1 Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU C Library
3 This document tries to answer questions a user might have when
4 installing and using glibc. Please make sure you read this before
5 sending questions or bug reports to the maintainers.
7 The GNU C library is very complex. The installation process has not
8 been completely automated; there are too many variables. You can do
9 substantial damage to your system by installing the library
10 incorrectly. Make sure you understand what you are undertaking before
13 If you have any questions you think should be answered in this document,
20 ?? What systems does the GNU C Library run on?
22 {UD} This is difficult to answer. The file `README' lists the
23 architectures GNU libc was known to run on *at some time*. This does
24 not mean that it still can be compiled and run on them now.
26 The systems glibc is known to work on as of this release, and most
27 probably in the future, are:
30 i[3456]86-*-linux-gnu Linux-2.x on Intel
31 m68k-*-linux-gnu Linux-2.x on Motorola 680x0
32 alpha-*-linux-gnu Linux-2.x on DEC Alpha
33 powerpc-*-linux-gnu Linux and MkLinux on PowerPC systems
34 sparc-*-linux-gnu Linux-2.x on SPARC
35 sparc64-*-linux-gnu Linux-2.x on UltraSPARC
37 Ports to other Linux platforms are in development, and may in fact
38 work already, but no one has sent us success reports for them.
39 Currently no ports to other operating systems are underway, although a
40 few people have expressed interest.
42 If you have a system not listed above (or in the `README' file) and
43 you are really interested in porting it, contact
47 ?? What compiler do I need to build GNU libc?
49 {UD} You must use GNU CC to compile GNU libc. A lot of extensions of
50 GNU CC are used to increase portability and speed.
52 GNU CC is found, like all other GNU packages, on
53 ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu
54 and the many mirror sites. prep is always overloaded, so try to find
57 You always should try to use the latest official release. Older
58 versions may not have all the features GNU libc requires. On most
59 supported platforms, 2.7.2.3 is the earliest version that works at all.
61 ?? When I try to compile glibc I get only error messages.
64 {UD} You definitely need GNU make to translate GNU libc. No
65 other make program has the needed functionality.
67 We recommend version GNU make version 3.75. Versions 3.76 and 3.76.1
68 have bugs which appear when building big projects like GNU libc.
69 Versions before 3.74 have bugs and/or are missing features.
71 ?? Do I need a special linker or archiver?
73 {UD} You may be able to use your system linker, but GNU libc works
74 best with GNU binutils.
76 On systems where the native linker does not support weak symbols you
77 will not get a fully ISO C compliant C library. Generally speaking
78 you should use the GNU binutils if they provide at least the same
79 functionality as your system's tools.
81 Always get the newest release of GNU binutils available. Older
82 releases are known to have bugs that prevent a successful compilation.
84 {ZW} As of release 2.1 a linker supporting symbol versions is
85 required. For Linux, get binutils-2.8.1.0.17 or later. Other systems
86 may have native linker support, but it's moot right now, because glibc
87 has not been ported to them.
89 ?? Do I need some more things to compile GNU C Library?
91 {UD} Yes, there are some more :-).
93 * GNU gettext. This package contains the tools needed to construct
94 `message catalog' files containing translated versions of system
95 messages. See ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu or better any mirror
96 site. (We distribute compiled message catalogs, but they may not be
99 * Some files depend on special tools. E.g., files ending in .gperf
100 need a `gperf' program. The GNU version (part of libg++) is known
101 to work while some vendor versions do not.
103 You should not need these tools unless you change the source files.
105 * Some scripts need perl5 - but at the moment those scripts are not
106 vital for building and installing GNU libc (some data files will not
109 * When compiling for Linux, the header files of the Linux kernel must
110 be available to the compiler as <linux/*.h> and <asm/*.h>.
112 * lots of disk space (~170MB for i?86-linux; more for RISC platforms).
114 * plenty of time. Compiling just the shared and static libraries for
115 i?86-linux takes approximately 1h on an i586@133, or 2.5h on
116 i486@66, or 4.5h on i486@33. Multiply this by 1.5 or 2.0 if you
117 build profiling and/or the highly optimized version as well. For
118 Hurd systems times are much higher.
120 You should avoid compiling in a NFS mounted filesystem. This is
123 James Troup <J.J.Troup@comp.brad.ac.uk> reports a compile time of
124 45h34m for a full build (shared, static, and profiled) on Atari
125 Falcon (Motorola 68030 @ 16 Mhz, 14 Mb memory) and Jan Barte
126 <yann@plato.uni-paderborn.de> reports 22h48m on Atari TT030
127 (Motorola 68030 @ 32 Mhz, 34 Mb memory)
129 If you have some more measurements let me know.
131 ?? When I run `nm -u libc.so' on the produced library I still
132 find unresolved symbols. Can this be ok?
