform specific
                code for a watchdog. For the 8xx and 8260 CPUs, the
                SIU Watchdog feature is enabled in the SYPCR
                register.

- U-Boot Version:
                CONFIG_VERSION_VARIABLE
                If this variable is defined, an environment variable
                named "ver" is created by U-Boot showing the U-Boot
                version as printed by the "version" command.
                This variable is readonly.

- Real-Time Clock:

                When CONFIG_CMD_DATE is selected, the type of the RTC
                has to be selected, too. Define exactly one of the
                following options:

                CONFIG_RTC_MPC8xx       - use internal RTC of MPC8xx
                CONFIG_RTC_PCF8563      - use Philips PCF8563 RTC
                CONFIG_RTC_MC13783      - use MC13783 RTC
                CONFIG_RTC_MC146818     - use MC146818 RTC
                CONFIG_RTC_DS1307       - use Maxim, Inc. DS1307 RTC
                CONFIG_RTC_DS1337       - use Maxim, Inc. DS1337 RTC
                CONFIG_RTC_DS1338       - use Maxim, Inc. DS1338 RTC
                CONFIG_RTC_DS164x       - use Dallas DS164x RTC
                CONFIG_RTC_ISL1208      - use Intersil ISL1208 RTC
                CONFIG_RTC_MAX6900      - use Maxim, Inc. MAX6900 RTC
                CONFIG_SYS_RTC_DS1337_NOOSC     - Turn off the OSC output for DS1337

                Note that if the RTC uses I2C, then the I2C interface
                must also be configured. See I2C Support, below.

- GPIO Support:
                CONFIG_PCA953X          - use NXP's PCA953X series I2C GPIO
                CONFIG_PCA953X_INFO     - enable pca953x info command

                The CONFIG_SYS_I2C_PCA953X_WIDTH option specifies a list of
                chip-ngpio pairs that tell the PCA953X driver the number of
                pins supported by a particular chip.

                Note that if the GPIO device uses I2C, then the I2C interface
                must also be configured. See I2C Support, below.

- Timestamp Support:

                When CONFIG_TIMESTAMP is selected, the timestamp
                (date and time) of an image is printed by image
                commands like bootm or iminfo. This option is
                automatically enabled when you select CONFIG_CMD_DATE .

- Partition Support:
                CONFIG_MAC_PARTITION and/or CONFIG_DOS_PARTITION
                and/or CONFIG_ISO_PARTITION and/or CONFIG_EFI_PARTITION

                If IDE or SCSI support is enabled (CONFIG_CMD_IDE or
                CONFIG_CMD_SCSI) you must configure support for at
                least one partition type as well.

- IDE Reset method:
                CONFIG_IDE_RESET_ROUTINE - this is defined in several
                board configurations files but used nowhere!

                CONFIG_IDE_RESET - is this is defined, IDE Reset will
                be performed by calling the function
                        ide_set_reset(int reset)
                which has to be defined in a board specific file

- ATAPI Support:
                CONFIG_ATAPI

                Set this to enable ATAPI support.

- LBA48 Support
                CONFIG_LBA48

                Set this to enable support for disks larger than 137GB
                Also look at CONFIG_SYS_64BIT_LBA.
                Whithout these , LBA48 support uses 32bit variables and will 'only'
                support disks up to 2.1TB.

                CONFIG_SYS_64BIT_LBA:
                        When enabled, makes the IDE subsystem use 64bit sector addresses.
                        Default is 32bit.

- SCSI Support:
                At the moment only there is only support for the
                SYM53C8XX SCSI controller; define
                CONFIG_SCSI_SYM53C8XX to enable it.

                CONFIG_SYS_SCSI_MAX_LUN [8], CONFIG_SYS_SCSI_MAX_SCSI_ID [7] and
                CONFIG_SYS_SCSI_MAX_DEVICE [CONFIG_SYS_SCSI_MAX_SCSI_ID *
                CONFIG_SYS_SCSI_MAX_LUN] can be adjusted to define the
                maximum numbers of LUNs, SCSI ID's and target
                devices.
                CONFIG_SYS_SCSI_SYM53C8XX_CCF to fix clock timing (80Mhz)

- NETWORK Support (PCI):
                CONFIG_E1000
                Support for Intel 8254x gigabit chips.

                CONFIG_E1000_FALLBACK_MAC
                default MAC for empty EEPROM after production.

                CONFIG_EEPRO100
                Support for Intel 82557/82559/82559ER chips.
                Optional CONFIG_EEPRO100_SROM_WRITE enables EEPROM
                write routine for first time initialisation.

                CONFIG_TULIP
                Support for Digital 2114x chips.
                Optional CONFIG_TULIP_SELECT_MEDIA for board specific
                modem chip initialisation (KS8761/QS6611).

                CONFIG_NATSEMI
                Support for National dp83815 chips.

                CONFIG_NS8382X
                Support for National dp8382[01] gigabit chips.

- NETWORK Support (other):

                CONFIG_DRIVER_AT91EMAC
                Support for AT91RM9200 EMAC.

                        CONFIG_RMII
                        Define this to use reduced MII inteface

                        CONFIG_DRIVER_AT91EMAC_QUIET
                        If this defined, the driver is quiet.
                        The driver doen't show link status messages.

                CONFIG_DRIVER_LAN91C96
                Support for SMSC's LAN91C96 chips.

                        CONFIG_LAN91C96_BASE
                        Define this to hold the physical address
                        of the LAN91C96's I/O space

                        CONFIG_LAN91C96_USE_32_BIT
                        Define this to enable 32 bit addressing

                CONFIG_DRIVER_SMC91111
                Support for SMSC's LAN91C111 chip

                        CONFIG_SMC91111_BASE
                        Define this to hold the physical address
                        of the device (I/O space)

                        CONFIG_SMC_USE_32_BIT
                        Define this if data bus is 32 bits

                        CONFIG_SMC_USE_IOFUNCS
                        Define this to use i/o functions instead of macros
                        (some hardware wont work with macros)

                CONFIG_FTGMAC100
                Support for Faraday's FTGMAC100 Gigabit SoC Ethernet

                        CONFIG_FTGMAC100_EGIGA
                        Define this to use GE link update with gigabit PHY.
                        Define this if FTGMAC100 is connected to gigabit PHY.
                        If your system has 10/100 PHY only, it might not occur
                        wrong behavior. Because PHY usually return timeout or
                        useless data when polling gigabit status and gigabit
                        control registers. This behavior won't affect the
                        correctnessof 10/100 link speed update.

                CONFIG_SMC911X
                Support for SMSC's LAN911x and LAN921x chips

                        CONFIG_SMC911X_BASE
                        Define this to hold the physical address
                        of the device (I/O space)

                        CONFIG_SMC911X_32_BIT
                        Define this if data bus is 32 bits

                        CONFIG_SMC911X_16_BIT
                        Define this if data bus is 16 bits. If your processor
                        automatically converts one 32 bit word to two 16 bit
                        words you may also try CONFIG_SMC911X_32_BIT.

                CONFIG_SH_ETHER
                Support for Renesas on-chip Ethernet controller

                        CONFIG_SH_ETHER_USE_PORT
                        Define the number of ports to be used

                        CONFIG_SH_ETHER_PHY_ADDR
                        Define the ETH PHY's address

                        CONFIG_SH_ETHER_CACHE_WRITEBACK
                        If this option is set, the driver enables cache flush.

- USB Support:
                At the moment only the UHCI host controller is
                supported (PIP405, MIP405, MPC5200); define
                CONFIG_USB_UHCI to enable it.
                define CONFIG_USB_KEYBOARD to enable the USB Keyboard
                and define CONFIG_USB_STORAGE to enable the USB
                storage devices.
                Note:
                Supported are USB Keyboards and USB Floppy drives
                (TEAC FD-05PUB).
                MPC5200 USB requires additional defines:
                        CONFIG_USB_CLOCK
                                for 528 MHz Clock: 0x0001bbbb
                        CONFIG_PSC3_USB
                                for USB on PSC3
                        CONFIG_USB_CONFIG
                                for differential drivers: 0x00001000
                                for single ended drivers: 0x00005000
                                for differential drivers on PSC3: 0x00000100
                                for single ended drivers on PSC3: 0x00004100
                        CONFIG_SYS_USB_EVENT_POLL
                                May be defined to allow interrupt polling
                                instead of using asynchronous interrupts

- USB Device:
                Define the below if you wish to use the USB console.
                Once firmware is rebuilt from a serial console issue the
                command "setenv stdin usbtty; setenv stdout usbtty" and
                attach your USB cable. The Unix command "dmesg" should print
                it has found a new device. The environment variable usbtty
                can be set to gserial or cdc_acm to enable your device to
                appear to a USB host as a Linux gserial device or a
                Common Device Class Abstract Control Model serial device.
                If you select usbtty = gserial you should be able to enumerate
                a Linux host by
                # modprobe usbserial vendor=0xVendorID product=0xProductID
                else if using cdc_acm, simply setting the environment
                variable usbtty to be cdc_acm should suffice. The following
                might be defined in YourBoardName.h

                        CONFIG_USB_DEVICE
                        Define this to build a UDC device

                        CONFIG_USB_TTY
                        Define this to have a tty type of device available to
                        talk to the UDC device

                        CONFIG_SYS_CONSOLE_IS_IN_ENV
                        Define this if you want stdin, stdout &/or stderr to
                        be set to usbtty.

                        mpc8xx:
                                CONFIG_SYS_USB_EXTC_CLK 0xBLAH
                                Derive USB clock from external clock "blah"
                                - CONFIG_SYS_USB_EXTC_CLK 0x02

                                CONFIG_SYS_USB_BRG_CLK 0xBLAH
                                Derive USB clock from brgclk
                                - CONFIG_SYS_USB_BRG_CLK 0x04

                If you have a USB-IF assigned VendorID then you may wish to
                define your own vendor specific values either in BoardName.h
                or directly in usbd_vendor_info.h. If you don't define
                CONFIG_USBD_MANUFACTURER, CONFIG_USBD_PRODUCT_NAME,
                CONFIG_USBD_VENDORID and CONFIG_USBD_PRODUCTID, then U-Boot
                should pretend to be a Linux device to it's target host.

                        CONFIG_USBD_MANUFACTURER
                        Define this string as the name of your company for
                        - CONFIG_USBD_MANUFACTURER "my company"

                        CONFIG_USBD_PRODUCT_NAME
                        Define this string as the name of your product
                        - CONFIG_USBD_PRODUCT_NAME "acme usb device"

                        CONFIG_USBD_VENDORID
                        Define this as your assigned Vendor ID from the USB
                        Implementors Forum. This *must* be a genuine Vendor ID
                        to avoid polluting the USB namespace.
                        - CONFIG_USBD_VENDORID 0xFFFF

                        CONFIG_USBD_PRODUCTID
                        Define this as the unique Product ID
                        for your device
                        - CONFIG_USBD_PRODUCTID 0xFFFF


- MMC Support:
                The MMC controller on the Intel PXA is supported. To
                enable this define CONFIG_MMC. The MMC can be
                accessed from the boot prompt by mapping the device
                to physical memory similar to flash. Command line is
                enabled with CONFIG_CMD_MMC. The MMC driver also works with
                the FAT fs. This is enabled with CONFIG_CMD_FAT.

- Journaling Flash filesystem support:
                CONFIG_JFFS2_NAND, CONFIG_JFFS2_NAND_OFF, CONFIG_JFFS2_NAND_SIZE,
                CONFIG_JFFS2_NAND_DEV
                Define these for a default partition on a NAND device

                CONFIG_SYS_JFFS2_FIRST_SECTOR,
                CONFIG_SYS_JFFS2_FIRST_BANK, CONFIG_SYS_JFFS2_NUM_BANKS
                Define these for a default partition on a NOR device

                CONFIG_SYS_JFFS_CUSTOM_PART
                Define this to create an own partition. You have to provide a
                function struct part_info* jffs2_part_info(int part_num)

                If you define only one JFFS2 partition you may also want to
                #define CONFIG_SYS_JFFS_SINGLE_PART     1
                to disable the command chpart. This is the default when you
                have not defined a custom partition

- Keyboard Support:
                CONFIG_ISA_KEYBOARD

                Define this to enable standard (PC-Style) keyboard
                support

                CONFIG_I8042_KBD
                Standard PC keyboard driver with US (is default) and
                GERMAN key layout (switch via environment 'keymap=de') support.
                Export function i8042_kbd_init, i8042_tstc and i8042_getc
                for cfb_console. Supports cursor blinking.

- Video support:
                CONFIG_VIDEO

                Define this to enable video support (for output to
                video).

                CONFIG_VIDEO_CT69000

                Enable Chips & Technologies 69000 Video chip

                CONFIG_VIDEO_SMI_LYNXEM
                Enable Silicon Motion SMI 712/710/810 Video chip. The
                video output is selected via environment 'videoout'
                (1 = LCD and 2 = CRT). If videoout is undefined, CRT is
                assumed.

                For the CT69000 and SMI_LYNXEM drivers, videomode is
                selected via environment 'videomode'. Two different ways
                are possible:
                - "videomode=num"   'num' is a standard LiLo mode numbers.
                Following standard modes are supported  (* is default):

                      Colors    640x480 800x600 1024x768 1152x864 1280x1024
                -------------+---------------------------------------------
                      8 bits |  0x301*  0x303    0x305    0x161     0x307
                     15 bits |  0x310   0x313    0x316    0x162     0x319
                     16 bits |  0x311   0x314    0x317    0x163     0x31A
                     24 bits |  0x312   0x315    0x318      ?       0x31B
                -------------+---------------------------------------------
                (i.e. setenv videomode 317; saveenv; reset;)

                - "videomode=bootargs" all the video parameters are parsed
                from the bootargs. (See drivers/video/videomodes.c)


                CONFIG_VIDEO_SED13806
                Enable Epson SED13806 driver. This driver supports 8bpp
                and 16bpp modes defined by CONFIG_VIDEO_SED13806_8BPP
                or CONFIG_VIDEO_SED13806_16BPP

                CONFIG_FSL_DIU_FB
                Enable the Freescale DIU video driver.  Reference boards for
                SOCs that have a DIU should define this macro to enable DIU
                support, and should also define these other macros:

                        CONFIG_SYS_DIU_ADDR
                        CONFIG_VIDEO
                        CONFIG_CMD_BMP
                        CONFIG_CFB_CONSOLE
                        CONFIG_VIDEO_SW_CURSOR
                        CONFIG_VGA_AS_SINGLE_DEVICE
                        CONFIG_VIDEO_LOGO
                        CONFIG_VIDEO_BMP_LOGO

                The DIU driver will look for the 'monitor' environment variable,
                and if defined, enable the DIU as a console during boot.  This
                variable should be set to one of these values:

                        '0'     Output video to the DVI connector
                        '1'     Output video to the LVDS connector
                        '2'     Output video to the Dual-Link LVDS connector

- Keyboard Support:
                CONFIG_KEYBOARD

                Define this to enable a custom keyboard support.
                This simply calls drv_keyboard_init() which must be
                defined in your board-specific files.
                The only board using this so far is RBC823.

- LCD Support:  CONFIG_LCD

                Define this to enable LCD support (for output to LCD
                display); also select one of the supported displays
                by defining one of these:

                CONFIG_ATMEL_LCD:

                        HITACHI TX09D70VM1CCA, 3.5", 240x320.

                CONFIG_NEC_NL6448AC33:

                        NEC NL6448AC33-18. Active, color, single scan.

                CONFIG_NEC_NL6448BC20

                        NEC NL6448BC20-08. 6.5", 640x480.
                        Active, color, single scan.

                CONFIG_NEC_NL6448BC33_54

                        NEC NL6448BC33-54. 10.4", 640x480.
                        Active, color, single scan.

                CONFIG_SHARP_16x9

                        Sharp 320x240. Active, color, single scan.
                        It isn't 16x9, and I am not sure what it is.

                CONFIG_SHARP_LQ64D341

                        Sharp LQ64D341 display, 640x480.
                        Active, color, single scan.

                CONFIG_HLD1045

                        HLD1045 display, 640x480.
                        Active, color, single scan.

                CONFIG_OPTREX_BW

                        Optrex   CBL50840-2 NF-FW 99 22 M5
                        or
                        Hitachi  LMG6912RPFC-00T
                        or
                        Hitachi  SP14Q002

                        320x240. Black & white.

                Normally display is black on white background; define
                CONFIG_SYS_WHITE_ON_BLACK to get it inverted.

- Splash Screen Support: CONFIG_SPLASH_SCREEN

                If this option is set, the environment is checked for
                a variable "splashimage". If found, the usual display
                of logo, copyright and system information on the LCD
                is suppressed and the BMP image at the address
                specified in "splashimage" is loaded instead. The
                console is redirected to the "nulldev", too. This
                allows for a "silent" boot where a splash screen is
                loaded very quickly after power-on.

