seq no longer mishandles cases like "seq 0 0.000001 0.000003",

[platform/upstream/coreutils.git] / NEWS

GNU coreutils NEWS                                    -*- outline -*-

* Noteworthy changes in release 6.9+ (????-??-??) [stable]

** New features

  Add SELinux support (FIXME: add details here)

  uniq accepts a new option: --zero-terminated (-z).  As with the sort
  option of the same name, this makes uniq consume and produce
  NUL-terminated lines rather than newline-terminated lines.

  wc no longer warns about character decoding errors in multibyte locales.
  This means for example that "wc /bin/sh" now produces normal output
  (though the word count will have no real meaning) rather than many
  error messages.

** Bug fixes

  cp no longer fails to write through a dangling symlink
  [bug introduced in coreutils-6.7].  cp --parents no
  longer mishandles symlinks to directories in file name
  components in the source, e.g., "cp --parents symlink/a/b
  d" no longer fails.  Also, 'cp' no longer considers a
  destination symlink to be the same as the referenced file when
  copying links or making backups.  For example, if SYM is a symlink
  to FILE, "cp -l FILE SYM" now reports an error instead of silently
  doing nothing.  The behavior of 'cp' is now better documented when
  the destination is a symlink.

  cut now diagnoses a range starting with zero (e.g., -f 0-2) as invalid;
  before, it would treat it as if it started with 1 (-f 1-2).

  "cut -f 2-0" now fails; before, it was equivalent to "cut -f 2-"

  cut now diagnoses the '-' in "cut -f -" as an invalid range, rather
  than interpreting it as the unlimited range, "1-".

  ls -x DIR would sometimes output the wrong string in place of the
  first entry.  [introduced in coreutils-6.8]

  ls --color would mistakenly color a dangling symlink as if it were
  a regular symlink.  This would happen only when the dangling symlink
  was not a command-line argument and in a directory with d_type support.
  [introduced in coreutils-6.0]

  ls --color, (with a custom LS_COLORS envvar value including the
  ln=target attribute) would mistakenly output the string "target"
  before the name of each symlink.  [introduced in coreutils-6.0]

  seq no longer mishandles obvious cases like "seq 0 0.000001 0.000003",
  so workarounds like "seq 0 0.000001 0.0000031" are no longer needed.

  split --line-bytes=N (-C N) no longer creates an empty file
  [this bug is present at least as far back as textutils-1.22 (Jan, 1997)]

  tr -c no longer aborts when translating with Set2 larger than the
  complement of Set1.  [introduced with the original version, in 1992]

** Improved robustness

  stty no longer silently accepts certain invalid hex values
  in its 35-colon commmand-line argument


* Noteworthy changes in release 6.9 (2007-03-22) [stable]

** Bug fixes

  cp -x (--one-file-system) would fail to set mount point permissions

  The default block size and output format for df -P are now unaffected by
  the DF_BLOCK_SIZE, BLOCK_SIZE, and BLOCKSIZE environment variables.  It
  is still affected by POSIXLY_CORRECT, though.

  Using pr -m -s (i.e. merging files, with TAB as the output separator)
  no longer inserts extraneous spaces between output columns.


* Noteworthy changes in release 6.8 (2007-02-24) [not-unstable]

** Bug fixes

  chgrp, chmod, and chown now honor the --preserve-root option.
  Before, they would warn, yet continuing traversing and operating on /.

  chmod no longer fails in an environment (e.g., a chroot) with openat
  support but with insufficient /proc support.

  "cp --parents F/G D" no longer creates a directory D/F when F is not
  a directory (and F/G is therefore invalid).

  "cp --preserve=mode" would create directories that briefly had
  too-generous permissions in some cases.  For example, when copying a
  directory with permissions 777 the destination directory might
  temporarily be setgid on some file systems, which would allow other
  users to create subfiles with the same group as the directory.  Fix
  similar problems with 'install' and 'mv'.

  cut no longer dumps core for usage like "cut -f2- f1 f2" with two or
  more file arguments.  This was due to a double-free bug, introduced
  in coreutils-5.3.0.

  dd bs= operands now silently override any later ibs= and obs=
  operands, as POSIX and tradition require.

  "ls -FRL" always follows symbolic links on Linux.  Introduced in
  coreutils-6.0.

  A cross-partition "mv /etc/passwd ~" (by non-root) now prints
  a reasonable diagnostic.  Before, it would print this:
  "mv: cannot remove `/etc/passwd': Not a directory".

  pwd and "readlink -e ." no longer fail unnecessarily when a parent
  directory is unreadable.

  "rm -rf /etc/passwd" (run by non-root) now prints a diagnostic.
  Before it would print nothing.

  "rm --interactive=never F" no longer prompts for an unwritable F

** New features

  sort's new --compress-program=PROG option specifies a compression
  program to use when writing and reading temporary files.
  This can help save both time and disk space when sorting large inputs.

  sort accepts the new option -C, which acts like -c except no diagnostic
  is printed.  Its --check option now accepts an optional argument, and
  --check=quiet and --check=silent are now aliases for -C, while
  --check=diagnose-first is an alias for -c or plain --check.


* Noteworthy changes in release 6.7 (2006-12-08) [stable]

** Bug fixes

  When cp -p copied a file with special mode bits set, the same bits
  were set on the copy even when ownership could not be preserved.
  This could result in files that were setuid to the wrong user.
  To fix this, special mode bits are now set in the copy only if its
  ownership is successfully preserved.  Similar problems were fixed
  with mv when copying across file system boundaries.  This problem
  affects all versions of coreutils through 6.6.

  cp --preserve=ownership would create output files that temporarily
  had too-generous permissions in some cases.  For example, when
  copying a file with group A and mode 644 into a group-B sticky
  directory, the output file was briefly readable by group B.
  Fix similar problems with cp options like -p that imply
  --preserve=ownership, with install -d when combined with either -o
  or -g, and with mv when copying across file system boundaries.
  This bug affects coreutils 6.0 through 6.6.

  du --one-file-system (-x) would skip subdirectories of any directory
  listed as second or subsequent command line argument.  This bug affects
  coreutils-6.4, 6.5 and 6.6.


* Noteworthy changes in release 6.6 (2006-11-22) [stable]

** Bug fixes

  ls would segfault (dereference a NULL pointer) for a file with a
  nameless group or owner.  This bug was introduced in coreutils-6.5.

  A bug in the latest official m4/gettext.m4 (from gettext-0.15)
  made configure fail to detect gettext support, due to the unusual
  way in which coreutils uses AM_GNU_GETTEXT.

** Improved robustness

  Now, du (and the other fts clients: chmod, chgrp, chown) honor a
  trailing slash in the name of a symlink-to-directory even on
  Solaris 9, by working around its buggy fstatat implementation.


* Major changes in release 6.5 (2006-11-19) [stable]

** Bug fixes

  du (and the other fts clients: chmod, chgrp, chown) would exit early
  when encountering an inaccessible directory on a system with native
  openat support (i.e., linux-2.6.16 or newer along with glibc-2.4
  or newer).  This bug was introduced with the switch to gnulib's
  openat-based variant of fts, for coreutils-6.0.

  "ln --backup f f" now produces a sensible diagnostic

** New features

  rm accepts a new option: --one-file-system


* Major changes in release 6.4 (2006-10-22) [stable]

** Bug fixes

  chgrp and chown would malfunction when invoked with both -R and -H and
  with one or more of the following: --preserve-root, --verbose, --changes,
  --from=o:g (chown only).  This bug was introduced with the switch to
  gnulib's openat-based variant of fts, for coreutils-6.0.

  cp --backup dir1 dir2, would rename an existing dir2/dir1 to dir2/dir1~.
  This bug was introduced in coreutils-6.0.

  With --force (-f), rm no longer fails for ENOTDIR.
  For example, "rm -f existing-non-directory/anything" now exits
  successfully, ignoring the error about a nonexistent file.


* Major changes in release 6.3 (2006-09-30) [stable]

** Improved robustness

  pinky no longer segfaults on Darwin 7.9.0 (MacOS X 10.3.9) due to a
  buggy native getaddrinfo function.

  rm works around a bug in Darwin 7.9.0 (MacOS X 10.3.9) that would
  sometimes keep it from removing all entries in a directory on an HFS+
  or NFS-mounted partition.

  sort would fail to handle very large input (around 40GB) on systems with a
  mkstemp function that returns a file descriptor limited to 32-bit offsets.

** Bug fixes

  chmod would fail unnecessarily in an unusual case: when an initially-
  inaccessible argument is rendered accessible by chmod's action on a
  preceding command line argument.  This bug also affects chgrp, but
  it is harder to demonstrate.  It does not affect chown.  The bug was
  introduced with the switch from explicit recursion to the use of fts
  in coreutils-5.1.0 (2003-10-15).

  cp -i and mv -i occasionally neglected to prompt when the copy or move
  action was bound to fail.  This bug dates back to before fileutils-4.0.

  With --verbose (-v), cp and mv would sometimes generate no output,
  or neglect to report file removal.

  For the "groups" command:

    "groups" no longer prefixes the output with "user :" unless more
    than one user is specified; this is for compatibility with BSD.

    "groups user" now exits nonzero when it gets a write error.

    "groups" now processes options like --help more compatibly.

  shuf would infloop, given 8KB or more of piped input

** Portability

  Versions of chmod, chown, chgrp, du, and rm (tools that use openat etc.)
  compiled for Solaris 8 now also work when run on Solaris 10.