134 {UD} Yes, this is ok. There can be several kinds of unresolved
137 * magic symbols automatically generated by the linker. These have names
138 like __start_* and __stop_*
140 * symbols starting with _dl_* come from the dynamic linker
142 * symbols resolved by using libgcc.a
143 (__udivdi3, __umoddi3, or similar)
145 * weak symbols, which need not be resolved at all (fabs for example)
147 Generally, you should make sure you find a real program which produces
148 errors while linking before deciding there is a problem.
150 ??addon What are these `add-ons'?
152 {UD} To avoid complications with export rules or external source
153 code some optional parts of the libc are distributed as separate
154 packages (e.g., the crypt package, see ?crypt).
156 To use these packages as part of GNU libc, just unpack the tarfiles in
157 the libc source directory and tell the configuration script about them
158 using the --enable-add-ons option. If you give just --enable-add-ons
159 configure tries to find all the add-on packages in your source tree.
160 This may not work. If it doesn't, or if you want to select only a
161 subset of the add-ons, give a comma-separated list of the add-ons to
164 configure --enable-add-ons=crypt,linuxthreads
168 Add-ons can add features (including entirely new shared libraries),
169 override files, provide support for additional architectures, and
170 just about anything else. The existing makefiles do most of the work;
171 only some few stub rules must be written to get everything running.
173 ?? My XXX kernel emulates a floating-point coprocessor for me.
174 Should I enable --with-fp?
176 {ZW} An emulated FPU is just as good as a real one, as far as the C
177 library is concerned. You only need to say --without-fp if your
178 machine has no way to execute floating-point instructions.
180 People who are interested in squeezing the last drop of performance
181 out of their machine may wish to avoid the trap overhead, but this is
182 far more trouble than it's worth: you then have to compile
183 *everything* this way, including the compiler's internal libraries
184 (libgcc.a for GNU C), because the calling conventions change.
186 ?? When compiling GNU libc I get lots of errors saying functions
187 in glibc are duplicated in libgcc.
189 {EY} This is *exactly* the same problem that I was having. The
190 problem was due to the fact that configure didn't correctly detect
191 that the linker flag --no-whole-archive was supported in my linker.
192 In my case it was because I had run ./configure with bogus CFLAGS, and
195 One thing that is particularly annoying about this problem is that
196 once this is misdetected, running configure again won't fix it unless
197 you first delete config.cache.
199 {UD} Starting with glibc-2.0.3 there should be a better test to avoid
200 some problems of this kind. The setting of CFLAGS is checked at the
201 very beginning and if it is not usable `configure' will bark.
203 ?? Why do I get messages about missing thread functions when I use
204 the librt? I don't even use threads.
206 {UD} In this case you probably mixed up your installation of the libc.
207 The librt internally uses threads and it has implicit references to
208 the thread library. Normally these references are satisfied
209 automatically but if the thread library belonging to the librt is not
210 in the expected place one has to specify this place. When using GNU
211 ld it works like this:
213 gcc -o foo foo.c -Wl,-rpath-link=/some/other/dir -lrt
215 The `/some/other/dir' should contain the matching thread library and
216 `ld' will use the given path to find the implicitly referenced library
217 while not disturbing any other link path order.
219 ?? What's the problem with configure --enable-omitfp?
221 {AJ} When --enable-omitfp is set the libraries are built without frame
222 pointers. Some compilers produce buggy code for this model and
223 therefore we don't advise using it at the moment.
225 If you use --enable-omitfp, you're on your own. If you encounter
226 problems with a library that was build this way, we advise you to
227 rebuild the library without --enable-omitfp. If the problem vanishes
228 consider tracking the problem down and report it as compiler failure.
230 Since a library build with --enable-omitfp is undebuggable on most
231 systems, debuggable libraries are also built - you can use it by
232 appending "_g" to the library names.
234 The compilation of these extra libraries and the compiler optimizations
235 slow down the build process and need more disk space.
237 ? Installation and configuration issues
239 ?? Can I replace the libc on my Linux system with GNU libc?