                CONFIG_SPLASH_SCREEN_ALIGN

                If this option is set the splash image can be freely positioned
                on the screen. Environment variable "splashpos" specifies the
                position as "x,y". If a positive number is given it is used as
                number of pixel from left/top. If a negative number is given it
                is used as number of pixel from right/bottom. You can also
                specify 'm' for centering the image.

                Example:
                setenv splashpos m,m
                        => image at center of screen

                setenv splashpos 30,20
                        => image at x = 30 and y = 20

                setenv splashpos -10,m
                        => vertically centered image
                           at x = dspWidth - bmpWidth - 9

- Gzip compressed BMP image support: CONFIG_VIDEO_BMP_GZIP

                If this option is set, additionally to standard BMP
                images, gzipped BMP images can be displayed via the
                splashscreen support or the bmp command.

- Run length encoded BMP image (RLE8) support: CONFIG_VIDEO_BMP_RLE8

                If this option is set, 8-bit RLE compressed BMP images
                can be displayed via the splashscreen support or the
                bmp command.

- Compression support:
                CONFIG_BZIP2

                If this option is set, support for bzip2 compressed
                images is included. If not, only uncompressed and gzip
                compressed images are supported.

                NOTE: the bzip2 algorithm requires a lot of RAM, so
                the malloc area (as defined by CONFIG_SYS_MALLOC_LEN) should
                be at least 4MB.

                CONFIG_LZMA

                If this option is set, support for lzma compressed
                images is included.

                Note: The LZMA algorithm adds between 2 and 4KB of code and it
                requires an amount of dynamic memory that is given by the
                formula:

                        (1846 + 768 << (lc + lp)) * sizeof(uint16)

                Where lc and lp stand for, respectively, Literal context bits
                and Literal pos bits.

                This value is upper-bounded by 14MB in the worst case. Anyway,
                for a ~4MB large kernel image, we have lc=3 and lp=0 for a
                total amount of (1846 + 768 << (3 + 0)) * 2 = ~41KB... that is
                a very small buffer.

                Use the lzmainfo tool to determinate the lc and lp values and
                then calculate the amount of needed dynamic memory (ensuring
                the appropriate CONFIG_SYS_MALLOC_LEN value).

- MII/PHY support:
                CONFIG_PHY_ADDR

                The address of PHY on MII bus.

                CONFIG_PHY_CLOCK_FREQ (ppc4xx)

                The clock frequency of the MII bus

                CONFIG_PHY_GIGE

                If this option is set, support for speed/duplex
                detection of gigabit PHY is included.

                CONFIG_PHY_RESET_DELAY

                Some PHY like Intel LXT971A need extra delay after
                reset before any MII register access is possible.
                For such PHY, set this option to the usec delay
                required. (minimum 300usec for LXT971A)

                CONFIG_PHY_CMD_DELAY (ppc4xx)

                Some PHY like Intel LXT971A need extra delay after
                command issued before MII status register can be read

- Ethernet address:
                CONFIG_ETHADDR
                CONFIG_ETH1ADDR
                CONFIG_ETH2ADDR
                CONFIG_ETH3ADDR
                CONFIG_ETH4ADDR
                CONFIG_ETH5ADDR

                Define a default value for Ethernet address to use
                for the respective Ethernet interface, in case this
                is not determined automatically.

- IP address:
                CONFIG_IPADDR

                Define a default value for the IP address to use for
                the default Ethernet interface, in case this is not
                determined through e.g. bootp.

- Server IP address:
                CONFIG_SERVERIP

                Defines a default value for the IP address of a TFTP
                server to contact when using the "tftboot" command.

                CONFIG_KEEP_SERVERADDR

                Keeps the server's MAC address, in the env 'serveraddr'
                for passing to bootargs (like Linux's netconsole option)

- Multicast TFTP Mode:
                CONFIG_MCAST_TFTP

                Defines whether you want to support multicast TFTP as per
                rfc-2090; for example to work with atftp.  Lets lots of targets
                tftp down the same boot image concurrently.  Note: the Ethernet
                driver in use must provide a function: mcast() to join/leave a
                multicast group.

                CONFIG_BOOTP_RANDOM_DELAY
- BOOTP Recovery Mode:
                CONFIG_BOOTP_RANDOM_DELAY

                If you have many targets in a network that try to
                boot using BOOTP, you may want to avoid that all
                systems send out BOOTP requests at precisely the same
                moment (which would happen for instance at recovery
                from a power failure, when all systems will try to
                boot, thus flooding the BOOTP server. Defining
                CONFIG_BOOTP_RANDOM_DELAY causes a random delay to be
                inserted before sending out BOOTP requests. The
                following delays are inserted then:

                1st BOOTP request:      delay 0 ... 1 sec
                2nd BOOTP request:      delay 0 ... 2 sec
                3rd BOOTP request:      delay 0 ... 4 sec
                4th and following
                BOOTP requests:         delay 0 ... 8 sec

- DHCP Advanced Options:
                You can fine tune the DHCP functionality by defining
                CONFIG_BOOTP_* symbols:

                CONFIG_BOOTP_SUBNETMASK
                CONFIG_BOOTP_GATEWAY
                CONFIG_BOOTP_HOSTNAME
                CONFIG_BOOTP_NISDOMAIN
                CONFIG_BOOTP_BOOTPATH
                CONFIG_BOOTP_BOOTFILESIZE
                CONFIG_BOOTP_DNS
                CONFIG_BOOTP_DNS2
                CONFIG_BOOTP_SEND_HOSTNAME
                CONFIG_BOOTP_NTPSERVER
                CONFIG_BOOTP_TIMEOFFSET
                CONFIG_BOOTP_VENDOREX

                CONFIG_BOOTP_SERVERIP - TFTP server will be the serverip
                environment variable, not the BOOTP server.

                CONFIG_BOOTP_DNS2 - If a DHCP client requests the DNS
                serverip from a DHCP server, it is possible that more
                than one DNS serverip is offered to the client.
                If CONFIG_BOOTP_DNS2 is enabled, the secondary DNS
                serverip will be stored in the additional environment
                variable "dnsip2". The first DNS serverip is always
                stored in the variable "dnsip", when CONFIG_BOOTP_DNS
                is defined.

                CONFIG_BOOTP_SEND_HOSTNAME - Some DHCP servers are capable
                to do a dynamic update of a DNS server. To do this, they
                need the hostname of the DHCP requester.
                If CONFIG_BOOTP_SEND_HOSTNAME is defined, the content
                of the "hostname" environment variable is passed as
                option 12 to the DHCP server.

                CONFIG_BOOTP_DHCP_REQUEST_DELAY

                A 32bit value in microseconds for a delay between
                receiving a "DHCP Offer" and sending the "DHCP Request".
                This fixes a problem with certain DHCP servers that don't
                respond 100% of the time to a "DHCP request". E.g. On an
                AT91RM9200 processor running at 180MHz, this delay needed
                to be *at least* 15,000 usec before a Windows Server 2003
                DHCP server would reply 100% of the time. I recommend at
                least 50,000 usec to be safe. The alternative is to hope
                that one of the retries will be successful but note that
                the DHCP timeout and retry process takes a longer than
                this delay.

 - CDP Options:
                CONFIG_CDP_DEVICE_ID

                The device id used in CDP trigger frames.

                CONFIG_CDP_DEVICE_ID_PREFIX

                A two character string which is prefixed to the MAC address
                of the device.

                CONFIG_CDP_PORT_ID

                A printf format string which contains the ascii name of
                the port. Normally is set to "eth%d" which sets
                eth0 for the first Ethernet, eth1 for the second etc.

                CONFIG_CDP_CAPABILITIES

                A 32bit integer which indicates the device capabilities;
                0x00000010 for a normal host which does not forwards.

                CONFIG_CDP_VERSION

                An ascii string containing the version of the software.

                CONFIG_CDP_PLATFORM

                An ascii string containing the name of the platform.

                CONFIG_CDP_TRIGGER

                A 32bit integer sent on the trigger.

                CONFIG_CDP_POWER_CONSUMPTION

                A 16bit integer containing the power consumption of the
                device in .1 of milliwatts.

                CONFIG_CDP_APPLIANCE_VLAN_TYPE

                A byte containing the id of the VLAN.

- Status LED:   CONFIG_STATUS_LED

                Several configurations allow to display the current
                status using a LED. For instance, the LED will blink
                fast while running U-Boot code, stop blinking as
                soon as a reply to a BOOTP request was received, and
                start blinking slow once the Linux kernel is running
                (supported by a status LED driver in the Linux
                kernel). Defining CONFIG_STATUS_LED enables this
                feature in U-Boot.

- CAN Support:  CONFIG_CAN_DRIVER

                Defining CONFIG_CAN_DRIVER enables CAN driver support
                on those systems that support this (optional)
                feature, like the TQM8xxL modules.

- I2C Support:  CONFIG_HARD_I2C | CONFIG_SOFT_I2C

                These enable I2C serial bus commands. Defining either of
                (but not both of) CONFIG_HARD_I2C or CONFIG_SOFT_I2C will
                include the appropriate I2C driver for the selected CPU.

                This will allow you to use i2c commands at the u-boot
                command line (as long as you set CONFIG_CMD_I2C in
                CONFIG_COMMANDS) and communicate with i2c based realtime
                clock chips. See common/cmd_i2c.c for a description of the
                command line interface.

                CONFIG_HARD_I2C selects a hardware I2C controller.

                CONFIG_SOFT_I2C configures u-boot to use a software (aka
                bit-banging) driver instead of CPM or similar hardware
                support for I2C.

                There are several other quantities that must also be
                defined when you define CONFIG_HARD_I2C or CONFIG_SOFT_I2C.

                In both cases you will need to define CONFIG_SYS_I2C_SPEED
                to be the frequency (in Hz) at which you wish your i2c bus
                to run and CONFIG_SYS_I2C_SLAVE to be the address of this node (ie
                the CPU's i2c node address).

                Now, the u-boot i2c code for the mpc8xx
                (arch/powerpc/cpu/mpc8xx/i2c.c) sets the CPU up as a master node
                and so its address should therefore be cleared to 0 (See,
                eg, MPC823e User's Manual p.16-473). So, set
                CONFIG_SYS_I2C_SLAVE to 0.

                CONFIG_SYS_I2C_INIT_MPC5XXX

                When a board is reset during an i2c bus transfer
                chips might think that the current transfer is still
                in progress.  Reset the slave devices by sending start
                commands until the slave device responds.

                That's all that's required for CONFIG_HARD_I2C.

                If you use the software i2c interface (CONFIG_SOFT_I2C)
                then the following macros need to be defined (examples are
                from include/configs/lwmon.h):

                I2C_INIT

                (Optional). Any commands necessary to enable the I2C
                controller or configure ports.

                eg: #define I2C_INIT (immr->im_cpm.cp_pbdir |=  PB_SCL)

                I2C_PORT

                (Only for MPC8260 CPU). The I/O port to use (the code
                assumes both bits are on the same port). Valid values
                are 0..3 for ports A..D.

                I2C_ACTIVE

                The code necessary to make the I2C data line active
                (driven).  If the data line is open collector, this
                define can be null.

                eg: #define I2C_ACTIVE (immr->im_cpm.cp_pbdir |=  PB_SDA)

                I2C_TRISTATE

                The code necessary to make the I2C data line tri-stated
                (inactive).  If the data line is open collector, this
                define can be null.

                eg: #define I2C_TRISTATE (immr->im_cpm.cp_pbdir &= ~PB_SDA)

                I2C_READ

                Code that returns TRUE if the I2C data line is high,
                FALSE if it is low.

                eg: #define I2C_READ ((immr->im_cpm.cp_pbdat & PB_SDA) != 0)

                I2C_SDA(bit)

                If <bit> is TRUE, sets the I2C data line high. If it
                is FALSE, it clears it (low).

                eg: #define I2C_SDA(bit) \
                        if(bit) immr->im_cpm.cp_pbdat |=  PB_SDA; \
                        else    immr->im_cpm.cp_pbdat &= ~PB_SDA

                I2C_SCL(bit)

                If <bit> is TRUE, sets the I2C clock line high. If it
                is FALSE, it clears it (low).

                eg: #define I2C_SCL(bit) \
                        if(bit) immr->im_cpm.cp_pbdat |=  PB_SCL; \
                        else    immr->im_cpm.cp_pbdat &= ~PB_SCL

                I2C_DELAY

                This delay is invoked four times per clock cycle so this
                controls the rate of data transfer.  The data rate thus
                is 1 / (I2C_DELAY * 4). Often defined to be something
                like:

                #define I2C_DELAY  udelay(2)

                CONFIG_SOFT_I2C_GPIO_SCL / CONFIG_SOFT_I2C_GPIO_SDA

                If your arch supports the generic GPIO framework (asm/gpio.h),
                then you may alternatively define the two GPIOs that are to be
                used as SCL / SDA.  Any of the previous I2C_xxx macros will
                have GPIO-based defaults assigned to them as appropriate.

                You should define these to the GPIO value as given directly to
                the generic GPIO functions.

                CONFIG_SYS_I2C_INIT_BOARD

                When a board is reset during an i2c bus transfer
                chips might think that the current transfer is still
                in progress. On some boards it is possible to access
                the i2c SCLK line directly, either by using the
                processor pin as a GPIO or by having a second pin
                connected to the bus. If this option is defined a
                custom i2c_init_board() routine in boards/xxx/board.c
                is run early in the boot sequence.

                CONFIG_SYS_I2C_BOARD_LATE_INIT

                An alternative to CONFIG_SYS_I2C_INIT_BOARD. If this option is
                defined a custom i2c_board_late_init() routine in
                boards/xxx/board.c is run AFTER the operations in i2c_init()
                is completed. This callpoint can be used to unreset i2c bus
                using CPU i2c controller register accesses for CPUs whose i2c
                controller provide such a method. It is called at the end of
                i2c_init() to allow i2c_init operations to setup the i2c bus
                controller on the CPU (e.g. setting bus speed & slave address).

                CONFIG_I2CFAST (PPC405GP|PPC405EP only)

                This option enables configuration of bi_iic_fast[] flags
                in u-boot bd_info structure based on u-boot environment
                variable "i2cfast". (see also i2cfast)

                CONFIG_I2C_MULTI_BUS

                This option allows the use of multiple I2C buses, each of which
                must have a controller.  At any point in time, only one bus is
                active.  To switch to a different bus, use the 'i2c dev' command.
                Note that bus numbering is zero-based.

                CONFIG_SYS_I2C_NOPROBES

                This option specifies a list of I2C devices that will be skipped
                when the 'i2c probe' command is issued.  If CONFIG_I2C_MULTI_BUS
                is set, specify a list of bus-device pairs.  Otherwise, specify
                a 1D array of device addresses

                e.g.
                        #undef  CONFIG_I2C_MULTI_BUS
                        #define CONFIG_SYS_I2C_NOPROBES {0x50,0x68}

                will skip addresses 0x50 and 0x68 on a board with one I2C bus

                        #define CONFIG_I2C_MULTI_BUS
                        #define CONFIG_SYS_I2C_MULTI_NOPROBES   {{0,0x50},{0,0x68},{1,0x54}}

                will skip addresses 0x50 and 0x68 on bus 0 and address 0x54 on bus 1

                CONFIG_SYS_SPD_BUS_NUM

                If defined, then this indicates the I2C bus number for DDR SPD.
                If not defined, then U-Boot assumes that SPD is on I2C bus 0.

                CONFIG_SYS_RTC_BUS_NUM

                If defined, then this indicates the I2C bus number for the RTC.
                If not defined, then U-Boot assumes that RTC is on I2C bus 0.

                CONFIG_SYS_DTT_BUS_NUM

                If defined, then this indicates the I2C bus number for the DTT.
                If not defined, then U-Boot assumes that DTT is on I2C bus 0.

                CONFIG_SYS_I2C_DTT_ADDR:

                If defined, specifies the I2C address of the DTT device.
                If not defined, then U-Boot uses predefined value for
                specified DTT device.

                CONFIG_FSL_I2C

                Define this option if you want to use Freescale's I2C driver in
                drivers/i2c/fsl_i2c.c.

                CONFIG_I2C_MUX

                Define this option if you have I2C devices reached over 1 .. n
                I2C Muxes like the pca9544a. This option addes a new I2C
                Command "i2c bus [muxtype:muxaddr:muxchannel]" which adds a
                new I2C Bus to the existing I2C Busses. If you select the
                new Bus with "i2c dev", u-bbot sends first the commandos for
                the muxes to activate this new "bus".

                CONFIG_I2C_MULTI_BUS must be also defined, to use this
                feature!