* Major changes in release 6.2 (2006-09-18) [stable candidate]

** Changes in behavior

  mkdir -p and install -d (or -D) now use a method that forks a child
  process if the working directory is unreadable and a later argument
  uses a relative file name.  This avoids some race conditions, but it
  means you may need to kill two processes to stop these programs.

  rm now rejects attempts to remove the root directory, e.g., `rm -fr /'
  now fails without removing anything.  Likewise for any file name with
  a final `./' or `../' component.

  tail now ignores the -f option if POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, no file
  operand is given, and standard input is any FIFO; formerly it did
  this only for pipes.

** Infrastructure changes

  Coreutils now uses gnulib via the gnulib-tool script.
  If you check the source out from CVS, then follow the instructions
  in README-cvs.  Although this represents a large change to the
  infrastructure, it should cause no change in how the tools work.

** Bug fixes

  cp --backup no longer fails when the last component of a source file
  name is "." or "..".

  "ls --color" would highlight other-writable and sticky directories
  no differently than regular directories on a file system with
  dirent.d_type support.

  "mv -T --verbose --backup=t A B" now prints the " (backup: B.~1~)"
  suffix when A and B are directories as well as when they are not.

  mv and "cp -r" no longer fail when invoked with two arguments
  where the first one names a directory and the second name ends in
  a slash and doesn't exist.  E.g., "mv dir B/", for nonexistent B,
  now succeeds, once more.  This bug was introduced in coreutils-5.3.0.


* Major changes in release 6.1 (2006-08-19) [unstable]

** Changes in behavior

  df now considers BSD "kernfs" file systems to be dummies

** New features

  printf now supports the 'I' flag on hosts whose underlying printf
  implementations support 'I', e.g., "printf %Id 2".

** Bug fixes

  cp --sparse preserves sparseness at the end of a file, even when
  the file's apparent size is not a multiple of its block size.
  [introduced with the original design, in fileutils-4.0r, 2000-04-29]

  df (with a command line argument) once again prints its header
  [introduced in coreutils-6.0]

  ls -CF would misalign columns in some cases involving non-stat'able files
  [introduced in coreutils-6.0]

* Major changes in release 6.0 (2006-08-15) [unstable]

** Improved robustness

  df: if the file system claims to have more available than total blocks,
  report the number of used blocks as being "total - available"
  (a negative number) rather than as garbage.

  dircolors: a new autoconf run-test for AIX's buggy strndup function
  prevents malfunction on that system;  may also affect cut, expand,
  and unexpand.

  fts no longer changes the current working directory, so its clients
  (chmod, chown, chgrp, du) no longer malfunction under extreme conditions.

  pwd and other programs using lib/getcwd.c work even on file systems
  where dirent.d_ino values are inconsistent with those from stat.st_ino.

  rm's core is now reentrant: rm --recursive (-r) now processes
  hierarchies without changing the working directory at all.

** Changes in behavior

  basename and dirname now treat // as different from / on platforms
  where the two are distinct.

  chmod, install, and mkdir now preserve a directory's set-user-ID and
  set-group-ID bits unless you explicitly request otherwise.  E.g.,
  `chmod 755 DIR' and `chmod u=rwx,go=rx DIR' now preserve DIR's
  set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits instead of clearing them, and
  similarly for `mkdir -m 755 DIR' and `mkdir -m u=rwx,go=rx DIR'.  To
  clear the bits, mention them explicitly in a symbolic mode, e.g.,
  `mkdir -m u=rwx,go=rx,-s DIR'.  To set them, mention them explicitly
  in either a symbolic or a numeric mode, e.g., `mkdir -m 2755 DIR',
  `mkdir -m u=rwx,go=rx,g+s' DIR.  This change is for convenience on
  systems where these bits inherit from parents.  Unfortunately other
  operating systems are not consistent here, and portable scripts
  cannot assume the bits are set, cleared, or preserved, even when the
  bits are explicitly mentioned.  For example, OpenBSD 3.9 `mkdir -m
  777 D' preserves D's setgid bit but `chmod 777 D' clears it.
  Conversely, Solaris 10 `mkdir -m 777 D', `mkdir -m g-s D', and
  `chmod 0777 D' all preserve D's setgid bit, and you must use
  something like `chmod g-s D' to clear it.

  `cp --link --no-dereference' now works also on systems where the
  link system call cannot create a hard link to a symbolic link.
  This change has no effect on systems with a Linux-based kernel.

  csplit and nl now use POSIX syntax for regular expressions, not
  Emacs syntax.  As a result, character classes like [[:print:]] and
  interval expressions like A\{1,9\} now have their usual meaning,
  . no longer matches the null character, and \ must precede the + and
  ? operators.

  date: a command like date -d '2006-04-23 21 days ago' would print
  the wrong date in some time zones.  (see the test for an example)

  df changes:

    df now considers "none" and "proc" file systems to be dummies and
    therefore does not normally display them.  Also, inaccessible file
    systems (which can be caused by shadowed mount points or by
    chrooted bind mounts) are now dummies, too.

    df now fails if it generates no output, so you can inspect the
    exit status of a command like "df -t ext3 -t reiserfs DIR" to test
    whether DIR is on a file system of type "ext3" or "reiserfs".

  expr no longer complains about leading ^ in a regular expression
  (the anchor is ignored), or about regular expressions like A** (the
  second "*" is ignored).  expr now exits with status 2 (not 3) for
  errors it detects in the expression's values; exit status 3 is now
  used only for internal errors (such as integer overflow, which expr
  now checks for).

  install and mkdir now implement the X permission symbol correctly,
  e.g., `mkdir -m a+X dir'; previously the X was ignored.

  install now creates parent directories with mode u=rwx,go=rx (755)
  instead of using the mode specified by the -m option; and it does
  not change the owner or group of parent directories.  This is for
  compatibility with BSD and closes some race conditions.

  ln now uses different (and we hope clearer) diagnostics when it fails.
  ln -v now acts more like FreeBSD, so it generates output only when
  successful and the output is easier to parse.

  ls now defaults to --time-style='locale', not --time-style='posix-long-iso'.
  However, the 'locale' time style now behaves like 'posix-long-iso'
  if your locale settings appear to be messed up.  This change
  attempts to have the default be the best of both worlds.

  mkfifo and mknod no longer set special mode bits (setuid, setgid,
  and sticky) with the -m option.

  nohup's usual diagnostic now more precisely specifies the I/O
  redirections, e.g., "ignoring input and appending output to
  nohup.out".  Also, nohup now redirects stderr to nohup.out (or
  $HOME/nohup.out) if stdout is closed and stderr is a tty; this is in
  response to Open Group XCU ERN 71.

  rm --interactive now takes an optional argument, although the
  default of using no argument still acts like -i.

  rm no longer fails to remove an empty, unreadable directory

  seq changes:

    seq defaults to a minimal fixed point format that does not lose
    information if seq's operands are all fixed point decimal numbers.
    You no longer need the `-f%.f' in `seq -f%.f 1048575 1024 1050623',
    for example, since the default format now has the same effect.

    seq now lets you use %a, %A, %E, %F, and %G formats.

    seq now uses long double internally rather than double.

  sort now reports incompatible options (e.g., -i and -n) rather than
  silently ignoring one of them.

  stat's --format=FMT option now works the way it did before 5.3.0:
  FMT is automatically newline terminated.  The first stable release
  containing this change was 5.92.

  stat accepts the new option --printf=FMT, where FMT is *not*
  automatically newline terminated.

  stat: backslash escapes are interpreted in a format string specified
  via --printf=FMT, but not one specified via --format=FMT.  That includes
  octal (\ooo, at most three octal digits), hexadecimal (\xhh, one or
  two hex digits), and the standard sequences (\a, \b, \f, \n, \r, \t,
  \v, \", \\).

  With no operand, 'tail -f' now silently ignores the '-f' only if
  standard input is a FIFO or pipe and POSIXLY_CORRECT is set.
  Formerly, it ignored the '-f' when standard input was a FIFO, pipe,
  or socket.

** Scheduled for removal

  ptx's --copyright (-C) option is scheduled for removal in 2007, and
  now evokes a warning.  Use --version instead.

  rm's --directory (-d) option is scheduled for removal in 2006.  This
  option has been silently ignored since coreutils 5.0.  On systems
  that support unlinking of directories, you can use the "unlink"
  command to unlink a directory.

  Similarly, we are considering the removal of ln's --directory (-d,
  -F) option in 2006.  Please write to <bug-coreutils@gnu.org> if this
  would cause a problem for you.  On systems that support hard links
  to directories, you can use the "link" command to create one.

** New programs

  base64: base64 encoding and decoding (RFC 3548) functionality.
  sha224sum: print or check a SHA224 (224-bit) checksum
  sha256sum: print or check a SHA256 (256-bit) checksum
  sha384sum: print or check a SHA384 (384-bit) checksum
  sha512sum: print or check a SHA512 (512-bit) checksum
  shuf: Shuffle lines of text.

** New features

  chgrp now supports --preserve-root, --no-preserve-root (default),
  as it was documented to do, and just as chmod, chown, and rm do.

  New dd iflag= and oflag= flags:

    'directory' causes dd to fail unless the file is a directory, on
    hosts that support this (e.g., Linux kernels, version 2.1.126 and
    later).  This has limited utility but is present for completeness.

    'noatime' causes dd to read a file without updating its access
    time, on hosts that support this (e.g., Linux kernels, version
    2.6.8 and later).