241 {UD} You cannot replace any existing libc for Linux with GNU
242 libc. It is binary incompatible and therefore has a different major
243 version. You can, however, install it alongside your existing libc.
245 For Linux there are three major libc versions:
247 libc-5 original ELF libc
250 You can have any combination of these three installed. For more
251 information consult documentation for shared library handling. The
252 Makefiles of GNU libc will automatically generate the needed symbolic
253 links which the linker will use.
255 ?? How do I configure GNU libc so that the essential libraries
256 like libc.so go into /lib and the other into /usr/lib?
258 {UD,AJ} Like all other GNU packages GNU libc is designed to use a base
259 directory and install all files relative to this. The default is
260 /usr/local, because this is safe (it will not damage the system if
261 installed there). If you wish to install GNU libc as the primary C
262 library on your system, set the base directory to /usr (i.e. run
263 configure --prefix=/usr <other_options>). Note that this can damage
264 your system; see ?safety for details.
266 Some systems like Linux have a filesystem standard which makes a
267 difference between essential libraries and others. Essential
268 libraries are placed in /lib because this directory is required to be
269 located on the same disk partition as /. The /usr subtree might be
270 found on another partition/disk. If you configure for Linux with
271 --prefix=/usr, then this will be done automatically.
273 To install the essential libraries which come with GNU libc in /lib on
274 systems other than Linux one must explicitly request it. Autoconf has
275 no option for this so you have to use a `configparms' file (see the
276 `INSTALL' file for details). It should contain:
281 The first line specifies the directory for the essential libraries,
282 the second line the directory for system configuration files.
284 ??safety How should I avoid damaging my system when I install GNU libc?
286 {ZW} If you wish to be cautious, do not configure with --prefix=/usr.
287 If you don't specify a prefix, glibc will be installed in /usr/local,
288 where it will probably not break anything. (If you wish to be
289 certain, set the prefix to something like /usr/local/glibc2 which is
290 not used for anything.)
292 The dangers when installing glibc in /usr are twofold:
294 * glibc will overwrite the headers in /usr/include. Other C libraries
295 install a different but overlapping set of headers there, so the
296 effect will probably be that you can't compile anything. You need to
297 rename /usr/include out of the way first. (Do not throw it away; you
298 will then lose the ability to compile programs against your old libc.)
300 * None of your old libraries, static or shared, can be used with a
301 different C library major version. For shared libraries this is not a
302 problem, because the filenames are different and the dynamic linker
303 will enforce the restriction. But static libraries have no version
304 information. You have to evacuate all the static libraries in
305 /usr/lib to a safe location.
307 The situation is rather similar to the move from a.out to ELF which
308 long-time Linux users will remember.
310 ?? Do I need to use GNU CC to compile programs that will use the
313 {ZW} In theory, no; the linker does not care, and the headers are
314 supposed to check for GNU CC before using its extensions to the C
317 However, there are currently no ports of glibc to systems where
318 another compiler is the default, so no one has tested the headers
319 extensively against another compiler. You may therefore encounter
320 difficulties. If you do, please report them as bugs.
322 Also, in several places GNU extensions provide large benefits in code
323 quality. For example, the library has hand-optimized, inline assembly
324 versions of some string functions. These can only be used with GCC.
325 See ?string for details.
327 ??crypt When linking with the new libc I get unresolved symbols
328 `crypt' and `setkey'. Why aren't these functions in the
331 {UD} The US places restrictions on exporting cryptographic programs
332 and source code. Until this law gets abolished we cannot ship the
333 cryptographic functions together with glibc.
335 The functions are available, as an add-on (see ?addon). People in the
336 US may get it from the same place they got GNU libc from. People
337 outside the US should get the code from ftp://ftp.ifi.uio.no/pub/gnu,
338 or another archive site outside the USA. The README explains how to
341 If you already have the crypt code on your system the reason for the
342 failure is probably that you did not link with -lcrypt. The crypto
343 functions are in a separate library to make it possible to export GNU
344 libc binaries from the US.
346 ?? When I use GNU libc on my Linux system by linking against
347 the libc.so which comes with glibc all I get is a core dump.
349 {UD} On Linux, gcc sets the dynamic linker to /lib/ld-linux.so.1
350 unless the user specifies a -dynamic-linker argument. This is the
351 name of the libc5 dynamic linker, which does not work with glibc.