                Example:
                Adding a new I2C Bus reached over 2 pca9544a muxes
                        The First mux with address 70 and channel 6
                        The Second mux with address 71 and channel 4

                => i2c bus pca9544a:70:6:pca9544a:71:4

                Use the "i2c bus" command without parameter, to get a list
                of I2C Busses with muxes:

                => i2c bus
                Busses reached over muxes:
                Bus ID: 2
                  reached over Mux(es):
                    pca9544a@70 ch: 4
                Bus ID: 3
                  reached over Mux(es):
                    pca9544a@70 ch: 6
                    pca9544a@71 ch: 4
                =>

                If you now switch to the new I2C Bus 3 with "i2c dev 3"
                u-boot sends First the Commando to the mux@70 to enable
                channel 6, and then the Commando to the mux@71 to enable
                the channel 4.

                After that, you can use the "normal" i2c commands as
                usual, to communicate with your I2C devices behind
                the 2 muxes.

                This option is actually implemented for the bitbanging
                algorithm in common/soft_i2c.c and for the Hardware I2C
                Bus on the MPC8260. But it should be not so difficult
                to add this option to other architectures.

                CONFIG_SOFT_I2C_READ_REPEATED_START

                defining this will force the i2c_read() function in
                the soft_i2c driver to perform an I2C repeated start
                between writing the address pointer and reading the
                data.  If this define is omitted the default behaviour
                of doing a stop-start sequence will be used.  Most I2C
                devices can use either method, but some require one or
                the other.

- SPI Support:  CONFIG_SPI

                Enables SPI driver (so far only tested with
                SPI EEPROM, also an instance works with Crystal A/D and
                D/As on the SACSng board)

                CONFIG_SH_SPI

                Enables the driver for SPI controller on SuperH. Currently
                only SH7757 is supported.

                CONFIG_SPI_X

                Enables extended (16-bit) SPI EEPROM addressing.
                (symmetrical to CONFIG_I2C_X)

                CONFIG_SOFT_SPI

                Enables a software (bit-bang) SPI driver rather than
                using hardware support. This is a general purpose
                driver that only requires three general I/O port pins
                (two outputs, one input) to function. If this is
                defined, the board configuration must define several
                SPI configuration items (port pins to use, etc). For
                an example, see include/configs/sacsng.h.

                CONFIG_HARD_SPI

                Enables a hardware SPI driver for general-purpose reads
                and writes.  As with CONFIG_SOFT_SPI, the board configuration
                must define a list of chip-select function pointers.
                Currently supported on some MPC8xxx processors.  For an
                example, see include/configs/mpc8349emds.h.

                CONFIG_MXC_SPI

                Enables the driver for the SPI controllers on i.MX and MXC
                SoCs. Currently only i.MX31 is supported.

- FPGA Support: CONFIG_FPGA

                Enables FPGA subsystem.

                CONFIG_FPGA_<vendor>

                Enables support for specific chip vendors.
                (ALTERA, XILINX)

                CONFIG_FPGA_<family>

                Enables support for FPGA family.
                (SPARTAN2, SPARTAN3, VIRTEX2, CYCLONE2, ACEX1K, ACEX)

                CONFIG_FPGA_COUNT

                Specify the number of FPGA devices to support.

                CONFIG_SYS_FPGA_PROG_FEEDBACK

                Enable printing of hash marks during FPGA configuration.

                CONFIG_SYS_FPGA_CHECK_BUSY

                Enable checks on FPGA configuration interface busy
                status by the configuration function. This option
                will require a board or device specific function to
                be written.

                CONFIG_FPGA_DELAY

                If defined, a function that provides delays in the FPGA
                configuration driver.

                CONFIG_SYS_FPGA_CHECK_CTRLC
                Allow Control-C to interrupt FPGA configuration

                CONFIG_SYS_FPGA_CHECK_ERROR

                Check for configuration errors during FPGA bitfile
                loading. For example, abort during Virtex II
                configuration if the INIT_B line goes low (which
                indicated a CRC error).

                CONFIG_SYS_FPGA_WAIT_INIT

                Maximum time to wait for the INIT_B line to deassert
                after PROB_B has been deasserted during a Virtex II
                FPGA configuration sequence. The default time is 500
                ms.

                CONFIG_SYS_FPGA_WAIT_BUSY

                Maximum time to wait for BUSY to deassert during
                Virtex II FPGA configuration. The default is 5 ms.

                CONFIG_SYS_FPGA_WAIT_CONFIG

                Time to wait after FPGA configuration. The default is
                200 ms.

- Configuration Management:
                CONFIG_IDENT_STRING

                If defined, this string will be added to the U-Boot
                version information (U_BOOT_VERSION)

- Vendor Parameter Protection:

                U-Boot considers the values of the environment
                variables "serial#" (Board Serial Number) and
                "ethaddr" (Ethernet Address) to be parameters that
                are set once by the board vendor / manufacturer, and
                protects these variables from casual modification by
                the user. Once set, these variables are read-only,
                and write or delete attempts are rejected. You can
                change this behaviour:

                If CONFIG_ENV_OVERWRITE is #defined in your config
                file, the write protection for vendor parameters is
                completely disabled. Anybody can change or delete
                these parameters.

                Alternatively, if you #define _both_ CONFIG_ETHADDR
                _and_ CONFIG_OVERWRITE_ETHADDR_ONCE, a default
                Ethernet address is installed in the environment,
                which can be changed exactly ONCE by the user. [The
                serial# is unaffected by this, i. e. it remains
                read-only.]

- Protected RAM:
                CONFIG_PRAM

                Define this variable to enable the reservation of
                "protected RAM", i. e. RAM which is not overwritten
                by U-Boot. Define CONFIG_PRAM to hold the number of
                kB you want to reserve for pRAM. You can overwrite
                this default value by defining an environment
                variable "pram" to the number of kB you want to
                reserve. Note that the board info structure will
                still show the full amount of RAM. If pRAM is
                reserved, a new environment variable "mem" will
                automatically be defined to hold the amount of
                remaining RAM in a form that can be passed as boot
                argument to Linux, for instance like that:

                        setenv bootargs ... mem=\${mem}
                        saveenv

                This way you can tell Linux not to use this memory,
                either, which results in a memory region that will
                not be affected by reboots.

                *WARNING* If your board configuration uses automatic
                detection of the RAM size, you must make sure that
                this memory test is non-destructive. So far, the
                following board configurations are known to be
                "pRAM-clean":

                        ETX094, IVMS8, IVML24, SPD8xx, TQM8xxL,
                        HERMES, IP860, RPXlite, LWMON, LANTEC,
                        FLAGADM, TQM8260

- Error Recovery:
                CONFIG_PANIC_HANG

                Define this variable to stop the system in case of a
                fatal error, so that you have to reset it manually.
                This is probably NOT a good idea for an embedded
                system where you want the system to reboot
                automatically as fast as possible, but it may be
                useful during development since you can try to debug
                the conditions that lead to the situation.

                CONFIG_NET_RETRY_COUNT

                This variable defines the number of retries for
                network operations like ARP, RARP, TFTP, or BOOTP
                before giving up the operation. If not defined, a
                default value of 5 is used.

                CONFIG_ARP_TIMEOUT

                Timeout waiting for an ARP reply in milliseconds.

- Command Interpreter:
                CONFIG_AUTO_COMPLETE

                Enable auto completion of commands using TAB.

                Note that this feature has NOT been implemented yet
                for the "hush" shell.


                CONFIG_SYS_HUSH_PARSER

                Define this variable to enable the "hush" shell (from
                Busybox) as command line interpreter, thus enabling
                powerful command line syntax like
                if...then...else...fi conditionals or `&&' and '||'
                constructs ("shell scripts").

                If undefined, you get the old, much simpler behaviour
                with a somewhat smaller memory footprint.


                CONFIG_SYS_PROMPT_HUSH_PS2

                This defines the secondary prompt string, which is
                printed when the command interpreter needs more input
                to complete a command. Usually "> ".

        Note:

                In the current implementation, the local variables
                space and global environment variables space are
                separated. Local variables are those you define by
                simply typing `name=value'. To access a local
                variable later on, you have write `$name' or
                `${name}'; to execute the contents of a variable
                directly type `$name' at the command prompt.

                Global environment variables are those you use
                setenv/printenv to work with. To run a command stored
                in such a variable, you need to use the run command,
                and you must not use the '$' sign to access them.

                To store commands and special characters in a
                variable, please use double quotation marks
                surrounding the whole text of the variable, instead
                of the backslashes before semicolons and special
                symbols.

- Commandline Editing and History:
                CONFIG_CMDLINE_EDITING

                Enable editing and History functions for interactive
                commandline input operations

- Default Environment:
                CONFIG_EXTRA_ENV_SETTINGS

                Define this to contain any number of null terminated
                strings (variable = value pairs) that will be part of
                the default environment compiled into the boot image.

                For example, place something like this in your
                board's config file:

                #define CONFIG_EXTRA_ENV_SETTINGS \
                        "myvar1=value1\0" \
                        "myvar2=value2\0"

                Warning: This method is based on knowledge about the
                internal format how the environment is stored by the
                U-Boot code. This is NOT an official, exported
                interface! Although it is unlikely that this format
                will change soon, there is no guarantee either.
                You better know what you are doing here.

                Note: overly (ab)use of the default environment is
                discouraged. Make sure to check other ways to preset
                the environment like the "source" command or the
                boot command first.

- DataFlash Support:
                CONFIG_HAS_DATAFLASH

                Defining this option enables DataFlash features and
                allows to read/write in Dataflash via the standard
                commands cp, md...

- SystemACE Support:
                CONFIG_SYSTEMACE

                Adding this option adds support for Xilinx SystemACE
                chips attached via some sort of local bus. The address
                of the chip must also be defined in the
                CONFIG_SYS_SYSTEMACE_BASE macro. For example:

                #define CONFIG_SYSTEMACE
                #define CONFIG_SYS_SYSTEMACE_BASE 0xf0000000

                When SystemACE support is added, the "ace" device type
                becomes available to the fat commands, i.e. fatls.

- TFTP Fixed UDP Port:
                CONFIG_TFTP_PORT

                If this is defined, the environment variable tftpsrcp
                is used to supply the TFTP UDP source port value.
                If tftpsrcp isn't defined, the normal pseudo-random port
                number generator is used.

                Also, the environment variable tftpdstp is used to supply
                the TFTP UDP destination port value.  If tftpdstp isn't
                defined, the normal port 69 is used.

                The purpose for tftpsrcp is to allow a TFTP server to
                blindly start the TFTP transfer using the pre-configured
                target IP address and UDP port. This has the effect of
                "punching through" the (Windows XP) firewall, allowing
                the remainder of the TFTP transfer to proceed normally.
                A better solution is to properly configure the firewall,
                but sometimes that is not allowed.

- Show boot progress:
                CONFIG_SHOW_BOOT_PROGRESS

                Defining this option allows to add some board-
                specific code (calling a user-provided function
                "show_boot_progress(int)") that enables you to show
                the system's boot progress on some display (for
                example, some LED's) on your board. At the moment,
                the following checkpoints are implemented:

- Standalone program support:
                CONFIG_STANDALONE_LOAD_ADDR

                This option allows to define board specific values
                for the address where standalone program gets loaded,
                thus overwriting the architecutre dependent default
                settings.

Legacy uImage format:

  Arg   Where                   When
    1   common/cmd_bootm.c      before attempting to boot an image
   -1   common/cmd_bootm.c      Image header has bad     magic number
    2   common/cmd_bootm.c      Image header has correct magic number
   -2   common/cmd_bootm.c      Image header has bad     checksum
    3   common/cmd_bootm.c      Image header has correct checksum
   -3   common/cmd_bootm.c      Image data   has bad     checksum
    4   common/cmd_bootm.c      Image data   has correct checksum
   -4   common/cmd_bootm.c      Image is for unsupported architecture
    5   common/cmd_bootm.c      Architecture check OK
   -5   common/cmd_bootm.c      Wrong Image Type (not kernel, multi)
    6   common/cmd_bootm.c      Image Type check OK
   -6   common/cmd_bootm.c      gunzip uncompression error
   -7   common/cmd_bootm.c      Unimplemented compression type
    7   common/cmd_bootm.c      Uncompression OK
    8   common/cmd_bootm.c      No uncompress/copy overwrite error
   -9   common/cmd_bootm.c      Unsupported OS (not Linux, BSD, VxWorks, QNX)

    9   common/image.c          Start initial ramdisk verification
  -10   common/image.c          Ramdisk header has bad     magic number
  -11   common/image.c          Ramdisk header has bad     checksum
   10   common/image.c          Ramdisk header is OK
  -12   common/image.c          Ramdisk data   has bad     checksum
   11   common/image.c          Ramdisk data   has correct checksum
   12   common/image.c          Ramdisk verification complete, start loading
  -13   common/image.c          Wrong Image Type (not PPC Linux ramdisk)
   13   common/image.c          Start multifile image verification
   14   common/image.c          No initial ramdisk, no multifile, continue.

   15   arch/<arch>/lib/bootm.c All preparation done, transferring control to OS

  -30   arch/powerpc/lib/board.c        Fatal error, hang the system
  -31   post/post.c             POST test failed, detected by post_output_backlog()
  -32   post/post.c             POST test failed, detected by post_run_single()

   34   common/cmd_doc.c        before loading a Image from a DOC device
  -35   common/cmd_doc.c        Bad usage of "doc" command
   35   common/cmd_doc.c        correct usage of "doc" command
  -36   common/cmd_doc.c        No boot device
   36   common/cmd_doc.c        correct boot device
  -37   common/cmd_doc.c        Unknown Chip ID on boot device
   37   common/cmd_doc.c        correct chip ID found, device available
  -38   common/cmd_doc.c        Read Error on boot device
   38   common/cmd_doc.c        reading Image header from DOC device OK
  -39   common/cmd_doc.c        Image header has bad magic number
   39   common/cmd_doc.c        Image header has correct magic number
  -40   common/cmd_doc.c        Error reading Image from DOC device
   40   common/cmd_doc.c        Image header has correct magic number
   41   common/cmd_ide.c        before loading a Image from a IDE device
  -42   common/cmd_ide.c        Bad usage of "ide" command
   42   common/cmd_ide.c        correct usage of "ide" command
  -43   common/cmd_ide.c        No boot device
   43   common/cmd_ide.c        boot device found
  -44   common/cmd_ide.c        Device not available
   44   common/cmd_ide.c        Device available
  -45   common/cmd_ide.c        wrong partition selected
   45   common/cmd_ide.c        partition selected
  -46   common/cmd_ide.c        Unknown partition table
   46   common/cmd_ide.c        valid partition table found
  -47   common/cmd_ide.c        Invalid partition type
   47   common/cmd_ide.c        correct partition type
  -48   common/cmd_ide.c        Error reading Image Header on boot device
   48   common/cmd_ide.c        reading Image Header from IDE device OK
  -49   common/cmd_ide.c        Image header has bad magic number
   49   common/cmd_ide.c        Image header has correct magic number
  -50   common/cmd_ide.c        Image header has bad     checksum
   50   common/cmd_ide.c        Image header has correct checksum
  -51   common/cmd_ide.c        Error reading Image from IDE device
   51   common/cmd_ide.c        reading Image from IDE device OK
   52   common/cmd_nand.c       before loading a Image from a NAND device
  -53   common/cmd_nand.c       Bad usage of "nand" command
   53   common/cmd_nand.c       correct usage of "nand" command
  -54   common/cmd_nand.c       No boot device
   54   common/cmd_nand.c       boot device found
  -55   common/cmd_nand.c       Unknown Chip ID on boot device
   55   common/cmd_nand.c       correct chip ID found, device available
  -56   common/cmd_nand.c       Error reading Image Header on boot device
   56   common/cmd_nand.c       reading Image Header from NAND device OK
  -57   common/cmd_nand.c       Image header has bad magic number
   57   common/cmd_nand.c       Image header has correct magic number
  -58   common/cmd_nand.c       Error reading Image from NAND device
   58   common/cmd_nand.c       reading Image from NAND device OK

  -60   common/env_common.c     Environment has a bad CRC, using default

   64   net/eth.c               starting with Ethernet configuration.
  -64   net/eth.c               no Ethernet found.
   65   net/eth.c               Ethernet found.