    'nolinks' causes dd to fail if the file has multiple hard links,
    on hosts that support this (e.g., Solaris 10 and later).

  ls accepts the new option --group-directories-first, to make it
  list directories before files.

  rm now accepts the -I (--interactive=once) option.  This new option
  prompts once if rm is invoked recursively or if more than three
  files are being deleted, which is less intrusive than -i prompting
  for every file, but provides almost the same level of protection
  against mistakes.

  shred and sort now accept the --random-source option.

  sort now accepts the --random-sort (-R) option and `R' ordering option.

  sort now supports obsolete usages like "sort +1 -2" unless
  POSIXLY_CORRECT is set.  However, when conforming to POSIX
  1003.1-2001 "sort +1" still sorts the file named "+1".

  wc accepts a new option --files0-from=FILE, where FILE contains a
  list of NUL-terminated file names.

** Bug fixes

  cat with any of the options, -A -v -e -E -T, when applied to a
  file in /proc or /sys (linux-specific), would truncate its output,
  usually printing nothing.

  cp -p would fail in a /proc-less chroot, on some systems

  When `cp -RL' encounters the same directory more than once in the
  hierarchy beneath a single command-line argument, it no longer confuses
  them with hard-linked directories.

  fts-using tools (chmod, chown, chgrp, du) no longer fail due to
  a double-free bug -- it could be triggered by making a directory
  inaccessible while e.g., du is traversing the hierarchy under it.

  fts-using tools (chmod, chown, chgrp, du) no longer misinterpret
  a very long symlink chain as a dangling symlink.  Before, such a
  misinterpretation would cause these tools not to diagnose an ELOOP error.

  ls --indicator-style=file-type would sometimes stat a symlink
  unnecessarily.

  ls --file-type worked like --indicator-style=slash (-p),
  rather than like --indicator-style=file-type.

  mv: moving a symlink into the place of an existing non-directory is
  now done atomically;  before, mv would first unlink the destination.

  mv -T DIR EMPTY_DIR no longer fails unconditionally.  Also, mv can
  now remove an empty destination directory: mkdir -p a b/a; mv a b

  rm (on systems with openat) can no longer exit before processing
  all command-line arguments.

  rm is no longer susceptible to a few low-probability memory leaks.

  rm -r no longer fails to remove an inaccessible and empty directory

  rm -r's cycle detection code can no longer be tricked into reporting
  a false positive (introduced in fileutils-4.1.9).

  shred --remove FILE no longer segfaults on Gentoo systems

  sort would fail for large inputs (~50MB) on systems with a buggy
  mkstemp function.  sort and tac now use the replacement mkstemp
  function, and hence are no longer subject to limitations (of 26 or 32,
  on the maximum number of files from a given template) on HP-UX 10.20,
  SunOS 4.1.4, Solaris 2.5.1 and OSF1/Tru64 V4.0F&V5.1.

  tail -f once again works on a file with the append-only
  attribute (affects at least Linux ext2, ext3, xfs file systems)

* Major changes in release 5.97 (2006-06-24) [stable]
* Major changes in release 5.96 (2006-05-22) [stable]
* Major changes in release 5.95 (2006-05-12) [stable]
* Major changes in release 5.94 (2006-02-13) [stable]

[see the b5_9x branch for details]

* Major changes in release 5.93 (2005-11-06) [stable]

** Bug fixes

  dircolors no longer segfaults upon an attempt to use the new
  STICKY_OTHER_WRITABLE (OWT) attribute.

  du no longer overflows a counter when processing a file larger than
  2^31-1 on some 32-bit systems (at least some AIX 5.1 configurations).

  md5sum once again defaults to using the ` ' non-binary marker
  (rather than the `*' binary marker) by default on Unix-like systems.

  mkdir -p and install -d no longer exit nonzero when asked to create
  a directory like `nonexistent/.'

  rm emits a better diagnostic when (without -r) it fails to remove
  a directory on e.g., Solaris 9/10 systems.

  tac now works when stdin is a tty, even on non-Linux systems.

  "tail -c 2 FILE" and "touch 0101000000" now operate as POSIX
  1003.1-2001 requires, even when coreutils is conforming to older
  POSIX standards, as the newly-required behavior is upward-compatible
  with the old.

  The documentation no longer mentions rm's --directory (-d) option.

** Build-related bug fixes

  installing .mo files would fail


* Major changes in release 5.92 (2005-10-22) [stable]

** Bug fixes

  chmod now diagnoses an invalid mode string starting with an octal digit

  dircolors now properly quotes single-quote characters


* Major changes in release 5.91 (2005-10-17) [stable candidate]

** Bug fixes

  "mkdir -p /a/b/c" no longer fails merely because a leading prefix
  directory (e.g., /a or /a/b) exists on a read-only file system.

** Removed options

  tail's --allow-missing option has been removed.  Use --retry instead.

  stat's --link and -l options have been removed.
  Use --dereference (-L) instead.

** Deprecated options

  Using ls, du, or df with the --kilobytes option now evokes a warning
  that the long-named option is deprecated.  Use `-k' instead.

  du's long-named --megabytes option now evokes a warning.
  Use -m instead.


* Major changes in release 5.90 (2005-09-29) [unstable]

** Bring back support for `head -NUM', `tail -NUM', etc. even when
  conforming to POSIX 1003.1-2001.  The following changes apply only
  when conforming to POSIX 1003.1-2001; there is no effect when
  conforming to older POSIX versions.

  The following usages now behave just as when conforming to older POSIX:

    date -I
    expand -TAB1[,TAB2,...]
    fold -WIDTH
    head -NUM
    join -j FIELD
    join -j1 FIELD
    join -j2 FIELD
    join -o FIELD_NAME1 FIELD_NAME2...
    nice -NUM
    od -w
    pr -S
    split -NUM
    tail -[NUM][bcl][f] [FILE]

  The following usages no longer work, due to the above changes:

    date -I TIMESPEC  (use `date -ITIMESPEC' instead)
    od -w WIDTH       (use `od -wWIDTH' instead)
    pr -S STRING      (use `pr -SSTRING' instead)

  A few usages still have behavior that depends on which POSIX standard is
  being conformed to, and portable applications should beware these
  problematic usages.  These include:

    Problematic       Standard-conforming replacement, depending on
       usage            whether you prefer the behavior of:
                      POSIX 1003.2-1992    POSIX 1003.1-2001
    sort +4           sort -k 5            sort ./+4
    tail +4           tail -n +4           tail ./+4
    tail - f          tail f               [see (*) below]
    tail -c 4         tail -c 10 ./4       tail -c4
    touch 12312359 f  touch -t 12312359 f  touch ./12312359 f
    uniq +4           uniq -s 4            uniq ./+4

    (*) "tail - f" does not conform to POSIX 1003.1-2001; to read
    standard input and then "f", use the command "tail -- - f".

  These changes are in response to decisions taken in the January 2005
  Austin Group standardization meeting.  For more details, please see
  "Utility Syntax Guidelines" in the Minutes of the January 2005
  Meeting <http://www.opengroup.org/austin/docs/austin_239.html>.

** Binary input and output are now implemented more consistently.
  These changes affect only platforms like MS-DOS that distinguish
  between binary and text files.

  The following programs now always use text input/output:

    expand unexpand

  The following programs now always use binary input/output to copy data:

    cp install mv shred

  The following programs now always use binary input/output to copy
  data, except for stdin and stdout when it is a terminal.

    head tac tail tee tr
    (cat behaves similarly, unless one of the options -bensAE is used.)

  cat's --binary or -B option has been removed.  It existed only on
  MS-DOS-like platforms, and didn't work as documented there.

  md5sum and sha1sum now obey the -b or --binary option, even if
  standard input is a terminal, and they no longer report files to be
  binary if they actually read them in text mode.

** Changes for better conformance to POSIX

  cp, ln, mv, rm changes:

    Leading white space is now significant in responses to yes-or-no questions.
    For example, if "rm" asks "remove regular file `foo'?" and you respond
    with " y" (i.e., space before "y"), it counts as "no".

  dd changes:

    On a QUIT or PIPE signal, dd now exits without printing statistics.

    On hosts lacking the INFO signal, dd no longer treats the USR1
    signal as if it were INFO when POSIXLY_CORRECT is set.

    If the file F is non-seekable and contains fewer than N blocks,
    then before copying "dd seek=N of=F" now extends F with zeroed
    blocks until F contains N blocks.

  fold changes:

    When POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, "fold file -3" is now equivalent to
    "fold file ./-3", not the obviously-erroneous "fold file ./-w3".

  ls changes:

    -p now marks only directories; it is equivalent to the new option
    --indicator-style=slash.  Use --file-type or
    --indicator-style=file-type to get -p's old behavior.

  nice changes:

    Documentation and diagnostics now refer to "nicenesses" (commonly
    in the range -20...19) rather than "nice values" (commonly 0...39).

  nohup changes:

    nohup now ignores the umask when creating nohup.out.

    nohup now closes stderr if it is a terminal and stdout is closed.

    nohup now exits with status 127 (not 1) when given an invalid option.

  pathchk changes:

    It now rejects the empty name in the normal case.  That is,
    "pathchk -p ''" now fails, and "pathchk ''" fails unless the
    current host (contra POSIX) allows empty file names.

    The new -P option checks whether a file name component has leading "-",
    as suggested in interpretation "Austin-039:XCU:pathchk:pathchk -p"
    <http://www.opengroup.org/austin/interps/doc.tpl?gdid=6232>.
    It also rejects the empty name even if the current host accepts it; see
    <http://www.opengroup.org/austin/interps/doc.tpl?gdid=6233>.