353 For casual use of GNU libc you can just specify
354 -dynamic-linker=/lib/ld-linux.so.2
356 which is the glibc dynamic linker, on Linux systems. On other systems
357 the name is /lib/ld.so.1.
359 To change your environment to use GNU libc for compiling you need to
360 change the `specs' file of your gcc. This file is normally found at
362 /usr/lib/gcc-lib/<arch>/<version>/specs
364 In this file you have to change a few things:
366 - change `ld-linux.so.1' to `ld-linux.so.2'
368 - remove all expression `%{...:-lgmon}'; there is no libgmon in glibc
370 - fix a minor bug by changing %{pipe:-} to %|
372 Here is what the gcc-2.7.2 specs file should look like when GNU libc
373 is installed at /usr:
375 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
377 %{V} %{v:%{!V:-V}} %{Qy:} %{!Qn:-Qy} %{n} %{T} %{Ym,*} %{Yd,*} %{Wa,*:%*}
383 %{fPIC:-D__PIC__ -D__pic__} %{fpic:-D__PIC__ -D__pic__} %{!m386:-D__i486__} %{posix:-D_POSIX_SOURCE} %{pthread:-D_REENTRANT}
392 %{!shared:crtend.o%s} %{shared:crtendS.o%s} crtn.o%s
395 -m elf_i386 %{shared:-shared} %{!shared: %{!ibcs: %{!static: %{rdynamic:-export-dynamic} %{!dynamic-linker:-dynamic-linker /lib/ld-linux.so.2}} %{static:-static}}}
398 %{!shared: %{pthread:-lpthread} %{profile:-lc_p} %{!profile: -lc}}
404 %{!shared: %{pg:gcrt1.o%s} %{!pg:%{p:gcrt1.o%s} %{!p:%{profile:gcrt1.o%s} %{!profile:crt1.o%s}}}} crti.o%s %{!shared:crtbegin.o%s} %{shared:crtbeginS.o%s}
406 *switches_need_spaces:
410 %{funsigned-char:-D__CHAR_UNSIGNED__}
413 -D__ELF__ -Dunix -Di386 -Dlinux -Asystem(unix) -Asystem(posix) -Acpu(i386) -Amachine(i386)
421 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
423 Things get a bit more complicated if you have GNU libc installed in
424 some other place than /usr, i.e., if you do not want to use it instead
425 of the old libc. In this case the needed startup files and libraries
426 are not found in the regular places. So the specs file must tell the
427 compiler and linker exactly what to use.
429 Version 2.7.2.3 does and future versions of GCC will automatically
430 provide the correct specs.
432 ?? Looking through the shared libc file I haven't found the
433 functions `stat', `lstat', `fstat', and `mknod' and while
434 linking on my Linux system I get error messages. How is
435 this supposed to work?
437 {RM} Believe it or not, stat and lstat (and fstat, and mknod)
438 are supposed to be undefined references in libc.so.6! Your problem is
439 probably a missing or incorrect /usr/lib/libc.so file; note that this
440 is a small text file now, not a symlink to libc.so.6. It should look
443 GROUP ( libc.so.6 ld.so.1 libc.a )
445 or in ix86/Linux and alpha/Linux:
447 GROUP ( libc.so.6 ld-linux.so.2 libc.a )
449 ?? How can I compile gcc 2.7.2.1 from the gcc source code using
452 {AJ} There's only correct support for glibc 2.0.x in gcc 2.7.2.3
453 or later. You should get at least gcc 2.7.2.3. All previous versions
454 had problems with glibc support.
456 ?? The `gencat' utility cannot process the catalog sources which
457 were used on my Linux libc5 based system. Why?
459 {UD} The `gencat' utility provided with glibc complies to the XPG
460 standard. The older Linux version did not obey the standard, so they
463 To ease the transition from the Linux version some of the non-standard
464 features are also present in the `gencat' program of GNU libc. This
465 mainly includes the use of symbols for the message number and the automatic
466 generation of header files which contain the needed #defines to map the
469 Here is a simple SED script to convert at least some Linux specific
470 catalog files to the XPG4 form:
472 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
473 # Change catalog source in Linux specific format to standard XPG format.
474 # Ulrich Drepper <drepper@cygnus.com>, 1996.