  -80   common/cmd_net.c        usage wrong
   80   common/cmd_net.c        before calling NetLoop()
  -81   common/cmd_net.c        some error in NetLoop() occurred
   81   common/cmd_net.c        NetLoop() back without error
  -82   common/cmd_net.c        size == 0 (File with size 0 loaded)
   82   common/cmd_net.c        trying automatic boot
   83   common/cmd_net.c        running "source" command
  -83   common/cmd_net.c        some error in automatic boot or "source" command
   84   common/cmd_net.c        end without errors

FIT uImage format:

  Arg   Where                   When
  100   common/cmd_bootm.c      Kernel FIT Image has correct format
 -100   common/cmd_bootm.c      Kernel FIT Image has incorrect format
  101   common/cmd_bootm.c      No Kernel subimage unit name, using configuration
 -101   common/cmd_bootm.c      Can't get configuration for kernel subimage
  102   common/cmd_bootm.c      Kernel unit name specified
 -103   common/cmd_bootm.c      Can't get kernel subimage node offset
  103   common/cmd_bootm.c      Found configuration node
  104   common/cmd_bootm.c      Got kernel subimage node offset
 -104   common/cmd_bootm.c      Kernel subimage hash verification failed
  105   common/cmd_bootm.c      Kernel subimage hash verification OK
 -105   common/cmd_bootm.c      Kernel subimage is for unsupported architecture
  106   common/cmd_bootm.c      Architecture check OK
 -106   common/cmd_bootm.c      Kernel subimage has wrong type
  107   common/cmd_bootm.c      Kernel subimage type OK
 -107   common/cmd_bootm.c      Can't get kernel subimage data/size
  108   common/cmd_bootm.c      Got kernel subimage data/size
 -108   common/cmd_bootm.c      Wrong image type (not legacy, FIT)
 -109   common/cmd_bootm.c      Can't get kernel subimage type
 -110   common/cmd_bootm.c      Can't get kernel subimage comp
 -111   common/cmd_bootm.c      Can't get kernel subimage os
 -112   common/cmd_bootm.c      Can't get kernel subimage load address
 -113   common/cmd_bootm.c      Image uncompress/copy overwrite error

  120   common/image.c          Start initial ramdisk verification
 -120   common/image.c          Ramdisk FIT image has incorrect format
  121   common/image.c          Ramdisk FIT image has correct format
  122   common/image.c          No ramdisk subimage unit name, using configuration
 -122   common/image.c          Can't get configuration for ramdisk subimage
  123   common/image.c          Ramdisk unit name specified
 -124   common/image.c          Can't get ramdisk subimage node offset
  125   common/image.c          Got ramdisk subimage node offset
 -125   common/image.c          Ramdisk subimage hash verification failed
  126   common/image.c          Ramdisk subimage hash verification OK
 -126   common/image.c          Ramdisk subimage for unsupported architecture
  127   common/image.c          Architecture check OK
 -127   common/image.c          Can't get ramdisk subimage data/size
  128   common/image.c          Got ramdisk subimage data/size
  129   common/image.c          Can't get ramdisk load address
 -129   common/image.c          Got ramdisk load address

 -130   common/cmd_doc.c        Incorrect FIT image format
  131   common/cmd_doc.c        FIT image format OK

 -140   common/cmd_ide.c        Incorrect FIT image format
  141   common/cmd_ide.c        FIT image format OK

 -150   common/cmd_nand.c       Incorrect FIT image format
  151   common/cmd_nand.c       FIT image format OK

- Automatic software updates via TFTP server
                CONFIG_UPDATE_TFTP
                CONFIG_UPDATE_TFTP_CNT_MAX
                CONFIG_UPDATE_TFTP_MSEC_MAX

                These options enable and control the auto-update feature;
                for a more detailed description refer to doc/README.update.

- MTD Support (mtdparts command, UBI support)
                CONFIG_MTD_DEVICE

                Adds the MTD device infrastructure from the Linux kernel.
                Needed for mtdparts command support.

                CONFIG_MTD_PARTITIONS

                Adds the MTD partitioning infrastructure from the Linux
                kernel. Needed for UBI support.


Modem Support:
--------------

[so far only for SMDK2400 and TRAB boards]

- Modem support enable:
                CONFIG_MODEM_SUPPORT

- RTS/CTS Flow control enable:
                CONFIG_HWFLOW

- Modem debug support:
                CONFIG_MODEM_SUPPORT_DEBUG

                Enables debugging stuff (char screen[1024], dbg())
                for modem support. Useful only with BDI2000.

- Interrupt support (PPC):

                There are common interrupt_init() and timer_interrupt()
                for all PPC archs. interrupt_init() calls interrupt_init_cpu()
                for CPU specific initialization. interrupt_init_cpu()
                should set decrementer_count to appropriate value. If
                CPU resets decrementer automatically after interrupt
                (ppc4xx) it should set decrementer_count to zero.
                timer_interrupt() calls timer_interrupt_cpu() for CPU
                specific handling. If board has watchdog / status_led
                / other_activity_monitor it works automatically from
                general timer_interrupt().

- General:

                In the target system modem support is enabled when a
                specific key (key combination) is pressed during
                power-on. Otherwise U-Boot will boot normally
                (autoboot). The key_pressed() function is called from
                board_init(). Currently key_pressed() is a dummy
                function, returning 1 and thus enabling modem
                initialization.

                If there are no modem init strings in the
                environment, U-Boot proceed to autoboot; the
                previous output (banner, info printfs) will be
                suppressed, though.

                See also: doc/README.Modem


Configuration Settings:
-----------------------

- CONFIG_SYS_LONGHELP: Defined when you want long help messages included;
                undefine this when you're short of memory.

- CONFIG_SYS_HELP_CMD_WIDTH: Defined when you want to override the default
                width of the commands listed in the 'help' command output.

- CONFIG_SYS_PROMPT:    This is what U-Boot prints on the console to
                prompt for user input.

- CONFIG_SYS_CBSIZE:    Buffer size for input from the Console

- CONFIG_SYS_PBSIZE:    Buffer size for Console output

- CONFIG_SYS_MAXARGS:   max. Number of arguments accepted for monitor commands

- CONFIG_SYS_BARGSIZE: Buffer size for Boot Arguments which are passed to
                the application (usually a Linux kernel) when it is
                booted

- CONFIG_SYS_BAUDRATE_TABLE:
                List of legal baudrate settings for this board.

- CONFIG_SYS_CONSOLE_INFO_QUIET
                Suppress display of console information at boot.

- CONFIG_SYS_CONSOLE_IS_IN_ENV
                If the board specific function
                        extern int overwrite_console (void);
                returns 1, the stdin, stderr and stdout are switched to the
                serial port, else the settings in the environment are used.

- CONFIG_SYS_CONSOLE_OVERWRITE_ROUTINE
                Enable the call to overwrite_console().

- CONFIG_SYS_CONSOLE_ENV_OVERWRITE
                Enable overwrite of previous console environment settings.

- CONFIG_SYS_MEMTEST_START, CONFIG_SYS_MEMTEST_END:
                Begin and End addresses of the area used by the
                simple memory test.

- CONFIG_SYS_ALT_MEMTEST:
                Enable an alternate, more extensive memory test.

- CONFIG_SYS_MEMTEST_SCRATCH:
                Scratch address used by the alternate memory test
                You only need to set this if address zero isn't writeable

- CONFIG_SYS_MEM_TOP_HIDE (PPC only):
                If CONFIG_SYS_MEM_TOP_HIDE is defined in the board config header,
                this specified memory area will get subtracted from the top
                (end) of RAM and won't get "touched" at all by U-Boot. By
                fixing up gd->ram_size the Linux kernel should gets passed
                the now "corrected" memory size and won't touch it either.
                This should work for arch/ppc and arch/powerpc. Only Linux
                board ports in arch/powerpc with bootwrapper support that
                recalculate the memory size from the SDRAM controller setup
                will have to get fixed in Linux additionally.

                This option can be used as a workaround for the 440EPx/GRx
                CHIP 11 errata where the last 256 bytes in SDRAM shouldn't
                be touched.

                WARNING: Please make sure that this value is a multiple of
                the Linux page size (normally 4k). If this is not the case,
                then the end address of the Linux memory will be located at a
                non page size aligned address and this could cause major
                problems.

- CONFIG_SYS_TFTP_LOADADDR:
                Default load address for network file downloads

- CONFIG_SYS_LOADS_BAUD_CHANGE:
                Enable temporary baudrate change while serial download

- CONFIG_SYS_SDRAM_BASE:
                Physical start address of SDRAM. _Must_ be 0 here.

- CONFIG_SYS_MBIO_BASE:
                Physical start address of Motherboard I/O (if using a
                Cogent motherboard)

- CONFIG_SYS_FLASH_BASE:
                Physical start address of Flash memory.

- CONFIG_SYS_MONITOR_BASE:
                Physical start address of boot monitor code (set by
                make config files to be same as the text base address
                (CONFIG_SYS_TEXT_BASE) used when linking) - same as
                CONFIG_SYS_FLASH_BASE when booting from flash.

- CONFIG_SYS_MONITOR_LEN:
                Size of memory reserved for monitor code, used to
                determine _at_compile_time_ (!) if the environment is
                embedded within the U-Boot image, or in a separate
                flash sector.

- CONFIG_SYS_MALLOC_LEN:
                Size of DRAM reserved for malloc() use.

- CONFIG_SYS_BOOTM_LEN:
                Normally compressed uImages are limited to an
                uncompressed size of 8 MBytes. If this is not enough,
                you can define CONFIG_SYS_BOOTM_LEN in your board config file
                to adjust this setting to your needs.

- CONFIG_SYS_BOOTMAPSZ:
                Maximum size of memory mapped by the startup code of
                the Linux kernel; all data that must be processed by
                the Linux kernel (bd_info, boot arguments, FDT blob if
                used) must be put below this limit, unless "bootm_low"
                enviroment variable is defined and non-zero. In such case
                all data for the Linux kernel must be between "bootm_low"
                and "bootm_low" + CONFIG_SYS_BOOTMAPSZ.

- CONFIG_SYS_BOOT_RAMDISK_HIGH:
                Enable initrd_high functionality.  If defined then the
                initrd_high feature is enabled and the bootm ramdisk subcommand
                is enabled.

- CONFIG_SYS_BOOT_GET_CMDLINE:
                Enables allocating and saving kernel cmdline in space between
                "bootm_low" and "bootm_low" + BOOTMAPSZ.

- CONFIG_SYS_BOOT_GET_KBD:
                Enables allocating and saving a kernel copy of the bd_info in
                space between "bootm_low" and "bootm_low" + BOOTMAPSZ.

- CONFIG_SYS_MAX_FLASH_BANKS:
                Max number of Flash memory banks

- CONFIG_SYS_MAX_FLASH_SECT:
                Max number of sectors on a Flash chip

- CONFIG_SYS_FLASH_ERASE_TOUT:
                Timeout for Flash erase operations (in ms)

- CONFIG_SYS_FLASH_WRITE_TOUT:
                Timeout for Flash write operations (in ms)

- CONFIG_SYS_FLASH_LOCK_TOUT
                Timeout for Flash set sector lock bit operation (in ms)

- CONFIG_SYS_FLASH_UNLOCK_TOUT
                Timeout for Flash clear lock bits operation (in ms)

- CONFIG_SYS_FLASH_PROTECTION
                If defined, hardware flash sectors protection is used
                instead of U-Boot software protection.

- CONFIG_SYS_DIRECT_FLASH_TFTP:

                Enable TFTP transfers directly to flash memory;
                without this option such a download has to be
                performed in two steps: (1) download to RAM, and (2)
                copy from RAM to flash.

                The two-step approach is usually more reliable, since
                you can check if the download worked before you erase
                the flash, but in some situations (when system RAM is
                too limited to allow for a temporary copy of the
                downloaded image) this option may be very useful.

- CONFIG_SYS_FLASH_CFI:
                Define if the flash driver uses extra elements in the
                common flash structure for storing flash geometry.

- CONFIG_FLASH_CFI_DRIVER
                This option also enables the building of the cfi_flash driver
                in the drivers directory

- CONFIG_FLASH_CFI_MTD
                This option enables the building of the cfi_mtd driver
                in the drivers directory. The driver exports CFI flash
                to the MTD layer.

- CONFIG_SYS_FLASH_USE_BUFFER_WRITE
                Use buffered writes to flash.

- CONFIG_FLASH_SPANSION_S29WS_N
                s29ws-n MirrorBit flash has non-standard addresses for buffered
                write commands.

- CONFIG_SYS_FLASH_QUIET_TEST
                If this option is defined, the common CFI flash doesn't
                print it's warning upon not recognized FLASH banks. This
                is useful, if some of the configured banks are only
                optionally available.

- CONFIG_FLASH_SHOW_PROGRESS
                If defined (must be an integer), print out countdown
                digits and dots.  Recommended value: 45 (9..1) for 80
                column displays, 15 (3..1) for 40 column displays.

- CONFIG_SYS_RX_ETH_BUFFER:
                Defines the number of Ethernet receive buffers. On some
                Ethernet controllers it is recommended to set this value
                to 8 or even higher (EEPRO100 or 405 EMAC), since all
                buffers can be full shortly after enabling the interface
                on high Ethernet traffic.
                Defaults to 4 if not defined.

- CONFIG_ENV_MAX_ENTRIES

        Maximum number of entries in the hash table that is used
        internally to store the environment settings. The default
        setting is supposed to be generous and should work in most
        cases. This setting can be used to tune behaviour; see
        lib/hashtable.c for details.

The following definitions that deal with the placement and management
of environment data (variable area); in general, we support the
following configurations:

- CONFIG_ENV_IS_IN_FLASH:

        Define this if the environment is in flash memory.

        a) The environment occupies one whole flash sector, which is
           "embedded" in the text segment with the U-Boot code. This
           happens usually with "bottom boot sector" or "top boot
           sector" type flash chips, which have several smaller
           sectors at the start or the end. For instance, such a
           layout can have sector sizes of 8, 2x4, 16, Nx32 kB. In
           such a case you would place the environment in one of the
           4 kB sectors - with U-Boot code before and after it. With
           "top boot sector" type flash chips, you would put the
           environment in one of the last sectors, leaving a gap
           between U-Boot and the environment.

        - CONFIG_ENV_OFFSET:

           Offset of environment data (variable area) to the
           beginning of flash memory; for instance, with bottom boot
           type flash chips the second sector can be used: the offset
           for this sector is given here.

           CONFIG_ENV_OFFSET is used relative to CONFIG_SYS_FLASH_BASE.

        - CONFIG_ENV_ADDR:

           This is just another way to specify the start address of
           the flash sector containing the environment (instead of
           CONFIG_ENV_OFFSET).

        - CONFIG_ENV_SECT_SIZE:

           Size of the sector containing the environment.


        b) Sometimes flash chips have few, equal sized, BIG sectors.
           In such a case you don't want to spend a whole sector for
           the environment.

        - CONFIG_ENV_SIZE:

           If you use this in combination with CONFIG_ENV_IS_IN_FLASH
           and CONFIG_ENV_SECT_SIZE, you can specify to use only a part
           of this flash sector for the environment. This saves
           memory for the RAM copy of the environment.

           It may also save flash memory if you decide to use this
           when your environment is "embedded" within U-Boot code,
           since then the remainder of the flash sector could be used
           for U-Boot code. It should be pointed out that this is
           STRONGLY DISCOURAGED from a robustness point of view:
           updating the environment in flash makes it always
           necessary to erase the WHOLE sector. If something goes
           wrong before the contents has been restored from a copy in
           RAM, your target system will be dead.

        - CONFIG_ENV_ADDR_REDUND
          CONFIG_ENV_SIZE_REDUND

           These settings describe a second storage area used to hold
           a redundant copy of the environment data, so that there is
           a valid backup copy in case there is a power failure during
           a "saveenv" operation.

BE CAREFUL! Any changes to the flash layout, and some changes to the
source code will make it necessary to adapt <board>/u-boot.lds*
accordingly!


- CONFIG_ENV_IS_IN_NVRAM:

        Define this if you have some non-volatile memory device
        (NVRAM, battery buffered SRAM) which you want to use for the
        environment.

        - CONFIG_ENV_ADDR:
        - CONFIG_ENV_SIZE:

          These two #defines are used to determine the memory area you
          want to use for environment. It is assumed that this memory
          can just be read and written to, without any special
          provision.

BE CAREFUL! The first access to the environment happens quite early
in U-Boot initalization (when we try to get the setting of for the
console baudrate). You *MUST* have mapped your NVRAM area then, or
U-Boot will hang.

Please note that even with NVRAM we still use a copy of the
environment in RAM: we could work on NVRAM directly, but we want to
keep settings there always unmodified except somebody uses "saveenv"
to save the current settings.


- CONFIG_ENV_IS_IN_EEPROM:

        Use this if you have an EEPROM or similar serial access
        device and a driver for it.

        - CONFIG_ENV_OFFSET:
        - CONFIG_ENV_SIZE:

          These two #defines specify the offset and size of the
          environment area within the total memory of your EEPROM.

        - CONFIG_SYS_I2C_EEPROM_ADDR:
          If defined, specified the chip address of the EEPROM device.
          The default address is zero.

        - CONFIG_SYS_EEPROM_PAGE_WRITE_BITS:
          If defined, the number of bits used to address bytes in a
          single page in the EEPROM device.  A 64 byte page, for example
          would require six bits.