    The --portability option is now equivalent to -p -P.

** Bug fixes

  chmod, mkdir, mkfifo, and mknod formerly mishandled rarely-used symbolic
  permissions like =xX and =u, and did not properly diagnose some invalid
  strings like g+gr, ug,+x, and +1.  These bugs have been fixed.

  csplit could produce corrupt output, given input lines longer than 8KB

  dd now computes statistics using a realtime clock (if available)
  rather than the time-of-day clock, to avoid glitches if the
  time-of-day is changed while dd is running.  Also, it avoids
  using unsafe code in signal handlers; this fixes some core dumps.

  expr and test now correctly compare integers of unlimited magnitude.

  expr now detects integer overflow when converting strings to integers,
  rather than silently wrapping around.

  ls now refuses to generate time stamps containing more than 1000 bytes, to
  foil potential denial-of-service attacks on hosts with very large stacks.

  "mkdir -m =+x dir" no longer ignores the umask when evaluating "+x",
  and similarly for mkfifo and mknod.

  "mkdir -p /tmp/a/b dir" no longer attempts to create the `.'-relative
  directory, dir (in /tmp/a), when, after creating /tmp/a/b, it is unable
  to return to its initial working directory.  Similarly for "install -D
  file /tmp/a/b/file".

  "pr -D FORMAT" now accepts the same formats that "date +FORMAT" does.

  stat now exits nonzero if a file operand does not exist

** Improved robustness

  Date no longer needs to allocate virtual memory to do its job,
  so it can no longer fail due to an out-of-memory condition,
  no matter how large the result.

** Improved portability

  hostid now prints exactly 8 hexadecimal digits, possibly with leading zeros,
  and without any spurious leading "fff..." on 64-bit hosts.

  nice now works on Darwin 7.7.0 in spite of its invalid definition of NZERO.

  `rm -r' can remove all entries in a directory even when it is on a
  file system for which readdir is buggy and that was not checked by
  coreutils' old configure-time run-test.

  sleep no longer fails when resumed after being suspended on linux-2.6.8.1,
  in spite of that kernel's buggy nanosleep implementation.

** New features

  chmod -w now complains if its behavior differs from what chmod a-w
  would do, and similarly for chmod -r, chmod -x, etc.

  cp and mv: the --reply=X option is deprecated

  date accepts the new option --rfc-3339=TIMESPEC.  The old --iso-8601 (-I)
  option is deprecated; it still works, but new applications should avoid it.
  date, du, ls, and pr's time formats now support new %:z, %::z, %:::z
  specifiers for numeric time zone offsets like -07:00, -07:00:00, and -07.

  dd has new iflag= and oflag= flags "binary" and "text", which have an
  effect only on nonstandard platforms that distinguish text from binary I/O.

  dircolors now supports SETUID, SETGID, STICKY_OTHER_WRITABLE,
  OTHER_WRITABLE, and STICKY, with ls providing default colors for these
  categories if not specified by dircolors.

  du accepts new options: --time[=TYPE] and --time-style=STYLE

  join now supports a NUL field separator, e.g., "join -t '\0'".
  join now detects and reports incompatible options, e.g., "join -t x -t y",

  ls no longer outputs an extra space between the mode and the link count
  when none of the listed files has an ACL.

  md5sum --check now accepts multiple input files, and similarly for sha1sum.

  If stdin is a terminal, nohup now redirects it from /dev/null to
  prevent the command from tying up an OpenSSH session after you logout.

  "rm -FOO" now suggests "rm ./-FOO" if the file "-FOO" exists and
  "-FOO" is not a valid option.

  stat -f -c %S outputs the fundamental block size (used for block counts).
  stat -f's default output format has been changed to output this size as well.
  stat -f recognizes file systems of type XFS and JFS

  "touch -" now touches standard output, not a file named "-".

  uname -a no longer generates the -p and -i outputs if they are unknown.

* Major changes in release 5.3.0 (2005-01-08) [unstable]

** Bug fixes

  Several fixes to chgrp and chown for compatibility with POSIX and BSD:

    Do not affect symbolic links by default.
    Now, operate on whatever a symbolic link points to, instead.
    To get the old behavior, use --no-dereference (-h).

    --dereference now works, even when the specified owner
    and/or group match those of an affected symlink.

    Check for incompatible options.  When -R and --dereference are
    both used, then either -H or -L must also be used.  When -R and -h
    are both used, then -P must be in effect.

    -H, -L, and -P have no effect unless -R is also specified.
    If -P and -R are both specified, -h is assumed.

    Do not optimize away the chown() system call when the file's owner
    and group already have the desired value.  This optimization was
    incorrect, as it failed to update the last-changed time and reset
    special permission bits, as POSIX requires.

    "chown : file", "chown '' file", and "chgrp '' file" now succeed
    without changing the uid or gid, instead of reporting an error.

    Do not report an error if the owner or group of a
    recursively-encountered symbolic link cannot be updated because
    the file system does not support it.

  chmod now accepts multiple mode-like options, e.g., "chmod -r -w f".

  chown is no longer subject to a race condition vulnerability, when
  used with --from=O:G and without the (-h) --no-dereference option.

  cut's --output-delimiter=D option works with abutting byte ranges.

  dircolors's documentation now recommends that shell scripts eval
  "`dircolors`" rather than `dircolors`, to avoid shell expansion pitfalls.

  du no longer segfaults when a subdirectory of an operand
  directory is removed while du is traversing that subdirectory.
  Since the bug was in the underlying fts.c module, it also affected
  chown, chmod, and chgrp.

  du's --exclude-from=FILE and --exclude=P options now compare patterns
  against the entire name of each file, rather than against just the
  final component.

  echo now conforms to POSIX better.  It supports the \0ooo syntax for
  octal escapes, and \c now terminates printing immediately.  If
  POSIXLY_CORRECT is set and the first argument is not "-n", echo now
  outputs all option-like arguments instead of treating them as options.

  expand and unexpand now conform to POSIX better.  They check for
  blanks (which can include characters other than space and tab in
  non-POSIX locales) instead of spaces and tabs.  Unexpand now
  preserves some blanks instead of converting them to tabs or spaces.

  "ln x d/" now reports an error if d/x is a directory and x a file,
  instead of incorrectly creating a link to d/x/x.

  ls no longer segfaults on systems for which SIZE_MAX != (size_t) -1.

  md5sum and sha1sum now report an error when given so many input
  lines that their line counter overflows, instead of silently
  reporting incorrect results.

  Fixes for "nice":

    If it fails to lower the niceness due to lack of permissions,
    it goes ahead and runs the command anyway, as POSIX requires.

    It no longer incorrectly reports an error if the current niceness
    happens to be -1.

    It no longer assumes that nicenesses range from -20 through 19.

    It now consistently adjusts out-of-range nicenesses to the
    closest values in range; formerly it sometimes reported an error.

  pathchk no longer accepts trailing options, e.g., "pathchk -p foo -b"
  now treats -b as a file name to check, not as an invalid option.

  `pr --columns=N' was not equivalent to `pr -N' when also using
  either -s or -w.

  pr now supports page numbers up to 2**64 on most hosts, and it
  detects page number overflow instead of silently wrapping around.
  pr now accepts file names that begin with "+" so long as the rest of
  the file name does not look like a page range.

  printf has several changes:

    It now uses 'intmax_t' (not 'long int') to format integers, so it
    can now format 64-bit integers on most modern hosts.

    On modern hosts it now supports the C99-inspired %a, %A, %F conversion
    specs, the "'" and "0" flags, and the ll, j, t, and z length modifiers
    (this is compatible with recent Bash versions).

    The printf command now rejects invalid conversion specifications
    like %#d, instead of relying on undefined behavior in the underlying
    printf function.

  ptx now diagnoses invalid values for its --width=N (-w)
  and --gap-size=N (-g) options.

  mv (when moving between partitions) no longer fails when
  operating on too many command-line-specified nonempty directories.

  "readlink -f" is more compatible with prior implementations

  rm (without -f) no longer hangs when attempting to remove a symlink
  to a file on an off-line NFS-mounted partition.

  rm no longer gets a failed assertion under some unusual conditions.

  rm no longer requires read access to the current directory.

  "rm -r" would mistakenly fail to remove files under a directory
  for some types of errors (e.g., read-only file system, I/O error)
  when first encountering the directory.

  "sort" fixes:

    "sort -o -" now writes to a file named "-" instead of to standard
    output; POSIX requires this.

    An unlikely race condition has been fixed where "sort" could have
    mistakenly removed a temporary file belonging to some other process.

    "sort" no longer has O(N**2) behavior when it creates many temporary files.

  tac can now handle regular, nonseekable files like Linux's
  /proc/modules.  Before, it would produce no output for such a file.

  tac would exit immediately upon I/O or temp-file creation failure.
  Now it continues on, processing any remaining command line arguments.

  "tail -f" no longer mishandles pipes and fifos.  With no operands,
  tail now ignores -f if standard input is a pipe, as POSIX requires.
  When conforming to POSIX 1003.2-1992, tail now supports the SUSv2 b
  modifier (e.g., "tail -10b file") and it handles some obscure cases
  more correctly, e.g., "tail +cl" now reads the file "+cl" rather
  than reporting an error, "tail -c file" no longer reports an error,
  and "tail - file" no longer reads standard input.

  tee now exits when it gets a SIGPIPE signal, as POSIX requires.
  To get tee's old behavior, use the shell command "(trap '' PIPE; tee)".
  Also, "tee -" now writes to standard output instead of to a file named "-".