478 s/\$ #\([^ ]*\).*/\1/
480 s/\$ #[^ ]* *\(.*\)/\$ \1/
486 s/\(.*\)\n\(.*\)/\2 \1/
488 -----------------------------------------------------------------------
490 ?? I have set up /etc/nis.conf, and the Linux libc 5 with NYS
491 works great. But the glibc NIS+ doesn't seem to work.
493 {TK} The glibc NIS+ implementation uses a /var/nis/NIS_COLD_START
494 file for storing information about the NIS+ server and their public
495 keys, because the nis.conf file does not contain all the necessary
496 information. You have to copy a NIS_COLD_START file from a Solaris
497 client (the NIS_COLD_START file is byte order independent) or generate
498 it with nisinit from the nis-tools package (available at
499 http://www-vt.uni-paderborn.de/~kukuk/linux/nisplus.html).
501 ?? After installing glibc name resolving doesn't work properly.
503 {AJ} You probably should read the manual section describing
504 nsswitch.conf (just type `info libc "NSS Configuration File"').
505 The NSS configuration file is usually the culprit.
507 ?? I have /usr/include/net and /usr/include/scsi as symlinks
508 into my Linux source tree. Is that wrong?
510 {PB} This was necessary for libc5, but is not correct when using
511 glibc. Including the kernel header files directly in user programs
512 usually does not work (see ?kerhdr). glibc provides its own <net/*>
513 and <scsi/*> header files to replace them, and you may have to remove
514 any symlink that you have in place before you install glibc. However,
515 /usr/include/asm and /usr/include/linux should remain as they were.
517 ?? Programs like `logname', `top', `uptime' `users', `w' and
518 `who', show incorrect information about the (number of)
519 users on my system. Why?
523 ?? After upgrading to glibc 2.1 with symbol versioning I get
524 errors about undefined symbols. What went wrong?
526 {AJ} The problem is caused either by wrong program code or tools. In
527 the versioned libc a lot of symbols are now local that were global
528 symbols in previous versions. It seems that programs linked against
529 older versions often accidentally used libc global variables --
530 something that should not happen.
532 The only way to fix this is to recompile your program. Sorry, that's
533 the price you might have to pay once for quite a number of advantages
534 with symbol versioning.
536 ?? When I start the program XXX after upgrading the library
538 XXX: Symbol `_sys_errlist' has different size in shared
539 object, consider re-linking
540 Why? What should I do?
542 {UD} As the message says, relink the binary. The problem is that
543 a few symbols from the library can change in size and there is no way
544 to avoid this. _sys_errlist is a good example. Occasionally there are
545 new error numbers added to the kernel and this must be reflected at user
546 level, breaking programs that refer to them directly.
548 Such symbols should normally not be used at all. There are mechanisms
549 to avoid using them. In the case of _sys_errlist, there is the
550 strerror() function which should _always_ be used instead. So the
551 correct fix is to rewrite that part of the application.
553 In some situations (especially when testing a new library release) it
554 might be possible that a symbol changed size when that should not have
555 happened. So in case of doubt report such a warning message as a
558 ? Source and binary incompatibilities, and what to do about them
560 ?? I expect GNU libc to be 100% source code compatible with
561 the old Linux based GNU libc. Why isn't it like this?
563 {DMT,UD} Not every extension in Linux libc's history was well
564 thought-out. In fact it had a lot of problems with standards compliance
565 and with cleanliness. With the introduction of a new version number these
566 errors can now be corrected. Here is a list of the known source code
569 * _GNU_SOURCE: glibc does not make the GNU extensions available
570 automatically. If a program depends on GNU extensions or some
571 other non-standard functionality, it is necessary to compile it
572 with the C compiler option -D_GNU_SOURCE, or better, to put
573 `#define _GNU_SOURCE' at the beginning of your source files, before
574 any C library header files are included. This difference normally
575 manifests itself in the form of missing prototypes and/or data type
576 definitions. Thus, if you get such errors, the first thing you
577 should do is try defining _GNU_SOURCE and see if that makes the
580 For more information consult the file `NOTES' in the GNU C library
583 * reboot(): GNU libc sanitizes the interface of reboot() to be more
584 compatible with the interface used on other OSes. reboot() as
585 implemented in glibc takes just one argument. This argument
586 corresponds to the third argument of the Linux reboot system call.
587 That is, a call of the form reboot(a, b, c) needs to be changed into
588 reboot(c). Beside this the header <sys/reboot.h> defines the needed
589 constants for the argument. These RB_* constants should be used
590 instead of the cryptic magic numbers.