        - CONFIG_SYS_EEPROM_PAGE_WRITE_DELAY_MS:
          If defined, the number of milliseconds to delay between
          page writes.  The default is zero milliseconds.

        - CONFIG_SYS_I2C_EEPROM_ADDR_LEN:
          The length in bytes of the EEPROM memory array address.  Note
          that this is NOT the chip address length!

        - CONFIG_SYS_I2C_EEPROM_ADDR_OVERFLOW:
          EEPROM chips that implement "address overflow" are ones
          like Catalyst 24WC04/08/16 which has 9/10/11 bits of
          address and the extra bits end up in the "chip address" bit
          slots. This makes a 24WC08 (1Kbyte) chip look like four 256
          byte chips.

          Note that we consider the length of the address field to
          still be one byte because the extra address bits are hidden
          in the chip address.

        - CONFIG_SYS_EEPROM_SIZE:
          The size in bytes of the EEPROM device.

        - CONFIG_ENV_EEPROM_IS_ON_I2C
          define this, if you have I2C and SPI activated, and your
          EEPROM, which holds the environment, is on the I2C bus.

        - CONFIG_I2C_ENV_EEPROM_BUS
          if you have an Environment on an EEPROM reached over
          I2C muxes, you can define here, how to reach this
          EEPROM. For example:

          #define CONFIG_I2C_ENV_EEPROM_BUS       "pca9547:70:d\0"

          EEPROM which holds the environment, is reached over
          a pca9547 i2c mux with address 0x70, channel 3.

- CONFIG_ENV_IS_IN_DATAFLASH:

        Define this if you have a DataFlash memory device which you
        want to use for the environment.

        - CONFIG_ENV_OFFSET:
        - CONFIG_ENV_ADDR:
        - CONFIG_ENV_SIZE:

          These three #defines specify the offset and size of the
          environment area within the total memory of your DataFlash placed
          at the specified address.

- CONFIG_ENV_IS_IN_NAND:

        Define this if you have a NAND device which you want to use
        for the environment.

        - CONFIG_ENV_OFFSET:
        - CONFIG_ENV_SIZE:

          These two #defines specify the offset and size of the environment
          area within the first NAND device.  CONFIG_ENV_OFFSET must be
          aligned to an erase block boundary.

        - CONFIG_ENV_OFFSET_REDUND (optional):

          This setting describes a second storage area of CONFIG_ENV_SIZE
          size used to hold a redundant copy of the environment data, so
          that there is a valid backup copy in case there is a power failure
          during a "saveenv" operation.  CONFIG_ENV_OFFSET_RENDUND must be
          aligned to an erase block boundary.

        - CONFIG_ENV_RANGE (optional):

          Specifies the length of the region in which the environment
          can be written.  This should be a multiple of the NAND device's
          block size.  Specifying a range with more erase blocks than
          are needed to hold CONFIG_ENV_SIZE allows bad blocks within
          the range to be avoided.

        - CONFIG_ENV_OFFSET_OOB (optional):

          Enables support for dynamically retrieving the offset of the
          environment from block zero's out-of-band data.  The
          "nand env.oob" command can be used to record this offset.
          Currently, CONFIG_ENV_OFFSET_REDUND is not supported when
          using CONFIG_ENV_OFFSET_OOB.

- CONFIG_NAND_ENV_DST

        Defines address in RAM to which the nand_spl code should copy the
        environment. If redundant environment is used, it will be copied to
        CONFIG_NAND_ENV_DST + CONFIG_ENV_SIZE.

- CONFIG_SYS_SPI_INIT_OFFSET

        Defines offset to the initial SPI buffer area in DPRAM. The
        area is used at an early stage (ROM part) if the environment
        is configured to reside in the SPI EEPROM: We need a 520 byte
        scratch DPRAM area. It is used between the two initialization
        calls (spi_init_f() and spi_init_r()). A value of 0xB00 seems
        to be a good choice since it makes it far enough from the
        start of the data area as well as from the stack pointer.

Please note that the environment is read-only until the monitor
has been relocated to RAM and a RAM copy of the environment has been
created; also, when using EEPROM you will have to use getenv_f()
until then to read environment variables.

The environment is protected by a CRC32 checksum. Before the monitor
is relocated into RAM, as a result of a bad CRC you will be working
with the compiled-in default environment - *silently*!!! [This is
necessary, because the first environment variable we need is the
"baudrate" setting for the console - if we have a bad CRC, we don't
have any device yet where we could complain.]

Note: once the monitor has been relocated, then it will complain if
the default environment is used; a new CRC is computed as soon as you
use the "saveenv" command to store a valid environment.

- CONFIG_SYS_FAULT_ECHO_LINK_DOWN:
                Echo the inverted Ethernet link state to the fault LED.

                Note: If this option is active, then CONFIG_SYS_FAULT_MII_ADDR
                      also needs to be defined.

- CONFIG_SYS_FAULT_MII_ADDR:
                MII address of the PHY to check for the Ethernet link state.

- CONFIG_NS16550_MIN_FUNCTIONS:
                Define this if you desire to only have use of the NS16550_init
                and NS16550_putc functions for the serial driver located at
                drivers/serial/ns16550.c.  This option is useful for saving
                space for already greatly restricted images, including but not
                limited to NAND_SPL configurations.

Low Level (hardware related) configuration options:
---------------------------------------------------

- CONFIG_SYS_CACHELINE_SIZE:
                Cache Line Size of the CPU.

- CONFIG_SYS_DEFAULT_IMMR:
                Default address of the IMMR after system reset.

                Needed on some 8260 systems (MPC8260ADS, PQ2FADS-ZU,
                and RPXsuper) to be able to adjust the position of
                the IMMR register after a reset.

- Floppy Disk Support:
                CONFIG_SYS_FDC_DRIVE_NUMBER

                the default drive number (default value 0)

                CONFIG_SYS_ISA_IO_STRIDE

                defines the spacing between FDC chipset registers
                (default value 1)

                CONFIG_SYS_ISA_IO_OFFSET

                defines the offset of register from address. It
                depends on which part of the data bus is connected to
                the FDC chipset. (default value 0)

                If CONFIG_SYS_ISA_IO_STRIDE CONFIG_SYS_ISA_IO_OFFSET and
                CONFIG_SYS_FDC_DRIVE_NUMBER are undefined, they take their
                default value.

                if CONFIG_SYS_FDC_HW_INIT is defined, then the function
                fdc_hw_init() is called at the beginning of the FDC
                setup. fdc_hw_init() must be provided by the board
                source code. It is used to make hardware dependant
                initializations.

- CONFIG_SYS_IMMR:      Physical address of the Internal Memory.
                DO NOT CHANGE unless you know exactly what you're
                doing! (11-4) [MPC8xx/82xx systems only]

- CONFIG_SYS_INIT_RAM_ADDR:

                Start address of memory area that can be used for
                initial data and stack; please note that this must be
                writable memory that is working WITHOUT special
                initialization, i. e. you CANNOT use normal RAM which
                will become available only after programming the
                memory controller and running certain initialization
                sequences.

                U-Boot uses the following memory types:
                - MPC8xx and MPC8260: IMMR (internal memory of the CPU)
                - MPC824X: data cache
                - PPC4xx:  data cache

- CONFIG_SYS_GBL_DATA_OFFSET:

                Offset of the initial data structure in the memory
                area defined by CONFIG_SYS_INIT_RAM_ADDR. Usually
                CONFIG_SYS_GBL_DATA_OFFSET is chosen such that the initial
                data is located at the end of the available space
                (sometimes written as (CONFIG_SYS_INIT_RAM_SIZE -
                CONFIG_SYS_INIT_DATA_SIZE), and the initial stack is just
                below that area (growing from (CONFIG_SYS_INIT_RAM_ADDR +
                CONFIG_SYS_GBL_DATA_OFFSET) downward.

        Note:
                On the MPC824X (or other systems that use the data
                cache for initial memory) the address chosen for
                CONFIG_SYS_INIT_RAM_ADDR is basically arbitrary - it must
                point to an otherwise UNUSED address space between
                the top of RAM and the start of the PCI space.

- CONFIG_SYS_SIUMCR:    SIU Module Configuration (11-6)

- CONFIG_SYS_SYPCR:     System Protection Control (11-9)

- CONFIG_SYS_TBSCR:     Time Base Status and Control (11-26)

- CONFIG_SYS_PISCR:     Periodic Interrupt Status and Control (11-31)

- CONFIG_SYS_PLPRCR:    PLL, Low-Power, and Reset Control Register (15-30)

- CONFIG_SYS_SCCR:      System Clock and reset Control Register (15-27)

- CONFIG_SYS_OR_TIMING_SDRAM:
                SDRAM timing

- CONFIG_SYS_MAMR_PTA:
                periodic timer for refresh

- CONFIG_SYS_DER:       Debug Event Register (37-47)

- FLASH_BASE0_PRELIM, FLASH_BASE1_PRELIM, CONFIG_SYS_REMAP_OR_AM,
  CONFIG_SYS_PRELIM_OR_AM, CONFIG_SYS_OR_TIMING_FLASH, CONFIG_SYS_OR0_REMAP,
  CONFIG_SYS_OR0_PRELIM, CONFIG_SYS_BR0_PRELIM, CONFIG_SYS_OR1_REMAP, CONFIG_SYS_OR1_PRELIM,
  CONFIG_SYS_BR1_PRELIM:
                Memory Controller Definitions: BR0/1 and OR0/1 (FLASH)

- SDRAM_BASE2_PRELIM, SDRAM_BASE3_PRELIM, SDRAM_MAX_SIZE,
  CONFIG_SYS_OR_TIMING_SDRAM, CONFIG_SYS_OR2_PRELIM, CONFIG_SYS_BR2_PRELIM,
  CONFIG_SYS_OR3_PRELIM, CONFIG_SYS_BR3_PRELIM:
                Memory Controller Definitions: BR2/3 and OR2/3 (SDRAM)

- CONFIG_SYS_MAMR_PTA, CONFIG_SYS_MPTPR_2BK_4K, CONFIG_SYS_MPTPR_1BK_4K, CONFIG_SYS_MPTPR_2BK_8K,
  CONFIG_SYS_MPTPR_1BK_8K, CONFIG_SYS_MAMR_8COL, CONFIG_SYS_MAMR_9COL:
                Machine Mode Register and Memory Periodic Timer
                Prescaler definitions (SDRAM timing)

- CONFIG_SYS_I2C_UCODE_PATCH, CONFIG_SYS_I2C_DPMEM_OFFSET [0x1FC0]:
                enable I2C microcode relocation patch (MPC8xx);
                define relocation offset in DPRAM [DSP2]

- CONFIG_SYS_SMC_UCODE_PATCH, CONFIG_SYS_SMC_DPMEM_OFFSET [0x1FC0]:
                enable SMC microcode relocation patch (MPC8xx);
                define relocation offset in DPRAM [SMC1]

- CONFIG_SYS_SPI_UCODE_PATCH, CONFIG_SYS_SPI_DPMEM_OFFSET [0x1FC0]:
                enable SPI microcode relocation patch (MPC8xx);
                define relocation offset in DPRAM [SCC4]

- CONFIG_SYS_USE_OSCCLK:
                Use OSCM clock mode on MBX8xx board. Be careful,
                wrong setting might damage your board. Read
                doc/README.MBX before setting this variable!

- CONFIG_SYS_CPM_POST_WORD_ADDR: (MPC8xx, MPC8260 only)
                Offset of the bootmode word in DPRAM used by post
                (Power On Self Tests). This definition overrides
                #define'd default value in commproc.h resp.
                cpm_8260.h.

- CONFIG_SYS_PCI_SLV_MEM_LOCAL, CONFIG_SYS_PCI_SLV_MEM_BUS, CONFIG_SYS_PICMR0_MASK_ATTRIB,
  CONFIG_SYS_PCI_MSTR0_LOCAL, CONFIG_SYS_PCIMSK0_MASK, CONFIG_SYS_PCI_MSTR1_LOCAL,
  CONFIG_SYS_PCIMSK1_MASK, CONFIG_SYS_PCI_MSTR_MEM_LOCAL, CONFIG_SYS_PCI_MSTR_MEM_BUS,
  CONFIG_SYS_CPU_PCI_MEM_START, CONFIG_SYS_PCI_MSTR_MEM_SIZE, CONFIG_SYS_POCMR0_MASK_ATTRIB,
  CONFIG_SYS_PCI_MSTR_MEMIO_LOCAL, CONFIG_SYS_PCI_MSTR_MEMIO_BUS, CPU_PCI_MEMIO_START,
  CONFIG_SYS_PCI_MSTR_MEMIO_SIZE, CONFIG_SYS_POCMR1_MASK_ATTRIB, CONFIG_SYS_PCI_MSTR_IO_LOCAL,
  CONFIG_SYS_PCI_MSTR_IO_BUS, CONFIG_SYS_CPU_PCI_IO_START, CONFIG_SYS_PCI_MSTR_IO_SIZE,
  CONFIG_SYS_POCMR2_MASK_ATTRIB: (MPC826x only)
                Overrides the default PCI memory map in arch/powerpc/cpu/mpc8260/pci.c if set.

- CONFIG_PCI_DISABLE_PCIE:
                Disable PCI-Express on systems where it is supported but not
                required.

- CONFIG_SYS_SRIO:
                Chip has SRIO or not

- CONFIG_SRIO1:
                Board has SRIO 1 port available

- CONFIG_SRIO2:
                Board has SRIO 2 port available

- CONFIG_SYS_SRIOn_MEM_VIRT:
                Virtual Address of SRIO port 'n' memory region

- CONFIG_SYS_SRIOn_MEM_PHYS:
                Physical Address of SRIO port 'n' memory region

- CONFIG_SYS_SRIOn_MEM_SIZE:
                Size of SRIO port 'n' memory region

- CONFIG_SPD_EEPROM
                Get DDR timing information from an I2C EEPROM. Common
                with pluggable memory modules such as SODIMMs

  SPD_EEPROM_ADDRESS
                I2C address of the SPD EEPROM

- CONFIG_SYS_SPD_BUS_NUM
                If SPD EEPROM is on an I2C bus other than the first
                one, specify here. Note that the value must resolve
                to something your driver can deal with.

- CONFIG_SYS_83XX_DDR_USES_CS0
                Only for 83xx systems. If specified, then DDR should
                be configured using CS0 and CS1 instead of CS2 and CS3.

- CONFIG_ETHER_ON_FEC[12]
                Define to enable FEC[12] on a 8xx series processor.

- CONFIG_FEC[12]_PHY
                Define to the hardcoded PHY address which corresponds
                to the given FEC; i. e.
                        #define CONFIG_FEC1_PHY 4
                means that the PHY with address 4 is connected to FEC1

                When set to -1, means to probe for first available.

- CONFIG_FEC[12]_PHY_NORXERR
                The PHY does not have a RXERR line (RMII only).
                (so program the FEC to ignore it).

- CONFIG_RMII
                Enable RMII mode for all FECs.
                Note that this is a global option, we can't
                have one FEC in standard MII mode and another in RMII mode.

- CONFIG_CRC32_VERIFY
                Add a verify option to the crc32 command.
                The syntax is:

                => crc32 -v <address> <count> <crc32>

                Where address/count indicate a memory area
                and crc32 is the correct crc32 which the
                area should have.

- CONFIG_LOOPW
                Add the "loopw" memory command. This only takes effect if
                the memory commands are activated globally (CONFIG_CMD_MEM).

- CONFIG_MX_CYCLIC
                Add the "mdc" and "mwc" memory commands. These are cyclic
                "md/mw" commands.
                Examples:

                => mdc.b 10 4 500
                This command will print 4 bytes (10,11,12,13) each 500 ms.

                => mwc.l 100 12345678 10
                This command will write 12345678 to address 100 all 10 ms.

                This only takes effect if the memory commands are activated
                globally (CONFIG_CMD_MEM).

- CONFIG_SKIP_LOWLEVEL_INIT
                [ARM only] If this variable is defined, then certain
                low level initializations (like setting up the memory
                controller) are omitted and/or U-Boot does not
                relocate itself into RAM.

                Normally this variable MUST NOT be defined. The only
                exception is when U-Boot is loaded (to RAM) by some
                other boot loader or by a debugger which performs
                these initializations itself.

- CONFIG_PRELOADER
                Modifies the behaviour of start.S when compiling a loader
                that is executed before the actual U-Boot. E.g. when
                compiling a NAND SPL.

Building the Software:
======================

Building U-Boot has been tested in several native build environments
and in many different cross environments. Of course we cannot support
all possibly existing versions of cross development tools in all
(potentially obsolete) versions. In case of tool chain problems we
recommend to use the ELDK (see http://www.denx.de/wiki/DULG/ELDK)
which is extensively used to build and test U-Boot.