  "touch -- MMDDhhmm[yy] file" is now equivalent to
  "touch MMDDhhmm[yy] file" even when conforming to pre-2001 POSIX.

  tr no longer mishandles a second operand with leading "-".

  who now prints user names in full instead of truncating them after 8 bytes.

  The following commands now reject unknown options instead of
  accepting them as operands, so that users are properly warned that
  options may be added later.  Formerly they accepted unknown options
  as operands; e.g., "basename -a a" acted like "basename -- -a a".

    basename dirname factor hostname link nohup sync unlink yes

** New features

  For efficiency, `sort -m' no longer copies input to a temporary file
  merely because the input happens to come from a pipe.  As a result,
  some relatively-contrived examples like `cat F | sort -m -o F - G'
  are no longer safe, as `sort' might start writing F before `cat' is
  done reading it.  This problem cannot occur unless `-m' is used.

  When outside the default POSIX locale, the 'who' and 'pinky'
  commands now output time stamps like "2004-06-21 13:09" instead of
  the traditional "Jun 21 13:09".

  pwd now works even when run from a working directory whose name
  is longer than PATH_MAX.

  cp, install, ln, and mv have a new --no-target-directory (-T) option,
  and -t is now a short name for their --target-directory option.

  cp -pu and mv -u (when copying) now don't bother to update the
  destination if the resulting time stamp would be no newer than the
  preexisting time stamp.  This saves work in the common case when
  copying or moving multiple times to the same destination in a file
  system with a coarse time stamp resolution.

  cut accepts a new option, --complement, to complement the set of
  selected bytes, characters, or fields.

  dd now also prints the number of bytes transferred, the time, and the
  transfer rate.  The new "status=noxfer" operand suppresses this change.

  dd has new conversions for the conv= option:

    nocreat   do not create the output file
    excl      fail if the output file already exists
    fdatasync physically write output file data before finishing
    fsync     likewise, but also write metadata

  dd has new iflag= and oflag= options with the following flags:

    append    append mode (makes sense for output file only)
    direct    use direct I/O for data
    dsync     use synchronized I/O for data
    sync      likewise, but also for metadata
    nonblock  use non-blocking I/O
    nofollow  do not follow symlinks
    noctty    do not assign controlling terminal from file

  stty now provides support (iutf8) for setting UTF-8 input mode.

  With stat, a specified format is no longer automatically newline terminated.
  If you want a newline at the end of your output, append `\n' to the format
  string.

  'df', 'du', and 'ls' now take the default block size from the
  BLOCKSIZE environment variable if the BLOCK_SIZE, DF_BLOCK_SIZE,
  DU_BLOCK_SIZE, and LS_BLOCK_SIZE environment variables are not set.
  Unlike the other variables, though, BLOCKSIZE does not affect
  values like 'ls -l' sizes that are normally displayed as bytes.
  This new behavior is for compatibility with BSD.

  du accepts a new option --files0-from=FILE, where FILE contains a
  list of NUL-terminated file names.

  Date syntax as used by date -d, date -f, and touch -d has been
  changed as follows:

    Dates like `January 32' with out-of-range components are now rejected.

    Dates can have fractional time stamps like 2004-02-27 14:19:13.489392193.

    Dates can be entered via integer counts of seconds since 1970 when
    prefixed by `@'.  For example, `@321' represents 1970-01-01 00:05:21 UTC.

    Time zone corrections can now separate hours and minutes with a colon,
    and can follow standard abbreviations like "UTC".  For example,
    "UTC +0530" and "+05:30" are supported, and are both equivalent to "+0530".

    Date values can now have leading TZ="..." assignments that override
    the environment only while that date is being processed.  For example,
    the following shell command converts from Paris to New York time:

      TZ="America/New_York" date --date='TZ="Europe/Paris" 2004-10-31 06:30'

  `date' has a new option --iso-8601=ns that outputs
  nanosecond-resolution time stamps.

  echo -e '\xHH' now outputs a byte whose hexadecimal value is HH,
  for compatibility with bash.

  ls now exits with status 1 on minor problems, 2 if serious trouble.

  ls has a new --hide=PATTERN option that behaves like
  --ignore=PATTERN, except that it is overridden by -a or -A.
  This can be useful for aliases, e.g., if lh is an alias for
  "ls --hide='*~'", then "lh -A" lists the file "README~".

  In the following cases POSIX allows the default GNU behavior,
  so when POSIXLY_CORRECT is set:

    false, printf, true, unlink, and yes all support --help and --option.
    ls supports TABSIZE.
    pr no longer depends on LC_TIME for the date format in non-POSIX locales.
    printf supports \u, \U, \x.
    tail supports two or more files when using the obsolete option syntax.

  The usual `--' operand is now supported by chroot, hostid, hostname,
  pwd, sync, and yes.

  `od' now conforms to POSIX better, and is more compatible with BSD:

    The older syntax "od [-abcdfilosx]... [FILE] [[+]OFFSET[.][b]]" now works
    even without --traditional.  This is a change in behavior if there
    are one or two operands and the last one begins with +, or if
    there are two operands and the latter one begins with a digit.
    For example, "od foo 10" and "od +10" now treat the last operand as
    an offset, not as a file name.

    -h is no longer documented, and may be withdrawn in future versions.
    Use -x or -t x2 instead.

    -i is now equivalent to -t dI (not -t d2), and
    -l is now equivalent to -t dL (not -t d4).

    -s is now equivalent to -t d2.  The old "-s[NUM]" or "-s NUM"
    option has been renamed to "-S NUM".

    The default output format is now -t oS, not -t o2, i.e., short int
    rather than two-byte int.  This makes a difference only on hosts like
    Cray systems where the C short int type requires more than two bytes.

  readlink accepts new options: --canonicalize-existing (-e)
  and --canonicalize-missing (-m).

  The stat option --filesystem has been renamed to --file-system, for
  consistency with POSIX "file system" and with cp and du --one-file-system.

** Removed features

  md5sum and sha1sum's undocumented --string option has been removed.

  tail's undocumented --max-consecutive-size-changes option has been removed.

* Major changes in release 5.2.1 (2004-03-12) [stable]

** Bug fixes

  mv could mistakenly fail to preserve hard links when moving two
  or more arguments between partitions.

  `cp --sparse=always F /dev/hdx' no longer tries to use lseek to create
  holes in the destination.

  nohup now sets the close-on-exec flag for its copy of the stderr file
  descriptor.  This avoids some nohup-induced hangs.  For example, before
  this change, if you ran `ssh localhost', then `nohup sleep 600 </dev/null &',
  and then exited that remote shell, the ssh session would hang until the
  10-minute sleep terminated.  With the fixed nohup, the ssh session
  terminates immediately.

  `expr' now conforms to POSIX better:

    Integers like -0 and 00 are now treated as zero.

    The `|' operator now returns 0, not its first argument, if both
    arguments are null or zero.  E.g., `expr "" \| ""' now returns 0,
    not the empty string.

    The `|' and `&' operators now use short-circuit evaluation, e.g.,
    `expr 1 \| 1 / 0' no longer reports a division by zero.

** New features

  `chown user.group file' now has its traditional meaning even when
  conforming to POSIX 1003.1-2001, so long as no user has a name
  containing `.' that happens to equal `user.group'.


* Major changes in release 5.2.0 (2004-02-19) [stable]

** Bug fixes

  none


* Major changes in release 5.1.3 (2004-02-08): candidate to become stable 5.2.0

** Bug fixes

  `cp -d' now works as required even on systems like OSF V5.1 that
  declare stat and lstat as `static inline' functions.

  time stamps output by stat now include actual fractional seconds,
  when available -- or .0000000 for files without that information.

  seq no longer infloops when printing 2^31 or more numbers.
  For reference, seq `echo 2^31|bc` > /dev/null takes about one hour
  on a 1.6 GHz Athlon 2000 XP.  Now it can output 2^53-1 numbers before
  misbehaving.

* Major changes in release 5.1.2 (2004-01-25):

** Bug fixes

  rmdir -p exits with status 1 on error; formerly it sometimes exited
  with status 0 when given more than one argument.

  nohup now always exits with status 127 when it finds an error,
  as POSIX requires; formerly it sometimes exited with status 1.

  Several programs (including cut, date, dd, env, hostname, nl, pr,
  stty, and tr) now always exit with status 1 when they find an error;
  formerly they sometimes exited with status 2.

  factor no longer reports a usage error if stdin has the wrong format.

  paste no longer infloops on ppc systems (bug introduced in 5.1.1)


* Major changes in release 5.1.1 (2004-01-17):

** Configuration option

  You can select the default level of POSIX conformance at configure-time,
  e.g., by ./configure DEFAULT_POSIX2_VERSION=199209

** Bug fixes

  fold -s works once again on systems with differing sizes for int
  and size_t (bug introduced in 5.1.0)

** New features

  touch -r now specifies the origin for any relative times in the -d
  operand, if both options are given.  For example, "touch -r FOO -d
  '-5 seconds' BAR" sets BAR's modification time to be five seconds
  before FOO's.

  join: The obsolete options "-j1 FIELD", "-j2 FIELD", and
  "-o LIST1 LIST2..." are no longer supported on POSIX 1003.1-2001 systems.
  Portable scripts should use "-1 FIELD", "-2 FIELD", and
  "-o LIST1,LIST2..." respectively.  If join was compiled on a
  POSIX 1003.1-2001 system, you may enable the old behavior
  by setting _POSIX2_VERSION=199209 in your environment.
  [This change was reverted in coreutils 5.3.1.]