592 * swapon(): the interface of this function didn't change, but the
593 prototype is in a separate header file <sys/swap.h>. This header
594 file also provides the SWAP_* constants defined by <linux/swap.h>;
595 you should use them for the second argument to swapon().
597 * errno: If a program uses the variable "errno", then it _must_
598 include <errno.h>. The old libc often (erroneously) declared this
599 variable implicitly as a side-effect of including other libc header
600 files. glibc is careful to avoid such namespace pollution, which,
601 in turn, means that you really need to include the header files that
602 you depend on. This difference normally manifests itself in the
603 form of the compiler complaining about references to an undeclared
606 * Linux-specific syscalls: All Linux system calls now have appropriate
607 library wrappers and corresponding declarations in various header files.
608 This is because the syscall() macro that was traditionally used to
609 work around missing syscall wrappers are inherently non-portable and
610 error-prone. The following table lists all the new syscall stubs,
611 the header-file declaring their interface and the system call name.
613 syscall name: wrapper name: declaring header file:
614 ------------- ------------- ----------------------
615 bdflush bdflush <sys/kdaemon.h>
616 syslog ksyslog_ctl <sys/klog.h>
618 * lpd: Older versions of lpd depend on a routine called _validuser().
619 The library does not provide this function, but instead provides
620 __ivaliduser() which has a slightly different interface. Simply
621 upgrading to a newer lpd should fix this problem (e.g., the 4.4BSD
622 lpd is known to be working).
624 * resolver functions/BIND: like on many other systems the functions of
625 the resolver library are not included in libc itself. There is a
626 separate library libresolv. If you get undefined symbol errors for
627 symbols starting with `res_*' simply add -lresolv to your linker
630 * the `signal' function's behavior corresponds to the BSD semantic and
631 not the SysV semantic as it was in libc-5. The interface on all GNU
632 systems shall be the same and BSD is the semantic of choice. To use
633 the SysV behavior simply use `sysv_signal', or define _XOPEN_SOURCE.
634 See ?signal for details.
636 ??getlog Why does getlogin() always return NULL on my Linux box?
638 {UD} The GNU C library has a format for the UTMP and WTMP file which
639 differs from what your system currently has. It was extended to
640 fulfill the needs of the next years when IPv6 is introduced. The
641 record size is different and some fields have different positions.
642 The files written by functions from the one library cannot be read by
643 functions from the other library. Sorry, but this is what a major
644 release is for. It's better to have a cut now than having no means to
645 support the new techniques later.
647 {MK} There is however a (partial) solution for this problem. Please
648 take a look at the file `login/README.utmpd'.
650 ?? Where are the DST_* constants found in <sys/time.h> on many
653 {UD} These constants come from the old BSD days and are not used
654 anymore (libc5 does not actually implement the handling although the
655 constants are defined).
657 Instead GNU libc contains zone database support and compatibility code
658 for POSIX TZ environment variable handling.
660 ?? The prototypes for `connect', `accept', `getsockopt',
661 `setsockopt', `getsockname', `getpeername', `send',
662 `sendto', and `recvfrom' are different in GNU libc from
663 any other system I saw. This is a bug, isn't it?
665 {UD} No, this is no bug. This version of GNU libc already follows the
666 new Single Unix specifications (and I think the POSIX.1g draft which
667 adopted the solution). The type for a parameter describing a size is
668 now `socklen_t', a new type.
670 ??kerhdr On Linux I've got problems with the declarations in Linux
673 {UD,AJ} On Linux, the use of kernel headers is reduced to the minimum.
674 This gives Linus the ability to change the headers more freely. Also,
675 user programs are now insulated from changes in the size of kernel
678 For example, the sigset_t type is 32 or 64 bits wide in the kernel.
679 In glibc it is 1024 bits wide. This guarantees that when the kernel
680 gets a bigger sigset_t (for POSIX.1e realtime support, say) user
681 programs will not have to be recompiled. Consult the header files for
682 more information about the changes.
684 Therefore you shouldn't include Linux kernel header files directly if
685 glibc has defined a replacement. Otherwise you might get undefined
686 results because of type conflicts.
688 ?? I don't include any kernel headers myself but the compiler
689 still complains about redeclarations of types in the kernel
692 {UD} The kernel headers before Linux 2.1.61 and 2.0.32 don't work
693 correctly with glibc. Compiling C programs is possible in most cases
694 but C++ programs have (due to the change of the name lookups for
695 `struct's) problems. One prominent example is `struct fd_set'.
