1 Installing the GNU C Library
2 ****************************
4 Before you do anything else, you should read the FAQ at
5 `http://sourceware.org/glibc/wiki/FAQ'. It answers common questions
6 and describes problems you may experience with compilation and
9 Features can be added to the GNU C Library via "add-on" bundles.
10 These are separate tar files, which you unpack into the top level of
11 the source tree. Then you give `configure' the `--enable-add-ons'
12 option to activate them, and they will be compiled into the library.
14 You will need recent versions of several GNU tools: definitely GCC
15 and GNU Make, and possibly others. *Note Tools for Compilation::,
18 Configuring and compiling the GNU C Library
19 ===========================================
21 The GNU C Library cannot be compiled in the source directory. You must
22 build it in a separate build directory. For example, if you have
23 unpacked the GNU C Library sources in `/src/gnu/glibc-VERSION', create
24 a directory `/src/gnu/glibc-build' to put the object files in. This
25 allows removing the whole build directory in case an error occurs,
26 which is the safest way to get a fresh start and should always be done.
28 From your object directory, run the shell script `configure' located
29 at the top level of the source tree. In the scenario above, you'd type
31 $ ../glibc-VERSION/configure ARGS...
33 Please note that even though you're building in a separate build
34 directory, the compilation may need to create or modify files and
35 directories in the source directory.
37 `configure' takes many options, but the only one that is usually
38 mandatory is `--prefix'. This option tells `configure' where you want
39 the GNU C Library installed. This defaults to `/usr/local', but the
40 normal setting to install as the standard system library is
41 `--prefix=/usr' for GNU/Linux systems and `--prefix=' (an empty prefix)
44 It may also be useful to set the CC and CFLAGS variables in the
45 environment when running `configure'. CC selects the C compiler that
46 will be used, and CFLAGS sets optimization options for the compiler.
48 The following list describes all of the available options for
52 Install machine-independent data files in subdirectories of
53 `DIRECTORY'. The default is to install in `/usr/local'.
55 `--exec-prefix=DIRECTORY'
56 Install the library and other machine-dependent files in
57 subdirectories of `DIRECTORY'. The default is to the `--prefix'
58 directory if that option is specified, or `/usr/local' otherwise.
60 `--with-headers=DIRECTORY'
61 Look for kernel header files in DIRECTORY, not `/usr/include'.
62 The GNU C Library needs information from the kernel's header files
63 describing the interface to the kernel. The GNU C Library will
64 normally look in `/usr/include' for them, but if you specify this
65 option, it will look in DIRECTORY instead.
67 This option is primarily of use on a system where the headers in
68 `/usr/include' come from an older version of the GNU C Library.
69 Conflicts can occasionally happen in this case. You can also use
70 this option if you want to compile the GNU C Library with a newer
71 set of kernel headers than the ones found in `/usr/include'.
73 `--enable-add-ons[=LIST]'
74 Specify add-on packages to include in the build. If this option is
75 specified with no list, it enables all the add-on packages it
76 finds in the main source directory; this is the default behavior.
77 You may specify an explicit list of add-ons to use in LIST,
78 separated by spaces or commas (if you use spaces, remember to
79 quote them from the shell). Each add-on in LIST can be an
80 absolute directory name or can be a directory name relative to the
81 main source directory, or relative to the build directory (that
82 is, the current working directory). For example,
83 `--enable-add-ons=nptl,../glibc-libidn-VERSION'.
85 `--enable-kernel=VERSION'
86 This option is currently only useful on GNU/Linux systems. The
87 VERSION parameter should have the form X.Y.Z and describes the
88 smallest version of the Linux kernel the generated library is
89 expected to support. The higher the VERSION number is, the less
90 compatibility code is added, and the faster the code gets.
92 `--with-binutils=DIRECTORY'
93 Use the binutils (assembler and linker) in `DIRECTORY', not the
94 ones the C compiler would default to. You can use this option if
95 the default binutils on your system cannot deal with all the
96 constructs in the GNU C Library. In that case, `configure' will
97 detect the problem and suppress these constructs, so that the
98 library will still be usable, but functionality may be lost--for
99 example, you can't build a shared libc with old binutils.
102 Use this option if your computer lacks hardware floating-point
103 support and your operating system does not emulate an FPU.
106 Don't build shared libraries even if it is possible. Not all
107 systems support shared libraries; you need ELF support and
108 (currently) the GNU linker.