* Major changes in release 5.1.0 (2003-12-21):

** New features

  chgrp, chmod, and chown can now process (with -R) hierarchies of virtually
  unlimited depth.  Before, they would fail to operate on any file they
  encountered with a relative name of length PATH_MAX (often 4096) or longer.

  chgrp, chmod, chown, and rm accept the new options:
  --preserve-root, --no-preserve-root (default)

  chgrp and chown now accept POSIX-mandated -L, -H, and -P options

  du can now process hierarchies of virtually unlimited depth.
  Before, du was limited by the user's stack size and it would get a
  stack overflow error (often a segmentation fault) when applied to
  a hierarchy of depth around 30,000 or larger.

  du works even when run from an inaccessible directory

  du -D now dereferences all symlinks specified on the command line,
  not just the ones that reference directories

  du now accepts -P (--no-dereference), for compatibility with du
  of NetBSD and for consistency with e.g., chown and chgrp

  du's -H option will soon have the meaning required by POSIX
  (--dereference-args, aka -D) rather then the current meaning of --si.
  Now, using -H elicits a warning to that effect.

  When given -l and similar options, ls now adjusts the output column
  widths to fit the data, so that output lines are shorter and have
  columns that line up better.  This may adversely affect shell
  scripts that expect fixed-width columns, but such shell scripts were
  not portable anyway, even with old GNU ls where the columns became
  ragged when a datum was too wide.

  du accepts a new option, -0/--null, to make it produce NUL-terminated
  output lines

** Bug fixes

  printf, seq, tail, and sleep now parse floating-point operands
  and options in the C locale.  POSIX requires this for printf.

  od -c -w9999999 no longer segfaults

  csplit no longer reads from freed memory (dumping core on some systems)

  csplit would mistakenly exhaust virtual memory in some cases

  ls --width=N (for very large N) is no longer subject to an address
  arithmetic bug that could result in bounds violations.

  ls --width=N (with -x or -C) no longer allocates more space
  (potentially much more) than necessary for a given directory.

  dd `unblock' and `sync' may now be combined (e.g., dd conv=unblock,sync)

* Major changes in release 5.0.91 (2003-09-08):

** New features

  date accepts a new option --rfc-2822, an alias for --rfc-822.

  split accepts a new option -d or --numeric-suffixes.

  cp, install, mv, and touch now preserve microsecond resolution on
  file timestamps, on platforms that have the 'utimes' system call.
  Unfortunately there is no system call yet to preserve file
  timestamps to their full nanosecond resolution; microsecond
  resolution is the best we can do right now.

  sort now supports the zero byte (NUL) as a field separator; use -t '\0'.
  The -t '' option, which formerly had no effect, is now an error.

  sort option order no longer matters for the options -S, -d, -i, -o, and -t.
  Stronger options override weaker, and incompatible options are diagnosed.

  `sha1sum --check' now accepts the BSD format for SHA1 message digests
  in addition to the BSD format for MD5 ones.

  who -l now means `who --login', not `who --lookup', per POSIX.
  who's -l option has been eliciting an unconditional warning about
  this impending change since sh-utils-2.0.12 (April 2002).

** Bug fixes

  Mistakenly renaming a file onto itself, e.g., via `mv B b' when `B' is
  the same directory entry as `b' no longer destroys the directory entry
  referenced by both `b' and `B'.  Note that this would happen only on
  file systems like VFAT where two different names may refer to the same
  directory entry, usually due to lower->upper case mapping of file names.
  Now, the above can happen only on file systems that perform name mapping and
  that support hard links (stat.st_nlink > 1).  This mitigates the problem
  in two ways: few file systems appear to be affected (hpfs and ntfs are),
  when the bug is triggered, mv no longer removes the last hard link to a file.
  *** ATTENTION ***: if you know how to distinguish the following two cases
  without writing to the file system in question, please let me know:
  1) B and b refer to the same directory entry on a file system like NTFS
       (B may well have a link count larger than 1)
  2) B and b are hard links to the same file

  stat no longer overruns a buffer for format strings ending in `%'

  fold -s -wN would infloop for N < 8 with TABs in the input.
  E.g., this would not terminate: printf 'a\t' | fold -w2 -s

  `split -a0', although of questionable utility, is accepted once again.

  `df DIR' used to hang under some conditions on OSF/1 5.1.  Now it doesn't.

  seq's --width (-w) option now works properly even when the endpoint
  requiring the larger width is negative and smaller than the other endpoint.

  seq's default step is 1, even if LAST < FIRST.

  paste no longer mistakenly outputs 0xFF bytes for a nonempty input file
  without a trailing newline.

  `tail -n0 -f FILE' and `tail -c0 -f FILE' no longer perform what amounted
  to a busy wait, rather than sleeping between iterations.

  tail's long-undocumented --allow-missing option now elicits a warning


* Major changes in release 5.0.90 (2003-07-29):

** New features

  sort is now up to 30% more CPU-efficient in some cases

  `test' is now more compatible with Bash and POSIX:

    `test -t', `test --help', and `test --version' now silently exit
    with status 0.  To test whether standard output is a terminal, use
    `test -t 1'.  To get help and version info for `test', use
    `[ --help' and `[ --version'.

    `test' now exits with status 2 (not 1) if there is an error.

  wc count field widths now are heuristically adjusted depending on the input
  size, if known.  If only one count is printed, it is guaranteed to
  be printed without leading spaces.

  Previously, wc did not align the count fields if POSIXLY_CORRECT was set,
  but POSIX did not actually require this undesirable behavior, so it
  has been removed.

** Bug fixes

  kill no longer tries to operate on argv[0] (introduced in 5.0.1)
  Why wasn't this noticed?  Although many tests use kill, none of
  them made an effort to avoid using the shell's built-in kill.

  `[' invoked with no arguments no longer evokes a segfault

  rm without --recursive (aka -r or -R) no longer prompts regarding
  unwritable directories, as required by POSIX.

  uniq -c now uses a SPACE, not a TAB between the count and the
  corresponding line, as required by POSIX.

  expr now exits with status 2 if the expression is syntactically valid,
  and with status 3 if an error occurred.  POSIX requires this.

  expr now reports trouble if string comparison fails due to a collation error.

  split now generates suffixes properly on EBCDIC hosts.

  split -a0 now works, as POSIX requires.

  `sort --version' and `sort --help' fail, as they should
  when their output is redirected to /dev/full.

  `su --version > /dev/full' now fails, as it should.

** Fewer arbitrary limitations

  cut requires 97% less memory when very large field numbers or
  byte offsets are specified.


* Major changes in release 5.0.1 (2003-07-15):

** New programs
- new program: `[' (much like `test')

** New features
- head now accepts --lines=-N (--bytes=-N) to print all but the
  N lines (bytes) at the end of the file
- md5sum --check now accepts the output of the BSD md5sum program, e.g.,
  MD5 (f) = d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e
- date -d DATE can now parse a DATE string like May-23-2003
- chown: `.' is no longer recognized as a separator in the OWNER:GROUP
  specifier on POSIX 1003.1-2001 systems.  If chown *was not* compiled
  on such a system, then it still accepts `.', by default.  If chown
  was compiled on a POSIX 1003.1-2001 system, then you may enable the
  old behavior by setting _POSIX2_VERSION=199209 in your environment.
- chown no longer tries to preserve set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits;
  on some systems, the chown syscall resets those bits, and previous
  versions of the chown command would call chmod to restore the original,
  pre-chown(2) settings, but that behavior is problematic.
  1) There was a window whereby a malicious user, M, could subvert a
  chown command run by some other user and operating on files in a
  directory where M has write access.
  2) Before (and even now, on systems with chown(2) that doesn't reset
  those bits), an unwary admin. could use chown unwittingly to create e.g.,
  a set-user-ID root copy of /bin/sh.

** Bug fixes
- chown --dereference no longer leaks a file descriptor per symlink processed
- `du /' once again prints the `/' on the last line
- split's --verbose option works once again [broken in 4.5.10 and 5.0]
- tail -f is no longer subject to a race condition that could make it
  delay displaying the last part of a file that had stopped growing.  That
  bug could also make tail -f give an unwarranted `file truncated' warning.
- du no longer runs out of file descriptors unnecessarily
- df and `readlink --canonicalize' no longer corrupt the heap on
  non-glibc, non-solaris systems
- `env -u UNSET_VARIABLE' no longer dumps core on non-glibc systems
- readlink's --canonicalize option now works on systems like Solaris that
  lack the canonicalize_file_name function but do have resolvepath.
- mv now removes `a' in this example on all systems: touch a; ln a b; mv a b
  This behavior is contrary to POSIX (which requires that the mv command do
  nothing and exit successfully), but I suspect POSIX will change.
- date's %r format directive now honors locale settings
- date's `-' (no-pad) format flag now affects the space-padded-by-default
  conversion specifiers, %e, %k, %l
- fmt now diagnoses invalid obsolescent width specifications like `-72x'
- fmt now exits nonzero when unable to open an input file
- tsort now fails when given an odd number of input tokens,
  as required by POSIX.  Before, it would act as if the final token
  appeared one additional time.