697 There might be some problems left but 2.1.61/2.0.32 fix most of the
698 known ones. See the BUGS file for other known problems.
700 ??signal Why don't signals interrupt system calls anymore?
702 {ZW} By default GNU libc uses the BSD semantics for signal(),
703 unlike Linux libc 5 which used System V semantics. This is partially
704 for compatibility with other systems and partially because the BSD
705 semantics tend to make programming with signals easier.
707 There are three differences:
709 * BSD-style signals that occur in the middle of a system call do not
710 affect the system call; System V signals cause the system call to
711 fail and set errno to EINTR.
713 * BSD signal handlers remain installed once triggered. System V signal
714 handlers work only once, so one must reinstall them each time.
716 * A BSD signal is blocked during the execution of its handler. In other
717 words, a handler for SIGCHLD (for example) does not need to worry about
718 being interrupted by another SIGCHLD. It may, however, be interrupted
721 There is general consensus that for `casual' programming with signals, the
722 BSD semantics are preferable. You don't need to worry about system calls
723 returning EINTR, and you don't need to worry about the race conditions
724 associated with one-shot signal handlers.
726 If you are porting an old program that relies on the old semantics, you can
727 quickly fix the problem by changing signal() to sysv_signal() throughout.
728 Alternatively, define _XOPEN_SOURCE before including <signal.h>.
730 For new programs, the sigaction() function allows you to specify precisely
731 how you want your signals to behave. All three differences listed above are
732 individually switchable on a per-signal basis with this function.
734 If all you want is for one specific signal to cause system calls to fail
735 and return EINTR (for example, to implement a timeout) you can do this with
739 ??string I've got errors compiling code that uses certain string
742 {AJ} glibc 2.1 has special string functions that are faster
743 than the normal library functions. Some of the functions are
744 implemented as inline functions and others as macros.
746 The optimized string functions are only used when compiling with
747 optimizations (-O1 or higher). The behavior can be changed with two
750 * __NO_STRING_INLINES: Don't do any string optimizations.
751 * __USE_STRING_INLINES: Use assembly language inline functions (might
752 increase code size dramatically).
754 Since some of these string functions are now additionally defined as
755 macros, code like "char *strncpy();" doesn't work anymore (and is
756 unnecessary, since <string.h> has the necessary declarations). Either
757 change your code or define __NO_STRING_INLINES.
759 {UD} Another problem in this area is that gcc still has problems on
760 machines with very few registers (e.g., ix86). The inline assembler
761 code can require almost all the registers and the register allocator
762 cannot always handle this situation.
764 One can disable the string optimizations selectively. Instead of writing
766 cp = strcpy (foo, "lkj");
770 cp = (strcpy) (foo, "lkj");
772 This disables the optimization for that specific call.
776 ?? After I changed configure.in I get `Autoconf version X.Y.
777 or higher is required for this script'. What can I do?
779 {UD} You have to get the specified autoconf version (or a later one)
780 from your favorite mirror of prep.ai.mit.edu.
782 ?? When I try to compile code which uses IPv6 headers and
783 definitions on my Linux 2.x.y system I am in trouble.
784 Nothing seems to work.
786 {UD} The problem is that IPv6 development still has not reached a
787 point where the headers are stable. There are still lots of
788 incompatible changes made and the libc headers have to follow.
790 Also, make sure you have a suitably recent kernel. As of the 970401
791 snapshot, according to Philip Blundell <Philip.Blundell@pobox.com>, the
792 required kernel version is at least 2.1.30.
795 Answers were given by:
796 {UD} Ulrich Drepper, <drepper@cygnus.com>
797 {DMT} David Mosberger-Tang, <davidm@AZStarNet.com>
798 {RM} Roland McGrath, <roland@gnu.org>
799 {AJ} Andreas Jaeger, <aj@arthur.rhein-neckar.de>
800 {EY} Eric Youngdale, <eric@andante.jic.com>
801 {PB} Phil Blundell, <Philip.Blundell@pobox.com>
802 {MK} Mark Kettenis, <kettenis@phys.uva.nl>
803 {ZW} Zack Weinberg, <zack@rabi.phys.columbia.edu>
804 {TK} Thorsten Kukuk, <kukuk@vt.uni-paderborn.de>