If you are not using a native environment, it is assumed that you
have GNU cross compiling tools available in your path. In this case,
you must set the environment variable CROSS_COMPILE in your shell.
Note that no changes to the Makefile or any other source files are
necessary. For example using the ELDK on a 4xx CPU, please enter:

        $ CROSS_COMPILE=ppc_4xx-
        $ export CROSS_COMPILE

Note: If you wish to generate Windows versions of the utilities in
      the tools directory you can use the MinGW toolchain
      (http://www.mingw.org).  Set your HOST tools to the MinGW
      toolchain and execute 'make tools'.  For example:

       $ make HOSTCC=i586-mingw32msvc-gcc HOSTSTRIP=i586-mingw32msvc-strip tools

      Binaries such as tools/mkimage.exe will be created which can
      be executed on computers running Windows.

U-Boot is intended to be simple to build. After installing the
sources you must configure U-Boot for one specific board type. This
is done by typing:

        make NAME_config

where "NAME_config" is the name of one of the existing configu-
rations; see the main Makefile for supported names.

Note: for some board special configuration names may exist; check if
      additional information is available from the board vendor; for
      instance, the TQM823L systems are available without (standard)
      or with LCD support. You can select such additional "features"
      when choosing the configuration, i. e.

      make TQM823L_config
        - will configure for a plain TQM823L, i. e. no LCD support

      make TQM823L_LCD_config
        - will configure for a TQM823L with U-Boot console on LCD

      etc.


Finally, type "make all", and you should get some working U-Boot
images ready for download to / installation on your system:

- "u-boot.bin" is a raw binary image
- "u-boot" is an image in ELF binary format
- "u-boot.srec" is in Motorola S-Record format

By default the build is performed locally and the objects are saved
in the source directory. One of the two methods can be used to change
this behavior and build U-Boot to some external directory:

1. Add O= to the make command line invocations:

        make O=/tmp/build distclean
        make O=/tmp/build NAME_config
        make O=/tmp/build all

2. Set environment variable BUILD_DIR to point to the desired location:

        export BUILD_DIR=/tmp/build
        make distclean
        make NAME_config
        make all

Note that the command line "O=" setting overrides the BUILD_DIR environment
variable.


Please be aware that the Makefiles assume you are using GNU make, so
for instance on NetBSD you might need to use "gmake" instead of
native "make".


If the system board that you have is not listed, then you will need
to port U-Boot to your hardware platform. To do this, follow these
steps:

1.  Add a new configuration option for your board to the toplevel
    "Makefile" and to the "MAKEALL" script, using the existing
    entries as examples. Note that here and at many other places
    boards and other names are listed in alphabetical sort order. Please
    keep this order.
2.  Create a new directory to hold your board specific code. Add any
    files you need. In your board directory, you will need at least
    the "Makefile", a "<board>.c", "flash.c" and "u-boot.lds".
3.  Create a new configuration file "include/configs/<board>.h" for
    your board
3.  If you're porting U-Boot to a new CPU, then also create a new
    directory to hold your CPU specific code. Add any files you need.
4.  Run "make <board>_config" with your new name.
5.  Type "make", and you should get a working "u-boot.srec" file
    to be installed on your target system.
6.  Debug and solve any problems that might arise.
    [Of course, this last step is much harder than it sounds.]


Testing of U-Boot Modifications, Ports to New Hardware, etc.:
==============================================================

If you have modified U-Boot sources (for instance added a new board
or support for new devices, a new CPU, etc.) you are expected to
provide feedback to the other developers. The feedback normally takes
the form of a "patch", i. e. a context diff against a certain (latest
official or latest in the git repository) version of U-Boot sources.

But before you submit such a patch, please verify that your modifi-
cation did not break existing code. At least make sure that *ALL* of
the supported boards compile WITHOUT ANY compiler warnings. To do so,
just run the "MAKEALL" script, which will configure and build U-Boot
for ALL supported system. Be warned, this will take a while. You can
select which (cross) compiler to use by passing a `CROSS_COMPILE'
environment variable to the script, i. e. to use the ELDK cross tools
you can type

        CROSS_COMPILE=ppc_8xx- MAKEALL

or to build on a native PowerPC system you can type

        CROSS_COMPILE=' ' MAKEALL

When using the MAKEALL script, the default behaviour is to build
U-Boot in the source directory. This location can be changed by
setting the BUILD_DIR environment variable. Also, for each target
built, the MAKEALL script saves two log files (<target>.ERR and
<target>.MAKEALL) in the <source dir>/LOG directory. This default
location can be changed by setting the MAKEALL_LOGDIR environment
variable. For example:

        export BUILD_DIR=/tmp/build
        export MAKEALL_LOGDIR=/tmp/log
        CROSS_COMPILE=ppc_8xx- MAKEALL

With the above settings build objects are saved in the /tmp/build,
log files are saved in the /tmp/log and the source tree remains clean
during the whole build process.


See also "U-Boot Porting Guide" below.


Monitor Commands - Overview:
============================

go      - start application at address 'addr'
run     - run commands in an environment variable
bootm   - boot application image from memory
bootp   - boot image via network using BootP/TFTP protocol
tftpboot- boot image via network using TFTP protocol
               and env variables "ipaddr" and "serverip"
               (and eventually "gatewayip")
rarpboot- boot image via network using RARP/TFTP protocol
diskboot- boot from IDE devicebootd   - boot default, i.e., run 'bootcmd'
loads   - load S-Record file over serial line
loadb   - load binary file over serial line (kermit mode)
md      - memory display
mm      - memory modify (auto-incrementing)
nm      - memory modify (constant address)
mw      - memory write (fill)
cp      - memory copy
cmp     - memory compare
crc32   - checksum calculation
i2c     - I2C sub-system
sspi    - SPI utility commands
base    - print or set address offset
printenv- print environment variables
setenv  - set environment variables
saveenv - save environment variables to persistent storage
protect - enable or disable FLASH write protection
erase   - erase FLASH memory
flinfo  - print FLASH memory information
bdinfo  - print Board Info structure
iminfo  - print header information for application image
coninfo - print console devices and informations
ide     - IDE sub-system
loop    - infinite loop on address range
loopw   - infinite write loop on address range
mtest   - simple RAM test
icache  - enable or disable instruction cache
dcache  - enable or disable data cache
reset   - Perform RESET of the CPU
echo    - echo args to console
version - print monitor version
help    - print online help
?       - alias for 'help'


Monitor Commands - Detailed Description:
========================================

TODO.

For now: just type "help <command>".


Environment Variables:
======================

U-Boot supports user configuration using Environment Variables which
can be made persistent by saving to Flash memory.

Environment Variables are set using "setenv", printed using
"printenv", and saved to Flash using "saveenv". Using "setenv"
without a value can be used to delete a variable from the
environment. As long as you don't save the environment you are
working with an in-memory copy. In case the Flash area containing the
environment is erased by accident, a default environment is provided.

Some configuration options can be set using Environment Variables.

List of environment variables (most likely not complete):

  baudrate      - see CONFIG_BAUDRATE

  bootdelay     - see CONFIG_BOOTDELAY

  bootcmd       - see CONFIG_BOOTCOMMAND

  bootargs      - Boot arguments when booting an RTOS image

  bootfile      - Name of the image to load with TFTP

  bootm_low     - Memory range available for image processing in the bootm
                  command can be restricted. This variable is given as
                  a hexadecimal number and defines lowest address allowed
                  for use by the bootm command. See also "bootm_size"
                  environment variable. Address defined by "bootm_low" is
                  also the base of the initial memory mapping for the Linux
                  kernel -- see the description of CONFIG_SYS_BOOTMAPSZ.

  bootm_size    - Memory range available for image processing in the bootm
                  command can be restricted. This variable is given as
                  a hexadecimal number and defines the size of the region
                  allowed for use by the bootm command. See also "bootm_low"
                  environment variable.

  updatefile    - Location of the software update file on a TFTP server, used
                  by the automatic software update feature. Please refer to
                  documentation in doc/README.update for more details.

  autoload      - if set to "no" (any string beginning with 'n'),
                  "bootp" will just load perform a lookup of the
                  configuration from the BOOTP server, but not try to
                  load any image using TFTP

  autostart     - if set to "yes", an image loaded using the "bootp",
                  "rarpboot", "tftpboot" or "diskboot" commands will
                  be automatically started (by internally calling
                  "bootm")

                  If set to "no", a standalone image passed to the
                  "bootm" command will be copied to the load address
                  (and eventually uncompressed), but NOT be started.
                  This can be used to load and uncompress arbitrary
                  data.

  i2cfast       - (PPC405GP|PPC405EP only)
                  if set to 'y' configures Linux I2C driver for fast
                  mode (400kHZ). This environment variable is used in
                  initialization code. So, for changes to be effective
                  it must be saved and board must be reset.

  initrd_high   - restrict positioning of initrd images:
                  If this variable is not set, initrd images will be
                  copied to the highest possible address in RAM; this
                  is usually what you want since it allows for
                  maximum initrd size. If for some reason you want to
                  make sure that the initrd image is loaded below the
                  CONFIG_SYS_BOOTMAPSZ limit, you can set this environment
                  variable to a value of "no" or "off" or "0".
                  Alternatively, you can set it to a maximum upper
                  address to use (U-Boot will still check that it
                  does not overwrite the U-Boot stack and data).

                  For instance, when you have a system with 16 MB
                  RAM, and want to reserve 4 MB from use by Linux,
                  you can do this by adding "mem=12M" to the value of
                  the "bootargs" variable. However, now you must make
                  sure that the initrd image is placed in the first
                  12 MB as well - this can be done with

                  setenv initrd_high 00c00000

                  If you set initrd_high to 0xFFFFFFFF, this is an
                  indication to U-Boot that all addresses are legal
                  for the Linux kernel, including addresses in flash
                  memory. In this case U-Boot will NOT COPY the
                  ramdisk at all. This may be useful to reduce the
                  boot time on your system, but requires that this
                  feature is supported by your Linux kernel.

  ipaddr        - IP address; needed for tftpboot command

  loadaddr      - Default load address for commands like "bootp",
                  "rarpboot", "tftpboot", "loadb" or "diskboot"

  loads_echo    - see CONFIG_LOADS_ECHO

  serverip      - TFTP server IP address; needed for tftpboot command

  bootretry     - see CONFIG_BOOT_RETRY_TIME

  bootdelaykey  - see CONFIG_AUTOBOOT_DELAY_STR

  bootstopkey   - see CONFIG_AUTOBOOT_STOP_STR

  ethprime      - When CONFIG_NET_MULTI is enabled controls which
                  interface is used first.

  ethact        - When CONFIG_NET_MULTI is enabled controls which
                  interface is currently active. For example you
                  can do the following

                  => setenv ethact FEC
                  => ping 192.168.0.1 # traffic sent on FEC
                  => setenv ethact SCC
                  => ping 10.0.0.1 # traffic sent on SCC

  ethrotate     - When set to "no" U-Boot does not go through all
                  available network interfaces.
                  It just stays at the currently selected interface.

  netretry      - When set to "no" each network operation will
                  either succeed or fail without retrying.
                  When set to "once" the network operation will
                  fail when all the available network interfaces
                  are tried once without success.
                  Useful on scripts which control the retry operation
                  themselves.

  npe_ucode     - set load address for the NPE microcode

  tftpsrcport   - If this is set, the value is used for TFTP's
                  UDP source port.

  tftpdstport   - If this is set, the value is used for TFTP's UDP
                  destination port instead of the Well Know Port 69.

  tftpblocksize - Block size to use for TFTP transfers; if not set,
                  we use the TFTP server's default block size

  tftptimeout   - Retransmission timeout for TFTP packets (in milli-
                  seconds, minimum value is 1000 = 1 second). Defines
                  when a packet is considered to be lost so it has to
                  be retransmitted. The default is 5000 = 5 seconds.
                  Lowering this value may make downloads succeed
                  faster in networks with high packet loss rates or
                  with unreliable TFTP servers.

  vlan          - When set to a value < 4095 the traffic over
                  Ethernet is encapsulated/received over 802.1q
                  VLAN tagged frames.

The following environment variables may be used and automatically
updated by the network boot commands ("bootp" and "rarpboot"),
depending the information provided by your boot server:

  bootfile      - see above
  dnsip         - IP address of your Domain Name Server
  dnsip2        - IP address of your secondary Domain Name Server
  gatewayip     - IP address of the Gateway (Router) to use
  hostname      - Target hostname
  ipaddr        - see above
  netmask       - Subnet Mask
  rootpath      - Pathname of the root filesystem on the NFS server
  serverip      - see above


There are two special Environment Variables:

  serial#       - contains hardware identification information such
                  as type string and/or serial number
  ethaddr       - Ethernet address

These variables can be set only once (usually during manufacturing of
the board). U-Boot refuses to delete or overwrite these variables
once they have been set once.


Further special Environment Variables:

  ver           - Contains the U-Boot version string as printed
                  with the "version" command. This variable is
                  readonly (see CONFIG_VERSION_VARIABLE).


Please note that changes to some configuration parameters may take
only effect after the next boot (yes, that's just like Windoze :-).


Command Line Parsing:
=====================

There are two different command line parsers available with U-Boot:
the old "simple" one, and the much more powerful "hush" shell:

Old, simple command line parser:
--------------------------------

- supports environment variables (through setenv / saveenv commands)
- several commands on one line, separated by ';'
- variable substitution using "... ${name} ..." syntax
- special characters ('$', ';') can be escaped by prefixing with '\',
  for example:
        setenv bootcmd bootm \${address}
- You can also escape text by enclosing in single apostrophes, for example:
        setenv addip 'setenv bootargs $bootargs ip=$ipaddr:$serverip:$gatewayip:$netmask:$hostname::off'

Hush shell:
-----------

- similar to Bourne shell, with control structures like
  if...then...else...fi, for...do...done; while...do...done,
  until...do...done, ...
- supports environment ("global") variables (through setenv / saveenv
  commands) and local shell variables (through standard shell syntax
  "name=value"); only environment variables can be used with "run"
  command

General rules:
--------------

(1) If a command line (or an environment variable executed by a "run"
    command) contains several commands separated by semicolon, and
    one of these commands fails, then the remaining commands will be
    executed anyway.

(2) If you execute several variables with one call to run (i. e.
    calling run with a list of variables as arguments), any failing
    command will cause "run" to terminate, i. e. the remaining
    variables are not executed.

Note for Redundant Ethernet Interfaces:
=======================================

Some boards come with redundant Ethernet interfaces; U-Boot supports
such configurations and is capable of automatic selection of a
"working" interface when needed. MAC assignment works as follows:

Network interfaces are numbered eth0, eth1, eth2, ... Corresponding
MAC addresses can be stored in the environment as "ethaddr" (=>eth0),
"eth1addr" (=>eth1), "eth2addr", ...

If the network interface stores some valid MAC address (for instance
in SROM), this is used as default address if there is NO correspon-
ding setting in the environment; if the corresponding environment
variable is set, this overrides the settings in the card; that means:

o If the SROM has a valid MAC address, and there is no address in the
  environment, the SROM's address is used.

o If there is no valid address in the SROM, and a definition in the
  environment exists, then the value from the environment variable is
  used.

o If both the SROM and the environment contain a MAC address, and
  both addresses are the same, this MAC address is used.

o If both the SROM and the environment contain a MAC address, and the
  addresses differ, the value from the environment is used and a
  warning is printed.

o If neither SROM nor the environment contain a MAC address, an error
  is raised.

If Ethernet drivers implement the 'write_hwaddr' function, valid MAC addresses
will be programmed into hardware as part of the initialization process.  This
may be skipped by setting the appropriate 'ethmacskip' environment variable.
The naming convention is as follows:
"ethmacskip" (=>eth0), "eth1macskip" (=>eth1) etc.

Image Formats:
==============

U-Boot is capable of booting (and performing other auxiliary operations on)
images in two formats:

New uImage format (FIT)
-----------------------

Flexible and powerful format based on Flattened Image Tree -- FIT (similar
to Flattened Device Tree). It allows the use of images with multiple
components (several kernels, ramdisks, etc.), with contents protected by
SHA1, MD5 or CRC32. More details are found in the doc/uImage.FIT directory.


Old uImage format
-----------------

Old image format is based on binary files which can be basically anything,
preceded by a special header; see the definitions in include/image.h for
details; basically, the header defines the following image properties:

* Target Operating System (Provisions for OpenBSD, NetBSD, FreeBSD,
  4.4BSD, Linux, SVR4, Esix, Solaris, Irix, SCO, Dell, NCR, VxWorks,
  LynxOS, pSOS, QNX, RTEMS, INTEGRITY;
  Currently supported: Linux, NetBSD, VxWorks, QNX, RTEMS, LynxOS,
  INTEGRITY).
* Target CPU Architecture (Provisions for Alpha, ARM, AVR32, Intel x86,
  IA64, MIPS, Nios II, PowerPC, IBM S390, SuperH, Sparc, Sparc 64 Bit;
  Currently supported: ARM, AVR32, Intel x86, MIPS, Nios II, PowerPC).
* Compression Type (uncompressed, gzip, bzip2)
* Load Address
* Entry Point
* Image Name
* Image Timestamp

The header is marked by a special Magic Number, and both the header
and the data portions of the image are secured against corruption by
CRC32 checksums.