** Fewer arbitrary limitations
- tail's byte and line counts are no longer limited to OFF_T_MAX.
  Now the limit is UINTMAX_MAX (usually 2^64).
- split can now handle --bytes=N and --lines=N with N=2^31 or more.

** Portability
- `kill -t' now prints signal descriptions (rather than `?') on systems
  like Tru64 with __sys_siglist but no strsignal function.
- stat.c now compiles on Ultrix systems
- sleep now works on AIX systems that lack support for clock_gettime
- rm now works around Darwin6.5's broken readdir function
  Before `rm -rf DIR' would fail to remove all files in DIR
  if there were more than 338.

* Major changes in release 5.0 (2003-04-02):
- false --help now exits nonzero

[4.5.12]
* printf no longer treats \x specially when POSIXLY_CORRECT is set
* printf avoids buffer overrun with format ending in a backslash and
* printf avoids buffer overrun with incomplete conversion specifier
* printf accepts multiple flags in a single conversion specifier

[4.5.11]
* seq no longer requires that a field width be specified
* seq no longer fails when given a field width of `0'
* seq now accepts ` ' and `'' as valid format flag characters
* df now shows a HOSTNAME: prefix for each remote-mounted file system on AIX 5.1
* portability tweaks for HP-UX, AIX 5.1, DJGPP

[4.5.10]
* printf no longer segfaults for a negative field width or precision
* shred now always enables --exact for non-regular files
* du no longer lists hard-linked files more than once
* du no longer dumps core on some systems due to `infinite' recursion
  via nftw's use of the buggy replacement function in getcwd.c
* portability patches for a few vendor compilers and 64-bit systems
* du -S *really* now works like it did before the change in 4.5.5

[4.5.9]
* du no longer truncates file sizes or sums to fit in 32-bit size_t
* work around Linux kernel bug in getcwd (fixed in 2.4.21-pre4), so that pwd
  now fails if the name of the working directory is so long that getcwd
  truncates it.  Before it would print the truncated name and exit successfully.
* `df /some/mount-point' no longer hangs on a GNU libc system when another
  hard-mounted NFS file system (preceding /some/mount-point in /proc/mounts)
  is inaccessible.
* rm -rf now gives an accurate diagnostic when failing to remove a file
  under certain unusual conditions
* mv and `cp --preserve=links' now preserve multiple hard links even under
  certain unusual conditions where they used to fail

[4.5.8]
* du -S once again works like it did before the change in 4.5.5
* stat accepts a new file format, %B, for the size of each block reported by %b
* du accepts new option: --apparent-size
* du --bytes (-b) works the same way it did in fileutils-3.16 and before
* du reports proper sizes for directories (not zero) (broken in 4.5.6 or 4.5.7)
* df now always displays under `Filesystem', the device file name
  corresponding to the listed mount point.  Before, for a block- or character-
  special file command line argument, df would display that argument.  E.g.,
  `df /dev/hda' would list `/dev/hda' as the `Filesystem', rather than say
  /dev/hda3 (the device on which `/' is mounted), as it does now.
* test now works properly when invoked from a set user ID or set group ID
  context and when testing access to files subject to alternate protection
  mechanisms.  For example, without this change, a set-UID program that invoked
  `test -w F' (to see if F is writable) could mistakenly report that it *was*
  writable, even though F was on a read-only file system, or F had an ACL
  prohibiting write access, or F was marked as immutable.

[4.5.7]
* du would fail with more than one DIR argument when any but the last did not
  contain a slash (due to a bug in ftw.c)

[4.5.6]
* du no longer segfaults on Solaris systems (fixed heap-corrupting bug in ftw.c)
* du --exclude=FILE works once again (this was broken by the rewrite for 4.5.5)
* du no longer gets a failed assertion for certain hierarchy lay-outs
  involving hard-linked directories
* `who -r' no longer segfaults when using non-C-locale messages
* df now displays a mount point (usually `/') for non-mounted
  character-special and block files

[4.5.5]
* ls --dired produces correct byte offset for file names containing
  nonprintable characters in a multibyte locale
* du has been rewritten to use a variant of GNU libc's ftw.c
* du now counts the space associated with a directory's directory entry,
  even if it cannot list or chdir into that subdirectory.
* du -S now includes the st_size of each entry corresponding to a subdirectory
* rm on FreeBSD can once again remove directories from NFS-mounted file systems
* ls has a new option --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir, which
  corresponds to the new default behavior when none of -d, -l -F, -H, -L
  has been specified.
* ls dangling-symlink now prints `dangling-symlink'.
  Before, it would fail with `no such file or directory'.
* ls -s symlink-to-non-dir and ls -i symlink-to-non-dir now print
  attributes of `symlink', rather than attributes of their referents.
* Fix a bug introduced in 4.5.4 that made it so that ls --color would no
  longer highlight the names of files with the execute bit set when not
  specified on the command line.
* shred's --zero (-z) option no longer gobbles up any following argument.
  Before, `shred --zero file' would produce `shred: missing file argument',
  and worse, `shred --zero f1 f2 ...' would appear to work, but would leave
  the first file untouched.
* readlink: new program
* cut: new feature: when used to select ranges of byte offsets (as opposed
  to ranges of fields) and when --output-delimiter=STRING is specified,
  output STRING between ranges of selected bytes.
* rm -r can no longer be tricked into mistakenly reporting a cycle.
* when rm detects a directory cycle, it no longer aborts the entire command,
  but rather merely stops processing the affected command line argument.

[4.5.4]
* cp no longer fails to parse options like this: --preserve=mode,ownership
* `ls --color -F symlink-to-dir' works properly
* ls is much more efficient on directories with valid dirent.d_type.
* stty supports all baud rates defined in linux-2.4.19.
* `du symlink-to-dir/' would improperly remove the trailing slash
* `du ""' would evoke a bounds violation.
* In the unlikely event that running `du /' resulted in `stat ("/", ...)'
  failing, du would give a diagnostic about `' (empty string) rather than `/'.
* printf: a hexadecimal escape sequence has at most two hex. digits, not three.
* The following features have been added to the --block-size option
  and similar environment variables of df, du, and ls.
  - A leading "'" generates numbers with thousands separators.
    For example:
      $ ls -l --block-size="'1" file
      -rw-rw-r--    1 eggert   src      47,483,707 Sep 24 23:40 file
  - A size suffix without a leading integer generates a suffix in the output.
    For example:
      $ ls -l --block-size="K"
      -rw-rw-r--    1 eggert   src          46371K Sep 24 23:40 file
* ls's --block-size option now affects file sizes in all cases, not
  just for --block-size=human-readable and --block-size=si.  Fractional
  sizes are now always rounded up, for consistency with df and du.
* df now displays the block size using powers of 1000 if the requested
  block size seems to be a multiple of a power of 1000.
* nl no longer gets a segfault when run like this `yes|nl -s%n'

[4.5.3]
* du --dereference-args (-D) no longer fails in certain cases
* `ln --target-dir=DIR' no longer fails when given a single argument

[4.5.2]
* `rm -i dir' (without --recursive (-r)) no longer recurses into dir
* `tail -c N FILE' now works with files of size >= 4GB
* `mkdir -p' can now create very deep (e.g. 40,000-component) directories
* rmdir -p dir-with-trailing-slash/ no longer fails
* printf now honors the `--' command line delimiter
* od's 8-byte formats x8, o8, and u8 now work
* tail now accepts fractional seconds for its --sleep-interval=S (-s) option

[4.5.1]
* du and ls now report sizes of symbolic links (before they'd always report 0)
* uniq now obeys the LC_COLLATE locale, as per POSIX 1003.1-2001 TC1.

========================================================================
Here are the NEWS entries made from fileutils-4.1 until the
point at which the packages merged to form the coreutils:

[4.1.11]
* `rm symlink-to-unwritable' doesn't prompt [introduced in 4.1.10]
[4.1.10]
* rm once again gives a reasonable diagnostic when failing to remove a file
    owned by someone else in a sticky directory [introduced in 4.1.9]
* df now rounds all quantities up, as per POSIX.
* New ls time style: long-iso, which generates YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM.
* Any time style can be preceded by "posix-"; this causes "ls" to
  use traditional timestamp format when in the POSIX locale.
* The default time style is now posix-long-iso instead of posix-iso.
  Set TIME_STYLE="posix-iso" to revert to the behavior of 4.1.1 thru 4.1.9.
* `rm dangling-symlink' doesn't prompt [introduced in 4.1.9]
* stat: remove support for --secure/-s option and related %S and %C format specs
* stat: rename --link/-l to --dereference/-L.
    The old options will continue to work for a while.
[4.1.9]
* rm can now remove very deep hierarchies, in spite of any limit on stack size
* new programs: link, unlink, and stat
* New ls option: --author (for the Hurd).
* `touch -c no-such-file' no longer fails, per POSIX
[4.1.8]
* mv no longer mistakenly creates links to preexisting destination files
    that aren't moved
[4.1.7]
* rm: close a hole that would allow a running rm process to be subverted
[4.1.6]
* New cp option: --copy-contents.
* cp -r is now equivalent to cp -R.  Use cp -R -L --copy-contents to get the
  traditional (and rarely desirable) cp -r behavior.
* ls now accepts --time-style=+FORMAT, where +FORMAT works like date's format
* The obsolete usage `touch [-acm] MMDDhhmm[YY] FILE...' is no longer
  supported on systems conforming to POSIX 1003.1-2001.  Use touch -t instead.
* cp and inter-partition mv no longer give a misleading diagnostic in some
    unusual cases
[4.1.5]
* cp -r no longer preserves symlinks
* The block size notation is now compatible with SI and with IEC 60027-2.
  For example, --block-size=1MB now means --block-size=1000000,
  whereas --block-size=1MiB now means --block-size=1048576.
  A missing `B' (e.g. `1M') has the same meaning as before.
  A trailing `B' now means decimal, not binary; this is a silent change.
  The nonstandard `D' suffix (e.g. `1MD') is now obsolescent.
* -H or --si now outputs the trailing 'B', for consistency with the above.
* Programs now output trailing 'K' (not 'k') to mean 1024, as per IEC 60027-2.
* New df, du short option -B is short for --block-size.
* You can omit an integer `1' before a block size suffix,
  e.g. `df -BG' is equivalent to `df -B 1G' and to `df --block-size=1G'.
* The following options are now obsolescent, as their names are
  incompatible with IEC 60027-2:
   df, du: -m or --megabytes (use -BM or --block-size=1M)
   df, du, ls: --kilobytes (use --block-size=1K)
[4.1.4]
* df --local no longer lists smbfs file systems whose name starts with //
* dd now detects the Linux/tape/lseek bug at run time and warns about it.
[4.1.3]
* ls -R once again outputs a blank line between per-directory groups of files.
    This was broken by the cycle-detection change in 4.1.1.
* dd once again uses `lseek' on character devices like /dev/mem and /dev/kmem.
    On systems with the linux kernel (at least up to 2.4.16), dd must still
    resort to emulating `skip=N' behavior using reads on tape devices, because
    lseek has no effect, yet appears to succeed.  This may be a kernel bug.
[4.1.2]
* cp no longer fails when two or more source files are the same;
    now it just gives a warning and doesn't copy the file the second time.
    E.g., cp a a d/ produces this:
    cp: warning: source file `a' specified more than once
* chmod would set the wrong bit when given symbolic mode strings like
    these: g=o, o=g, o=u.  E.g., `chmod a=,o=w,ug=o f' would give a mode
    of --w-r---w- rather than --w--w--w-.
[4.1.1]
* mv (likewise for cp), now fails rather than silently clobbering one of
    the source files in the following example:
    rm -rf a b c; mkdir a b c; touch a/f b/f; mv a/f b/f c
* ls -R detects directory cycles, per POSIX.  It warns and doesn't infloop.
* cp's -P option now means the same as --no-dereference, per POSIX.
    Use --parents to get the old meaning.
* When copying with the -H and -L options, cp can preserve logical
    links between source files with --preserve=links
* cp accepts new options:
    --preserve[={mode,ownership,timestamps,links,all}]
    --no-preserve={mode,ownership,timestamps,links,all}
* cp's -p and --preserve options remain unchanged and are equivalent
    to `--preserve=mode,ownership,timestamps'
* mv and cp accept a new option: --reply={yes,no,query};  provides a consistent
    mechanism to control whether one is prompted about certain existing
    destination files.  Note that cp's and mv's -f options don't have the
    same meaning: cp's -f option no longer merely turns off `-i'.
* remove portability limitations (e.g., PATH_MAX on the Hurd, fixes for
    64-bit systems)
* mv now prompts before overwriting an existing, unwritable destination file
    when stdin is a tty, unless --force (-f) is specified, as per POSIX.
* mv: fix the bug whereby `mv -uf source dest' would delete source,
    even though it's older than dest.
* chown's --from=CURRENT_OWNER:CURRENT_GROUP option now works
* cp now ensures that the set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits are cleared for
    the destination file when when copying and not preserving permissions.
* `ln -f --backup k k' gives a clearer diagnostic
* ls no longer truncates user names or group names that are longer
    than 8 characters.
* ls's new --dereference-command-line option causes it to dereference
  symbolic links on the command-line only.  It is the default unless
  one of the -d, -F, or -l options are given.
* ls -H now means the same as ls --dereference-command-line, as per POSIX.
* ls -g now acts like ls -l, except it does not display owner, as per POSIX.
* ls -n now implies -l, as per POSIX.
* ls can now display dates and times in one of four time styles:

  - The `full-iso' time style gives full ISO-style time stamps like
    `2001-05-14 23:45:56.477817180 -0700'.
  - The 'iso' time style gives ISO-style time stamps like '2001-05-14 '
    and '05-14 23:45'.
  - The 'locale' time style gives locale-dependent time stamps like
    'touko  14  2001' and 'touko  14 23:45' (in a Finnish locale).
  - The 'posix-iso' time style gives traditional POSIX-locale
    time stamps like 'May 14  2001' and 'May 14 23:45' unless the user
    specifies a non-POSIX locale, in which case it uses ISO-style dates.
    This is the default.

  You can specify a time style with an option like --time-style='iso'
  or with an environment variable like TIME_STYLE='iso'.  GNU Emacs 21
  and later can parse ISO dates, but older Emacs versions cannot, so
  if you are using an older version of Emacs outside the default POSIX
  locale, you may need to set TIME_STYLE="locale".

* --full-time is now an alias for "-l --time-style=full-iso".


========================================================================
Here are the NEWS entries made from sh-utils-2.0 until the
point at which the packages merged to form the coreutils:

 [2.0.15]
* date no longer accepts e.g., September 31 in the MMDDhhmm syntax
* fix a bug in this package's .m4 files and in configure.ac
 [2.0.14]
* nohup's behavior is changed as follows, to conform to POSIX 1003.1-2001:
  - nohup no longer adjusts scheduling priority; use "nice" for that.
  - nohup now redirects stderr to stdout, if stderr is not a terminal.
  - nohup exit status is now 126 if command was found but not invoked,
    127 if nohup failed or if command was not found.
 [2.0.13]
* uname and uptime work better on *BSD systems
* pathchk now exits nonzero for a path with a directory component
    that specifies a non-directory
 [2.0.12]
* kill: new program
* who accepts new options: --all (-a), --boot (-b), --dead (-d), --login,
   --process (-p), --runlevel (-r), --short (-s), --time (-t), --users (-u).
   The -u option now produces POSIX-specified results and is the same as
   the long option `--users'.  --idle is no longer the same as -u.
* The following changes apply on systems conforming to POSIX 1003.1-2001:
   - `date -I' is no longer supported.  Instead, use `date --iso-8601'.
   - `nice -NUM' is no longer supported.  Instead, use `nice -n NUM'.
  [This change was reverted in coreutils 5.3.1.]
* New 'uname' options -i or --hardware-platform, and -o or --operating-system.
   'uname -a' now outputs -i and -o information at the end.
   New uname option --kernel-version is an alias for -v.
   Uname option --release has been renamed to --kernel-release,
   and --sysname has been renamed to --kernel-name;
   the old options will work for a while, but are no longer documented.
* 'expr' now uses the LC_COLLATE locale for string comparison, as per POSIX.
* 'expr' now requires '+' rather than 'quote' to quote tokens;
    this removes an incompatibility with POSIX.
* date -d 'last friday' would print a date/time that was one hour off
    (e.g., 23:00 on *thursday* rather than 00:00 of the preceding friday)
    when run such that the current time and the target date/time fall on
    opposite sides of a daylight savings time transition.
    This problem arose only with relative date strings like `last monday'.
    It was not a problem with strings that include absolute dates.
* factor is twice as fast, for large numbers
 [2.0.11]
* setting the date now works properly, even when using -u
* `date -f - < /dev/null' no longer dumps core
* some DOS/Windows portability changes
 [2.0j]
* `date -d DATE' now parses certain relative DATEs correctly
 [2.0i]
* fixed a bug introduced in 2.0h that made many programs fail with a
 `write error' when invoked with the --version option
 [2.0h]
* all programs fail when printing --help or --version output to a full device
* printf exits nonzero upon write failure
* yes now detects and terminates upon write failure
* date --rfc-822 now always emits day and month names from the `C' locale
* portability tweaks for Solaris8, Ultrix, and DOS
 [2.0g]
* date now handles two-digit years with leading zeros correctly.
* printf interprets unicode, \uNNNN \UNNNNNNNN, on systems with the
  required support;  from Bruno Haible.
* stty's rprnt attribute now works on HPUX 10.20
* seq's --equal-width option works more portably
 [2.0f]
* fix build problems with ut_name vs. ut_user
 [2.0e]
* stty: fix long-standing bug that caused test failures on at least HPUX
  systems when COLUMNS was set to zero
* still more portability fixes
* unified lib/: now that directory and most of the configuration framework
  is common between fileutils, textutils, and sh-utils
 [2.0d]
* fix portability problem with sleep vs lib/strtod.c's requirement for -lm
 [2.0c]
* fix portability problems with nanosleep.c and with the new code in sleep.c
 [2.0b]
* Regenerate lib/Makefile.in so that nanosleep.c is distributed.
 [2.0a]
* sleep accepts floating point arguments on command line
* sleep's clock continues counting down when sleep is suspended
* when a suspended sleep process is resumed, it continues sleeping if
  there is any time remaining
* who once again prints whatever host information it has, even without --lookup

========================================================================
For older NEWS entries for the fileutils, textutils, and sh-utils
packages, see ./old/*/NEWS.

  This package began as the union of the following:
  textutils-2.1, fileutils-4.1.11, sh-utils-2.0.15.

========================================================================

Copyright (C) 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Free Software
Foundation, Inc.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover
Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the ``GNU Free
Documentation License'' file as part of this distribution.