111 Don't build libraries with profiling information. You may want to
112 use this option if you don't plan to do profiling.
114 `--disable-versioning'
115 Don't compile the shared libraries with symbol version information.
116 Doing this will make the resulting library incompatible with old
117 binaries, so it's not recommended.
119 `--enable-static-nss'
120 Compile static versions of the NSS (Name Service Switch) libraries.
121 This is not recommended because it defeats the purpose of NSS; a
122 program linked statically with the NSS libraries cannot be
123 dynamically reconfigured to use a different name database.
126 By default the C library is built with support for thread-local
127 storage if the used tools support it. By using `--without-tls'
128 this can be prevented though there generally is no reason since it
129 creates compatibility problems.
131 `--build=BUILD-SYSTEM'
133 These options are for cross-compiling. If you specify both
134 options and BUILD-SYSTEM is different from HOST-SYSTEM, `configure'
135 will prepare to cross-compile the GNU C Library from BUILD-SYSTEM
136 to be used on HOST-SYSTEM. You'll probably need the
137 `--with-headers' option too, and you may have to override
138 CONFIGURE's selection of the compiler and/or binutils.
140 If you only specify `--host', `configure' will prepare for a
141 native compile but use what you specify instead of guessing what
142 your system is. This is most useful to change the CPU submodel.
143 For example, if `configure' guesses your machine as
144 `i586-pc-linux-gnu' but you want to compile a library for 386es,
145 give `--host=i386-pc-linux-gnu' or just `--host=i386-linux' and add
146 the appropriate compiler flags (`-mcpu=i386' will do the trick) to
149 If you specify just `--build', `configure' will get confused.
151 To build the library and related programs, type `make'. This will
152 produce a lot of output, some of which may look like errors from `make'
153 but isn't. Look for error messages from `make' containing `***'.
154 Those indicate that something is seriously wrong.
156 The compilation process can take a long time, depending on the
157 configuration and the speed of your machine. Some complex modules may
158 take a very long time to compile, as much as several minutes on slower
159 machines. Do not panic if the compiler appears to hang.
161 If you want to run a parallel make, simply pass the `-j' option with
162 an appropriate numeric parameter to `make'. You need a recent GNU
163 `make' version, though.
165 To build and run test programs which exercise some of the library
166 facilities, type `make check'. If it does not complete successfully,
167 do not use the built library, and report a bug after verifying that the
168 problem is not already known. *Note Reporting Bugs::, for instructions
169 on reporting bugs. Note that some of the tests assume they are not
170 being run by `root'. We recommend you compile and test the GNU C
171 Library as an unprivileged user.
173 Before reporting bugs make sure there is no problem with your system.
174 The tests (and later installation) use some pre-existing files of the
175 system such as `/etc/passwd', `/etc/nsswitch.conf' and others. These
176 files must all contain correct and sensible content.
178 To format the `GNU C Library Reference Manual' for printing, type
179 `make dvi'. You need a working TeX installation to do this. The
180 distribution builds the on-line formatted version of the manual, as
181 Info files, as part of the build process. You can build them manually
184 The library has a number of special-purpose configuration parameters
185 which you can find in `Makeconfig'. These can be overwritten with the
186 file `configparms'. To change them, create a `configparms' in your
187 build directory and add values as appropriate for your system. The
188 file is included and parsed by `make' and has to follow the conventions
191 It is easy to configure the GNU C Library for cross-compilation by
192 setting a few variables in `configparms'. Set `CC' to the
193 cross-compiler for the target you configured the library for; it is
194 important to use this same `CC' value when running `configure', like
195 this: `CC=TARGET-gcc configure TARGET'. Set `BUILD_CC' to the compiler
196 to use for programs run on the build system as part of compiling the
197 library. You may need to set `AR' to cross-compiling versions of `ar'
198 if the native tools are not configured to work with object files for
199 the target you configured for.
201 Installing the C Library
202 ========================
204 To install the library and its header files, and the Info files of the
205 manual, type `env LANGUAGE=C LC_ALL=C make install'. This will build
206 things, if necessary, before installing them; however, you should still
207 compile everything first. If you are installing the GNU C Library as
208 your primary C library, we recommend that you shut the system down to
209 single-user mode first, and reboot afterward. This minimizes the risk
210 of breaking things when the library changes out from underneath.