Linux Support:
==============

Although U-Boot should support any OS or standalone application
easily, the main focus has always been on Linux during the design of
U-Boot.

U-Boot includes many features that so far have been part of some
special "boot loader" code within the Linux kernel. Also, any
"initrd" images to be used are no longer part of one big Linux image;
instead, kernel and "initrd" are separate images. This implementation
serves several purposes:

- the same features can be used for other OS or standalone
  applications (for instance: using compressed images to reduce the
  Flash memory footprint)

- it becomes much easier to port new Linux kernel versions because
  lots of low-level, hardware dependent stuff are done by U-Boot

- the same Linux kernel image can now be used with different "initrd"
  images; of course this also means that different kernel images can
  be run with the same "initrd". This makes testing easier (you don't
  have to build a new "zImage.initrd" Linux image when you just
  change a file in your "initrd"). Also, a field-upgrade of the
  software is easier now.


Linux HOWTO:
============

Porting Linux to U-Boot based systems:
---------------------------------------

U-Boot cannot save you from doing all the necessary modifications to
configure the Linux device drivers for use with your target hardware
(no, we don't intend to provide a full virtual machine interface to
Linux :-).

But now you can ignore ALL boot loader code (in arch/powerpc/mbxboot).

Just make sure your machine specific header file (for instance
include/asm-ppc/tqm8xx.h) includes the same definition of the Board
Information structure as we define in include/asm-<arch>/u-boot.h,
and make sure that your definition of IMAP_ADDR uses the same value
as your U-Boot configuration in CONFIG_SYS_IMMR.


Configuring the Linux kernel:
-----------------------------

No specific requirements for U-Boot. Make sure you have some root
device (initial ramdisk, NFS) for your target system.


Building a Linux Image:
-----------------------

With U-Boot, "normal" build targets like "zImage" or "bzImage" are
not used. If you use recent kernel source, a new build target
"uImage" will exist which automatically builds an image usable by
U-Boot. Most older kernels also have support for a "pImage" target,
which was introduced for our predecessor project PPCBoot and uses a
100% compatible format.

Example:

        make TQM850L_config
        make oldconfig
        make dep
        make uImage

The "uImage" build target uses a special tool (in 'tools/mkimage') to
encapsulate a compressed Linux kernel image with header  information,
CRC32 checksum etc. for use with U-Boot. This is what we are doing:

* build a standard "vmlinux" kernel image (in ELF binary format):

* convert the kernel into a raw binary image:

        ${CROSS_COMPILE}-objcopy -O binary \
                                 -R .note -R .comment \
                                 -S vmlinux linux.bin

* compress the binary image:

        gzip -9 linux.bin

* package compressed binary image for U-Boot:

        mkimage -A ppc -O linux -T kernel -C gzip \
                -a 0 -e 0 -n "Linux Kernel Image" \
                -d linux.bin.gz uImage


The "mkimage" tool can also be used to create ramdisk images for use
with U-Boot, either separated from the Linux kernel image, or
combined into one file. "mkimage" encapsulates the images with a 64
byte header containing information about target architecture,
operating system, image type, compression method, entry points, time
stamp, CRC32 checksums, etc.

"mkimage" can be called in two ways: to verify existing images and
print the header information, or to build new images.

In the first form (with "-l" option) mkimage lists the information
contained in the header of an existing U-Boot image; this includes
checksum verification:

        tools/mkimage -l image
          -l ==> list image header information

The second form (with "-d" option) is used to build a U-Boot image
from a "data file" which is used as image payload:

        tools/mkimage -A arch -O os -T type -C comp -a addr -e ep \
                      -n name -d data_file image
          -A ==> set architecture to 'arch'
          -O ==> set operating system to 'os'
          -T ==> set image type to 'type'
          -C ==> set compression type 'comp'
          -a ==> set load address to 'addr' (hex)
          -e ==> set entry point to 'ep' (hex)
          -n ==> set image name to 'name'
          -d ==> use image data from 'datafile'

Right now, all Linux kernels for PowerPC systems use the same load
address (0x00000000), but the entry point address depends on the
kernel version:

- 2.2.x kernels have the entry point at 0x0000000C,
- 2.3.x and later kernels have the entry point at 0x00000000.

So a typical call to build a U-Boot image would read:

        -> tools/mkimage -n '2.4.4 kernel for TQM850L' \
        > -A ppc -O linux -T kernel -C gzip -a 0 -e 0 \
        > -d /opt/elsk/ppc_8xx/usr/src/linux-2.4.4/arch/powerpc/coffboot/vmlinux.gz \
        > examples/uImage.TQM850L
        Image Name:   2.4.4 kernel for TQM850L
        Created:      Wed Jul 19 02:34:59 2000
        Image Type:   PowerPC Linux Kernel Image (gzip compressed)
        Data Size:    335725 Bytes = 327.86 kB = 0.32 MB
        Load Address: 0x00000000
        Entry Point:  0x00000000

To verify the contents of the image (or check for corruption):

        -> tools/mkimage -l examples/uImage.TQM850L
        Image Name:   2.4.4 kernel for TQM850L
        Created:      Wed Jul 19 02:34:59 2000
        Image Type:   PowerPC Linux Kernel Image (gzip compressed)
        Data Size:    335725 Bytes = 327.86 kB = 0.32 MB
        Load Address: 0x00000000
        Entry Point:  0x00000000

NOTE: for embedded systems where boot time is critical you can trade
speed for memory and install an UNCOMPRESSED image instead: this
needs more space in Flash, but boots much faster since it does not
need to be uncompressed:

        -> gunzip /opt/elsk/ppc_8xx/usr/src/linux-2.4.4/arch/powerpc/coffboot/vmlinux.gz
        -> tools/mkimage -n '2.4.4 kernel for TQM850L' \
        > -A ppc -O linux -T kernel -C none -a 0 -e 0 \
        > -d /opt/elsk/ppc_8xx/usr/src/linux-2.4.4/arch/powerpc/coffboot/vmlinux \
        > examples/uImage.TQM850L-uncompressed
        Image Name:   2.4.4 kernel for TQM850L
        Created:      Wed Jul 19 02:34:59 2000
        Image Type:   PowerPC Linux Kernel Image (uncompressed)
        Data Size:    792160 Bytes = 773.59 kB = 0.76 MB
        Load Address: 0x00000000
        Entry Point:  0x00000000


Similar you can build U-Boot images from a 'ramdisk.image.gz' file
when your kernel is intended to use an initial ramdisk:

        -> tools/mkimage -n 'Simple Ramdisk Image' \
        > -A ppc -O linux -T ramdisk -C gzip \
        > -d /LinuxPPC/images/SIMPLE-ramdisk.image.gz examples/simple-initrd
        Image Name:   Simple Ramdisk Image
        Created:      Wed Jan 12 14:01:50 2000
        Image Type:   PowerPC Linux RAMDisk Image (gzip compressed)
        Data Size:    566530 Bytes = 553.25 kB = 0.54 MB
        Load Address: 0x00000000
        Entry Point:  0x00000000


Installing a Linux Image:
-------------------------

To downloading a U-Boot image over the serial (console) interface,
you must convert the image to S-Record format:

        objcopy -I binary -O srec examples/image examples/image.srec

The 'objcopy' does not understand the information in the U-Boot
image header, so the resulting S-Record file will be relative to
address 0x00000000. To load it to a given address, you need to
specify the target address as 'offset' parameter with the 'loads'
command.

Example: install the image to address 0x40100000 (which on the
TQM8xxL is in the first Flash bank):

        => erase 40100000 401FFFFF

        .......... done
        Erased 8 sectors

        => loads 40100000
        ## Ready for S-Record download ...
        ~>examples/image.srec
        1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ...
        ...
        15989 15990 15991 15992
        [file transfer complete]
        [connected]
        ## Start Addr = 0x00000000


You can check the success of the download using the 'iminfo' command;
this includes a checksum verification so you can be sure no data
corruption happened:

        => imi 40100000

        ## Checking Image at 40100000 ...
           Image Name:   2.2.13 for initrd on TQM850L
           Image Type:   PowerPC Linux Kernel Image (gzip compressed)
           Data Size:    335725 Bytes = 327 kB = 0 MB
           Load Address: 00000000
           Entry Point:  0000000c
           Verifying Checksum ... OK


Boot Linux:
-----------

The "bootm" command is used to boot an application that is stored in
memory (RAM or Flash). In case of a Linux kernel image, the contents
of the "bootargs" environment variable is passed to the kernel as
parameters. You can check and modify this variable using the
"printenv" and "setenv" commands:


        => printenv bootargs
        bootargs=root=/dev/ram

        => setenv bootargs root=/dev/nfs rw nfsroot=10.0.0.2:/LinuxPPC nfsaddrs=10.0.0.99:10.0.0.2

        => printenv bootargs
        bootargs=root=/dev/nfs rw nfsroot=10.0.0.2:/LinuxPPC nfsaddrs=10.0.0.99:10.0.0.2

        => bootm 40020000
        ## Booting Linux kernel at 40020000 ...
           Image Name:   2.2.13 for NFS on TQM850L
           Image Type:   PowerPC Linux Kernel Image (gzip compressed)
           Data Size:    381681 Bytes = 372 kB = 0 MB
           Load Address: 00000000
           Entry Point:  0000000c
           Verifying Checksum ... OK
           Uncompressing Kernel Image ... OK
        Linux version 2.2.13 (wd@denx.local.net) (gcc version 2.95.2 19991024 (release)) #1 Wed Jul 19 02:35:17 MEST 2000
        Boot arguments: root=/dev/nfs rw nfsroot=10.0.0.2:/LinuxPPC nfsaddrs=10.0.0.99:10.0.0.2
        time_init: decrementer frequency = 187500000/60
        Calibrating delay loop... 49.77 BogoMIPS
        Memory: 15208k available (700k kernel code, 444k data, 32k init) [c0000000,c1000000]
        ...

If you want to boot a Linux kernel with initial RAM disk, you pass
the memory addresses of both the kernel and the initrd image (PPBCOOT
format!) to the "bootm" command:

        => imi 40100000 40200000

        ## Checking Image at 40100000 ...
           Image Name:   2.2.13 for initrd on TQM850L
           Image Type:   PowerPC Linux Kernel Image (gzip compressed)
           Data Size:    335725 Bytes = 327 kB = 0 MB
           Load Address: 00000000
           Entry Point:  0000000c
           Verifying Checksum ... OK

        ## Checking Image at 40200000 ...
           Image Name:   Simple Ramdisk Image
           Image Type:   PowerPC Linux RAMDisk Image (gzip compressed)
           Data Size:    566530 Bytes = 553 kB = 0 MB
           Load Address: 00000000
           Entry Point:  00000000
           Verifying Checksum ... OK

        => bootm 40100000 40200000
        ## Booting Linux kernel at 40100000 ...
           Image Name:   2.2.13 for initrd on TQM850L
           Image Type:   PowerPC Linux Kernel Image (gzip compressed)
           Data Size:    335725 Bytes = 327 kB = 0 MB
           Load Address: 00000000
           Entry Point:  0000000c
           Verifying Checksum ... OK
           Uncompressing Kernel Image ... OK
        ## Loading RAMDisk Image at 40200000 ...
           Image Name:   Simple Ramdisk Image
           Image Type:   PowerPC Linux RAMDisk Image (gzip compressed)
           Data Size:    566530 Bytes = 553 kB = 0 MB
           Load Address: 00000000
           Entry Point:  00000000
           Verifying Checksum ... OK
           Loading Ramdisk ... OK
        Linux version 2.2.13 (wd@denx.local.net) (gcc version 2.95.2 19991024 (release)) #1 Wed Jul 19 02:32:08 MEST 2000
        Boot arguments: root=/dev/ram
        time_init: decrementer frequency = 187500000/60
        Calibrating delay loop... 49.77 BogoMIPS
        ...
        RAMDISK: Compressed image found at block 0
        VFS: Mounted root (ext2 filesystem).

        bash#

Boot Linux and pass a flat device tree:
-----------

First, U-Boot must be compiled with the appropriate defines. See the section
titled "Linux Kernel Interface" above for a more in depth explanation. The
following is an example of how to start a kernel and pass an updated
flat device tree:

=> print oftaddr
oftaddr=0x300000
=> print oft
oft=oftrees/mpc8540ads.dtb
=> tftp $oftaddr $oft
Speed: 1000, full duplex
Using TSEC0 device
TFTP from server 192.168.1.1; our IP address is 192.168.1.101
Filename 'oftrees/mpc8540ads.dtb'.
Load address: 0x300000
Loading: #
done
Bytes transferred = 4106 (100a hex)
=> tftp $loadaddr $bootfile
Speed: 1000, full duplex
Using TSEC0 device
TFTP from server 192.168.1.1; our IP address is 192.168.1.2
Filename 'uImage'.
Load address: 0x200000
Loading:############
done
Bytes transferred = 1029407 (fb51f hex)
=> print loadaddr
loadaddr=200000
=> print oftaddr
oftaddr=0x300000
=> bootm $loadaddr - $oftaddr
## Booting image at 00200000 ...
   Image Name:   Linux-2.6.17-dirty
   Image Type:   PowerPC Linux Kernel Image (gzip compressed)
   Data Size:    1029343 Bytes = 1005.2 kB
   Load Address: 00000000
   Entry Point:  00000000
   Verifying Checksum ... OK
   Uncompressing Kernel Image ... OK
Booting using flat device tree at 0x300000
Using MPC85xx ADS machine description
Memory CAM mapping: CAM0=256Mb, CAM1=256Mb, CAM2=0Mb residual: 0Mb
[snip]


More About U-Boot Image Types:
------------------------------

U-Boot supports the following image types:

   "Standalone Programs" are directly runnable in the environment
        provided by U-Boot; it is expected that (if they behave
        well) you can continue to work in U-Boot after return from
        the Standalone Program.
   "OS Kernel Images" are usually images of some Embedded OS which
        will take over control completely. Usually these programs
        will install their own set of exception handlers, device
        drivers, set up the MMU, etc. - this means, that you cannot
        expect to re-enter U-Boot except by resetting the CPU.
   "RAMDisk Images" are more or less just data blocks, and their
        parameters (address, size) are passed to an OS kernel that is
        being started.
   "Multi-File Images" contain several images, typically an OS
        (Linux) kernel image and one or more data images like
        RAMDisks. This construct is useful for instance when you want
        to boot over the network using BOOTP etc., where the boot
        server provides just a single image file, but you want to get
        for instance an OS kernel and a RAMDisk image.

        "Multi-File Images" start with a list of image sizes, each
        image size (in bytes) specified by an "uint32_t" in network
        byte order. This list is terminated by an "(uint32_t)0".
        Immediately after the terminating 0 follow the images, one by
        one, all aligned on "uint32_t" boundaries (size rounded up to
        a multiple of 4 bytes).

   "Firmware Images" are binary images containing firmware (like
        U-Boot or FPGA images) which usually will be programmed to
        flash memory.

   "Script files" are command sequences that will be executed by
        U-Boot's command interpreter; this feature is especially
        useful when you configure U-Boot to use a real shell (hush)
        as command interpreter.


Standalone HOWTO:
=================

One of the features of U-Boot is that you can dynamically load and
run "standalone" applications, which can use some resources of
U-Boot like console I/O functions or interrupt services.

Two simple examples are included with the sources:

"Hello World" Demo:
-------------------

'examples/hello_world.c' contains a small "Hello World" Demo
application; it is automatically compiled when you build U-Boot.
It's configured to run at address 0x00040004, so you can play with it
like that:

        => loads
        ## Ready for S-Record download ...
        ~>examples/hello_world.srec
        1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ...
        [file transfer complete]
        [connected]
        ## Start Addr = 0x00040004

        => go 40004 Hello World! This is a test.
        ## Starting application at 0x00040004 ...
        Hello World
        argc = 7
        argv[0] = "40004"
        argv[1] = "Hello"
        argv[2] = "World!"
        argv[3] = "This"
        argv[4] = "is"
        argv[5] = "a"
        argv[6] = "test."
        argv[7] = "<NULL>"
        Hit any key to exit ...