212 `make install' will do the entire job of upgrading from a previous
213 installation of the GNU C Library version 2.x. There may sometimes be
214 headers left behind from the previous installation, but those are
215 generally harmless. If you want to avoid leaving headers behind you
216 can do things in the following order.
218 You must first build the library (`make'), optionally check it
219 (`make check'), switch the include directories and then install (`make
220 install'). The steps must be done in this order. Not moving the
221 directory before install will result in an unusable mixture of header
222 files from both libraries, but configuring, building, and checking the
223 library requires the ability to compile and run programs against the old
224 library. The new `/usr/include', after switching the include
225 directories and before installing the library should contain the Linux
226 headers, but nothing else. If you do this, you will need to restore
227 any headers from libraries other than the GNU C Library yourself after
228 installing the library.
230 You can install the GNU C Library somewhere other than where you
231 configured it to go by setting the `install_root' variable on the
232 command line for `make install'. The value of this variable is
233 prepended to all the paths for installation. This is useful when
234 setting up a chroot environment or preparing a binary distribution.
235 The directory should be specified with an absolute file name.
237 The GNU C Library includes a daemon called `nscd', which you may or
238 may not want to run. `nscd' caches name service lookups; it can
239 dramatically improve performance with NIS+, and may help with DNS as
242 One auxiliary program, `/usr/libexec/pt_chown', is installed setuid
243 `root'. This program is invoked by the `grantpt' function; it sets the
244 permissions on a pseudoterminal so it can be used by the calling
245 process. This means programs like `xterm' and `screen' do not have to
246 be setuid to get a pty. (There may be other reasons why they need
247 privileges.) If you are using a Linux kernel with the `devptsfs' or
248 `devfs' filesystems providing pty slaves, you don't need this program;
249 otherwise you do. The source for `pt_chown' is in
250 `login/programs/pt_chown.c'.
252 After installation you might want to configure the timezone and
253 locale installation of your system. The GNU C Library comes with a
254 locale database which gets configured with `localedef'. For example, to
255 set up a German locale with name `de_DE', simply issue the command
256 `localedef -i de_DE -f ISO-8859-1 de_DE'. To configure all locales
257 that are supported by the GNU C Library, you can issue from your build
258 directory the command `make localedata/install-locales'.
260 To configure the locally used timezone, set the `TZ' environment
261 variable. The script `tzselect' helps you to select the right value.
262 As an example, for Germany, `tzselect' would tell you to use
263 `TZ='Europe/Berlin''. For a system wide installation (the given paths
264 are for an installation with `--prefix=/usr'), link the timezone file
265 which is in `/usr/share/zoneinfo' to the file `/etc/localtime'. For
266 Germany, you might execute `ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Berlin
269 Recommended Tools for Compilation
270 =================================
272 We recommend installing the following GNU tools before attempting to
273 build the GNU C Library:
275 * GNU `make' 3.79 or newer
277 You need the latest version of GNU `make'. Modifying the GNU C
278 Library to work with other `make' programs would be so difficult
279 that we recommend you port GNU `make' instead. *Really.* We
280 recommend GNU `make' version 3.79. All earlier versions have
281 severe bugs or lack features.
283 * GCC 4.3 or newer, GCC 4.6 recommended
285 GCC 4.3 or higher is required; as of this writing, GCC 4.6 is the
286 compiler we advise to use to build the GNU C Library.
288 You can use whatever compiler you like to compile programs that use
291 Check the FAQ for any special compiler issues on particular
294 * GNU `binutils' 2.20 or later
296 You must use GNU `binutils' (as and ld) to build the GNU C Library.
297 No other assembler or linker has the necessary functionality at the
300 * GNU `texinfo' 4.5 or later
302 To correctly translate and install the Texinfo documentation you
303 need this version of the `texinfo' package. Earlier versions do
304 not understand all the tags used in the document, and the
305 installation mechanism for the info files is not present or works
308 * GNU `awk' 3.0, or higher
310 `Awk' is used in several places to generate files. `gawk' 3.0 is
315 Perl is not required, but it is used if present to test the
316 installation. We may decide to use it elsewhere in the future.
318 * GNU `sed' 3.02 or newer
320 `Sed' is used in several places to generate files. Most scripts
321 work with any version of `sed'. The known exception is the script
322 `po2test.sed' in the `intl' subdirectory which is used to generate
323 `msgs.h' for the test suite. This script works correctly only
324 with GNU `sed' 3.02. If you like to run the test suite, you
325 should definitely upgrade `sed'.
328 If you change any of the `configure.in' files you will also need
330 * GNU `autoconf' 2.53 or higher
332 and if you change any of the message translation files you will need
334 * GNU `gettext' 0.10.36 or later
336 You may also need these packages if you upgrade your source tree using
337 patches, although we try to avoid this.
339 Specific advice for GNU/Linux systems
340 =====================================
342 If you are installing the GNU C Library on GNU/Linux systems, you need
343 to have the header files from a 2.6.19.1 or newer kernel around for
344 reference. These headers must be installed using `make
345 headers_install'; the headers present in the kernel source directory
346 are not suitable for direct use by the GNU C Library. You do not need
347 to use that kernel, just have its headers installed where the GNU C
348 Library can access them, referred to here as INSTALL-DIRECTORY. The
349 easiest way to do this is to unpack it in a directory such as
350 `/usr/src/linux-VERSION'. In that directory, run `make headers_install
351 INSTALL_HDR_PATH=INSTALL-DIRECTORY'. Finally, configure the GNU C
352 Library with the option `--with-headers=INSTALL-DIRECTORY/include'.
353 Use the most recent kernel you can get your hands on. (If you are
354 cross-compiling the GNU C Library, you need to specify
355 `ARCH=ARCHITECTURE' in the `make headers_install' command, where
356 ARCHITECTURE is the architecture name used by the Linux kernel, such as
359 After installing the GNU C Library, you may need to remove or rename
360 directories such as `/usr/include/linux' and `/usr/include/asm', and
361 replace them with copies of directories such as `linux' and `asm' from
362 `INSTALL-DIRECTORY/include'. All directories present in
363 `INSTALL-DIRECTORY/include' should be copied, except that the GNU C
364 Library provides its own version of `/usr/include/scsi'; the files
365 provided by the kernel should be copied without replacing those
366 provided by the GNU C Library. The `linux', `asm' and `asm-generic'
367 directories are required to compile programs using the GNU C Library;
368 the other directories describe interfaces to the kernel but are not
369 required if not compiling programs using those interfaces. You do not
370 need to copy kernel headers if you did not specify an alternate kernel
371 header source using `--with-headers'.
373 The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard for GNU/Linux systems expects some
374 components of the GNU C Library installation to be in `/lib' and some
375 in `/usr/lib'. This is handled automatically if you configure the GNU
376 C Library with `--prefix=/usr'. If you set some other prefix or allow
377 it to default to `/usr/local', then all the components are installed
383 There are probably bugs in the GNU C Library. There are certainly
384 errors and omissions in this manual. If you report them, they will get
385 fixed. If you don't, no one will ever know about them and they will
386 remain unfixed for all eternity, if not longer.
388 It is a good idea to verify that the problem has not already been
389 reported. Bugs are documented in two places: The file `BUGS' describes
390 a number of well known bugs and the bug tracking system has a WWW
391 interface at `http://sourceware.org/bugzilla/'. The WWW interface
392 gives you access to open and closed reports. A closed report normally
393 includes a patch or a hint on solving the problem.
395 To report a bug, first you must find it. With any luck, this will
396 be the hard part. Once you've found a bug, make sure it's really a
397 bug. A good way to do this is to see if the GNU C Library behaves the
398 same way some other C library does. If so, probably you are wrong and
399 the libraries are right (but not necessarily). If not, one of the
400 libraries is probably wrong. It might not be the GNU C Library. Many
401 historical Unix C libraries permit things that we don't, such as
402 closing a file twice.
404 If you think you have found some way in which the GNU C Library does
405 not conform to the ISO and POSIX standards (*note Standards and
406 Portability::), that is definitely a bug. Report it!
408 Once you're sure you've found a bug, try to narrow it down to the
409 smallest test case that reproduces the problem. In the case of a C
410 library, you really only need to narrow it down to one library function
411 call, if possible. This should not be too difficult.
413 The final step when you have a simple test case is to report the bug.
414 Do this using the WWW interface to the bug database.
416 If you are not sure how a function should behave, and this manual
417 doesn't tell you, that's a bug in the manual. Report that too! If the
418 function's behavior disagrees with the manual, then either the library
419 or the manual has a bug, so report the disagreement. If you find any
420 errors or omissions in this manual, please report them to the bug
421 database. If you refer to specific sections of the manual, please
422 include the section names for easier identification.