        ## Application terminated, rc = 0x0

Another example, which demonstrates how to register a CPM interrupt
handler with the U-Boot code, can be found in 'examples/timer.c'.
Here, a CPM timer is set up to generate an interrupt every second.
The interrupt service routine is trivial, just printing a '.'
character, but this is just a demo program. The application can be
controlled by the following keys:

        ? - print current values og the CPM Timer registers
        b - enable interrupts and start timer
        e - stop timer and disable interrupts
        q - quit application

        => loads
        ## Ready for S-Record download ...
        ~>examples/timer.srec
        1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ...
        [file transfer complete]
        [connected]
        ## Start Addr = 0x00040004

        => go 40004
        ## Starting application at 0x00040004 ...
        TIMERS=0xfff00980
        Using timer 1
          tgcr @ 0xfff00980, tmr @ 0xfff00990, trr @ 0xfff00994, tcr @ 0xfff00998, tcn @ 0xfff0099c, ter @ 0xfff009b0

Hit 'b':
        [q, b, e, ?] Set interval 1000000 us
        Enabling timer
Hit '?':
        [q, b, e, ?] ........
        tgcr=0x1, tmr=0xff1c, trr=0x3d09, tcr=0x0, tcn=0xef6, ter=0x0
Hit '?':
        [q, b, e, ?] .
        tgcr=0x1, tmr=0xff1c, trr=0x3d09, tcr=0x0, tcn=0x2ad4, ter=0x0
Hit '?':
        [q, b, e, ?] .
        tgcr=0x1, tmr=0xff1c, trr=0x3d09, tcr=0x0, tcn=0x1efc, ter=0x0
Hit '?':
        [q, b, e, ?] .
        tgcr=0x1, tmr=0xff1c, trr=0x3d09, tcr=0x0, tcn=0x169d, ter=0x0
Hit 'e':
        [q, b, e, ?] ...Stopping timer
Hit 'q':
        [q, b, e, ?] ## Application terminated, rc = 0x0


Minicom warning:
================

Over time, many people have reported problems when trying to use the
"minicom" terminal emulation program for serial download. I (wd)
consider minicom to be broken, and recommend not to use it. Under
Unix, I recommend to use C-Kermit for general purpose use (and
especially for kermit binary protocol download ("loadb" command), and
use "cu" for S-Record download ("loads" command).

Nevertheless, if you absolutely want to use it try adding this
configuration to your "File transfer protocols" section:

           Name    Program                      Name U/D FullScr IO-Red. Multi
        X  kermit  /usr/bin/kermit -i -l %l -s   Y    U    Y       N      N
        Y  kermit  /usr/bin/kermit -i -l %l -r   N    D    Y       N      N


NetBSD Notes:
=============

Starting at version 0.9.2, U-Boot supports NetBSD both as host
(build U-Boot) and target system (boots NetBSD/mpc8xx).

Building requires a cross environment; it is known to work on
NetBSD/i386 with the cross-powerpc-netbsd-1.3 package (you will also
need gmake since the Makefiles are not compatible with BSD make).
Note that the cross-powerpc package does not install include files;
attempting to build U-Boot will fail because <machine/ansi.h> is
missing.  This file has to be installed and patched manually:

        # cd /usr/pkg/cross/powerpc-netbsd/include
        # mkdir powerpc
        # ln -s powerpc machine
        # cp /usr/src/sys/arch/powerpc/include/ansi.h powerpc/ansi.h
        # ${EDIT} powerpc/ansi.h        ## must remove __va_list, _BSD_VA_LIST

Native builds *don't* work due to incompatibilities between native
and U-Boot include files.

Booting assumes that (the first part of) the image booted is a
stage-2 loader which in turn loads and then invokes the kernel
proper. Loader sources will eventually appear in the NetBSD source
tree (probably in sys/arc/mpc8xx/stand/u-boot_stage2/); in the
meantime, see ftp://ftp.denx.de/pub/u-boot/ppcboot_stage2.tar.gz


Implementation Internals:
=========================

The following is not intended to be a complete description of every
implementation detail. However, it should help to understand the
inner workings of U-Boot and make it easier to port it to custom
hardware.


Initial Stack, Global Data:
---------------------------

The implementation of U-Boot is complicated by the fact that U-Boot
starts running out of ROM (flash memory), usually without access to
system RAM (because the memory controller is not initialized yet).
This means that we don't have writable Data or BSS segments, and BSS
is not initialized as zero. To be able to get a C environment working
at all, we have to allocate at least a minimal stack. Implementation
options for this are defined and restricted by the CPU used: Some CPU
models provide on-chip memory (like the IMMR area on MPC8xx and
MPC826x processors), on others (parts of) the data cache can be
locked as (mis-) used as memory, etc.

        Chris Hallinan posted a good summary of these issues to the
        U-Boot mailing list:

        Subject: RE: [U-Boot-Users] RE: More On Memory Bank x (nothingness)?
        From: "Chris Hallinan" <clh@net1plus.com>
        Date: Mon, 10 Feb 2003 16:43:46 -0500 (22:43 MET)
        ...

        Correct me if I'm wrong, folks, but the way I understand it
        is this: Using DCACHE as initial RAM for Stack, etc, does not
        require any physical RAM backing up the cache. The cleverness
        is that the cache is being used as a temporary supply of
        necessary storage before the SDRAM controller is setup. It's
        beyond the scope of this list to explain the details, but you
        can see how this works by studying the cache architecture and
        operation in the architecture and processor-specific manuals.

        OCM is On Chip Memory, which I believe the 405GP has 4K. It
        is another option for the system designer to use as an
        initial stack/RAM area prior to SDRAM being available. Either
        option should work for you. Using CS 4 should be fine if your
        board designers haven't used it for something that would
        cause you grief during the initial boot! It is frequently not
        used.

        CONFIG_SYS_INIT_RAM_ADDR should be somewhere that won't interfere
        with your processor/board/system design. The default value
        you will find in any recent u-boot distribution in
        walnut.h should work for you. I'd set it to a value larger
        than your SDRAM module. If you have a 64MB SDRAM module, set
        it above 400_0000. Just make sure your board has no resources
        that are supposed to respond to that address! That code in
        start.S has been around a while and should work as is when
        you get the config right.

        -Chris Hallinan
        DS4.COM, Inc.

It is essential to remember this, since it has some impact on the C
code for the initialization procedures:

* Initialized global data (data segment) is read-only. Do not attempt
  to write it.

* Do not use any uninitialized global data (or implicitely initialized
  as zero data - BSS segment) at all - this is undefined, initiali-
  zation is performed later (when relocating to RAM).

* Stack space is very limited. Avoid big data buffers or things like
  that.

Having only the stack as writable memory limits means we cannot use
normal global data to share information beween the code. But it
turned out that the implementation of U-Boot can be greatly
simplified by making a global data structure (gd_t) available to all
functions. We could pass a pointer to this data as argument to _all_
functions, but this would bloat the code. Instead we use a feature of
the GCC compiler (Global Register Variables) to share the data: we
place a pointer (gd) to the global data into a register which we
reserve for this purpose.

When choosing a register for such a purpose we are restricted by the
relevant  (E)ABI  specifications for the current architecture, and by
GCC's implementation.

For PowerPC, the following registers have specific use:
        R1:     stack pointer
        R2:     reserved for system use
        R3-R4:  parameter passing and return values
        R5-R10: parameter passing
        R13:    small data area pointer
        R30:    GOT pointer
        R31:    frame pointer

        (U-Boot also uses R12 as internal GOT pointer. r12
        is a volatile register so r12 needs to be reset when
        going back and forth between asm and C)

    ==> U-Boot will use R2 to hold a pointer to the global data

    Note: on PPC, we could use a static initializer (since the
    address of the global data structure is known at compile time),
    but it turned out that reserving a register results in somewhat
    smaller code - although the code savings are not that big (on
    average for all boards 752 bytes for the whole U-Boot image,
    624 text + 127 data).

On Blackfin, the normal C ABI (except for P3) is followed as documented here:
        http://docs.blackfin.uclinux.org/doku.php?id=application_binary_interface

    ==> U-Boot will use P3 to hold a pointer to the global data

On ARM, the following registers are used:

        R0:     function argument word/integer result
        R1-R3:  function argument word
        R9:     GOT pointer
        R10:    stack limit (used only if stack checking if enabled)
        R11:    argument (frame) pointer
        R12:    temporary workspace
        R13:    stack pointer
        R14:    link register
        R15:    program counter

    ==> U-Boot will use R8 to hold a pointer to the global data

On Nios II, the ABI is documented here:
        http://www.altera.com/literature/hb/nios2/n2cpu_nii51016.pdf

    ==> U-Boot will use gp to hold a pointer to the global data

    Note: on Nios II, we give "-G0" option to gcc and don't use gp
    to access small data sections, so gp is free.

NOTE: DECLARE_GLOBAL_DATA_PTR must be used with file-global scope,
or current versions of GCC may "optimize" the code too much.

Memory Management:
------------------

U-Boot runs in system state and uses physical addresses, i.e. the
MMU is not used either for address mapping nor for memory protection.

The available memory is mapped to fixed addresses using the memory
controller. In this process, a contiguous block is formed for each
memory type (Flash, SDRAM, SRAM), even when it consists of several
physical memory banks.

U-Boot is installed in the first 128 kB of the first Flash bank (on
TQM8xxL modules this is the range 0x40000000 ... 0x4001FFFF). After
booting and sizing and initializing DRAM, the code relocates itself
to the upper end of DRAM. Immediately below the U-Boot code some
memory is reserved for use by malloc() [see CONFIG_SYS_MALLOC_LEN
configuration setting]. Below that, a structure with global Board
Info data is placed, followed by the stack (growing downward).

Additionally, some exception handler code is copied to the low 8 kB
of DRAM (0x00000000 ... 0x00001FFF).

So a typical memory configuration with 16 MB of DRAM could look like
this:

        0x0000 0000     Exception Vector code
              :
        0x0000 1FFF
        0x0000 2000     Free for Application Use
              :
              :

              :
              :
        0x00FB FF20     Monitor Stack (Growing downward)
        0x00FB FFAC     Board Info Data and permanent copy of global data
        0x00FC 0000     Malloc Arena
              :
        0x00FD FFFF
        0x00FE 0000     RAM Copy of Monitor Code
        ...             eventually: LCD or video framebuffer
        ...             eventually: pRAM (Protected RAM - unchanged by reset)
        0x00FF FFFF     [End of RAM]


System Initialization:
----------------------

In the reset configuration, U-Boot starts at the reset entry point
(on most PowerPC systems at address 0x00000100). Because of the reset
configuration for CS0# this is a mirror of the onboard Flash memory.
To be able to re-map memory U-Boot then jumps to its link address.
To be able to implement the initialization code in C, a (small!)
initial stack is set up in the internal Dual Ported RAM (in case CPUs
which provide such a feature like MPC8xx or MPC8260), or in a locked
part of the data cache. After that, U-Boot initializes the CPU core,
the caches and the SIU.

Next, all (potentially) available memory banks are mapped using a
preliminary mapping. For example, we put them on 512 MB boundaries
(multiples of 0x20000000: SDRAM on 0x00000000 and 0x20000000, Flash
on 0x40000000 and 0x60000000, SRAM on 0x80000000). Then UPM A is
programmed for SDRAM access. Using the temporary configuration, a
simple memory test is run that determines the size of the SDRAM
banks.

When there is more than one SDRAM bank, and the banks are of
different size, the largest is mapped first. For equal size, the first
bank (CS2#) is mapped first. The first mapping is always for address
0x00000000, with any additional banks following immediately to create
contiguous memory starting from 0.

Then, the monitor installs itself at the upper end of the SDRAM area
and allocates memory for use by malloc() and for the global Board
Info data; also, the exception vector code is copied to the low RAM
pages, and the final stack is set up.

Only after this relocation will you have a "normal" C environment;
until that you are restricted in several ways, mostly because you are
running from ROM, and because the code will have to be relocated to a
new address in RAM.


U-Boot Porting Guide:
----------------------

[Based on messages by Jerry Van Baren in the U-Boot-Users mailing
list, October 2002]


int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
        sighandler_t no_more_time;

        signal(SIGALRM, no_more_time);
        alarm(PROJECT_DEADLINE - toSec (3 * WEEK));

        if (available_money > available_manpower) {
                Pay consultant to port U-Boot;
                return 0;
        }

        Download latest U-Boot source;

        Subscribe to u-boot mailing list;

        if (clueless)
                email("Hi, I am new to U-Boot, how do I get started?");

        while (learning) {
                Read the README file in the top level directory;
                Read http://www.denx.de/twiki/bin/view/DULG/Manual;
                Read applicable doc/*.README;
                Read the source, Luke;
                /* find . -name "*.[chS]" | xargs grep -i <keyword> */
        }

        if (available_money > toLocalCurrency ($2500))
                Buy a BDI3000;
        else
                Add a lot of aggravation and time;

        if (a similar board exists) {   /* hopefully... */
                cp -a board/<similar> board/<myboard>
                cp include/configs/<similar>.h include/configs/<myboard>.h
        } else {
                Create your own board support subdirectory;
                Create your own board include/configs/<myboard>.h file;
        }
        Edit new board/<myboard> files
        Edit new include/configs/<myboard>.h

        while (!accepted) {
                while (!running) {
                        do {
                                Add / modify source code;
                        } until (compiles);
                        Debug;
                        if (clueless)
                                email("Hi, I am having problems...");
                }
                Send patch file to the U-Boot email list;
                if (reasonable critiques)
                        Incorporate improvements from email list code review;
                else
                        Defend code as written;
        }

        return 0;
}

void no_more_time (int sig)
{
      hire_a_guru();
}


Coding Standards:
-----------------

All contributions to U-Boot should conform to the Linux kernel
coding style; see the file "Documentation/CodingStyle" and the script
"scripts/Lindent" in your Linux kernel source directory.  In sources
originating from U-Boot a style corresponding to "Lindent -pcs" (adding
spaces before parameters to function calls) is actually used.

Source files originating from a different project (for example the
MTD subsystem) are generally exempt from these guidelines and are not
reformated to ease subsequent migration to newer versions of those
sources.

Please note that U-Boot is implemented in C (and to some small parts in
Assembler); no C++ is used, so please do not use C++ style comments (//)
in your code.

Please also stick to the following formatting rules:
- remove any trailing white space
- use TAB characters for indentation, not spaces
- make sure NOT to use DOS '\r\n' line feeds
- do not add more than 2 empty lines to source files
- do not add trailing empty lines to source files

Submissions which do not conform to the standards may be returned
with a request to reformat the changes.


Submitting Patches:
-------------------

Since the number of patches for U-Boot is growing, we need to
establish some rules. Submissions which do not conform to these rules
may be rejected, even when they contain important and valuable stuff.

Please see http://www.denx.de/wiki/U-Boot/Patches for details.

Patches shall be sent to the u-boot mailing list <u-boot@lists.denx.de>;
see http://lists.denx.de/mailman/listinfo/u-boot

When you send a patch, please include the following information with
it:

* For bug fixes: a description of the bug and how your patch fixes
  this bug. Please try to include a way of demonstrating that the
  patch actually fixes something.

* For new features: a description of the feature and your
  implementation.

* A CHANGELOG entry as plaintext (separate from the patch)

* For major contributions, your entry to the CREDITS file

* When you add support for a new board, don't forget to add this
  board to the MAKEALL script, too.

* If your patch adds new configuration options, don't forget to
  document these in the README file.

* The patch itself. If you are using git (which is *strongly*
  recommended) you can easily generate the patch using the
  "git-format-patch". If you then use "git-send-email" to send it to
  the U-Boot mailing list, you will avoid most of the common problems
  with some other mail clients.

  If you cannot use git, use "diff -purN OLD NEW". If your version of
  diff does not support these options, then get the latest version of
  GNU diff.

  The current directory when running this command shall be the parent
  directory of the U-Boot source tree (i. e. please make sure that
  your patch includes sufficient directory information for the
  affected files).

  We prefer patches as plain text. MIME attachments are discouraged,
  and compressed attachments must not be used.

* If one logical set of modifications affects or creates several
  files, all these changes shall be submitted in a SINGLE patch file.

* Changesets that contain different, unrelated modifications shall be
  submitted as SEPARATE patches, one patch per changeset.


Notes:

* Before sending the patch, run the MAKEALL script on your patched
  source tree and make sure that no errors or warnings are reported
  for any of the boards.

* Keep your modifications to the necessary minimum: A patch
  containing several unrelated changes or arbitrary reformats will be
  returned with a request to re-formatting / split it.

* If you modify existing code, make sure that your new code does not
  add to the memory footprint of the code ;-) Small is beautiful!
  When adding new features, these should compile conditionally only
  (using #ifdef), and the resulting code with the new feature
  disabled must not need more memory than the old code without your
  modification.

* Remember that there is a size limit of 100 kB per message on the
  u-boot mailing list. Bigger patches will be moderated. If they are
  reasonable and not too big, they will be acknowledged. But patches
  bigger than the size limit should be avoided.