1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
7 This documents and clarifies the main aspects of x86 topology modelling and
8 representation in the kernel. Update/change when doing changes to the
11 The architecture-agnostic topology definitions are in
12 Documentation/admin-guide/cputopology.rst. This file holds x86-specific
13 differences/specialities which must not necessarily apply to the generic
14 definitions. Thus, the way to read up on Linux topology on x86 is to start
15 with the generic one and look at this one in parallel for the x86 specifics.
17 Needless to say, code should use the generic functions - this file is *only*
18 here to *document* the inner workings of x86 topology.
20 Started by Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> and Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>.
22 The main aim of the topology facilities is to present adequate interfaces to
23 code which needs to know/query/use the structure of the running system wrt
24 threads, cores, packages, etc.
26 The kernel does not care about the concept of physical sockets because a
27 socket has no relevance to software. It's an electromechanical component. In
28 the past a socket always contained a single package (see below), but with the
29 advent of Multi Chip Modules (MCM) a socket can hold more than one package. So
30 there might be still references to sockets in the code, but they are of
31 historical nature and should be cleaned up.
33 The topology of a system is described in the units of:
41 Packages contain a number of cores plus shared resources, e.g. DRAM
42 controller, shared caches etc.
44 Modern systems may also use the term 'Die' for package.
46 AMD nomenclature for package is 'Node'.
48 Package-related topology information in the kernel:
50 - cpuinfo_x86.x86_max_cores:
52 The number of cores in a package. This information is retrieved via CPUID.
54 - cpuinfo_x86.x86_max_dies:
56 The number of dies in a package. This information is retrieved via CPUID.
58 - cpuinfo_x86.cpu_die_id:
60 The physical ID of the die. This information is retrieved via CPUID.
62 - cpuinfo_x86.phys_proc_id:
64 The physical ID of the package. This information is retrieved via CPUID
65 and deduced from the APIC IDs of the cores in the package.
67 Modern systems use this value for the socket. There may be multiple
68 packages within a socket. This value may differ from cpu_die_id.
70 - cpuinfo_x86.logical_proc_id:
72 The logical ID of the package. As we do not trust BIOSes to enumerate the
73 packages in a consistent way, we introduced the concept of logical package
74 ID so we can sanely calculate the number of maximum possible packages in
75 the system and have the packages enumerated linearly.
77 - topology_max_packages():
79 The maximum possible number of packages in the system. Helpful for per
80 package facilities to preallocate per package information.
84 A per-CPU variable containing:
86 - On Intel, the first APIC ID of the list of CPUs sharing the Last Level
89 - On AMD, the Node ID or Core Complex ID containing the Last Level
90 Cache. In general, it is a number identifying an LLC uniquely on the
95 A core consists of 1 or more threads. It does not matter whether the threads
96 are SMT- or CMT-type threads.
98 AMDs nomenclature for a CMT core is "Compute Unit". The kernel always uses
101 Core-related topology information in the kernel:
105 The number of threads in a core. The number of threads in a package can be
108 threads_per_package = cpuinfo_x86.x86_max_cores * smp_num_siblings
113 A thread is a single scheduling unit. It's the equivalent to a logical Linux
116 AMDs nomenclature for CMT threads is "Compute Unit Core". The kernel always
119 Thread-related topology information in the kernel:
121 - topology_core_cpumask():
123 The cpumask contains all online threads in the package to which a thread
126 The number of online threads is also printed in /proc/cpuinfo "siblings."
128 - topology_sibling_cpumask():
130 The cpumask contains all online threads in the core to which a thread
133 - topology_logical_package_id():
135 The logical package ID to which a thread belongs.
137 - topology_physical_package_id():
139 The physical package ID to which a thread belongs.
141 - topology_core_id();
143 The ID of the core to which a thread belongs. It is also printed in /proc/cpuinfo
148 System topology examples
149 ========================
152 The alternative Linux CPU enumeration depends on how the BIOS enumerates the
153 threads. Many BIOSes enumerate all threads 0 first and then all threads 1.
154 That has the "advantage" that the logical Linux CPU numbers of threads 0 stay
155 the same whether threads are enabled or not. That's merely an implementation
156 detail and has no practical impact.
158 1) Single Package, Single Core::
160 [package 0] -> [core 0] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 0
162 2) Single Package, Dual Core
164 a) One thread per core::
166 [package 0] -> [core 0] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 0
167 -> [core 1] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 1
169 b) Two threads per core::
171 [package 0] -> [core 0] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 0
172 -> [thread 1] -> Linux CPU 1
173 -> [core 1] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 2
174 -> [thread 1] -> Linux CPU 3
176 Alternative enumeration::
178 [package 0] -> [core 0] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 0
179 -> [thread 1] -> Linux CPU 2
180 -> [core 1] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 1
181 -> [thread 1] -> Linux CPU 3
183 AMD nomenclature for CMT systems::
185 [node 0] -> [Compute Unit 0] -> [Compute Unit Core 0] -> Linux CPU 0
186 -> [Compute Unit Core 1] -> Linux CPU 1
187 -> [Compute Unit 1] -> [Compute Unit Core 0] -> Linux CPU 2
188 -> [Compute Unit Core 1] -> Linux CPU 3
190 4) Dual Package, Dual Core
192 a) One thread per core::
194 [package 0] -> [core 0] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 0
195 -> [core 1] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 1
197 [package 1] -> [core 0] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 2
198 -> [core 1] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 3
200 b) Two threads per core::
202 [package 0] -> [core 0] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 0
203 -> [thread 1] -> Linux CPU 1
204 -> [core 1] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 2
205 -> [thread 1] -> Linux CPU 3
207 [package 1] -> [core 0] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 4
208 -> [thread 1] -> Linux CPU 5
209 -> [core 1] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 6
210 -> [thread 1] -> Linux CPU 7
212 Alternative enumeration::
214 [package 0] -> [core 0] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 0
215 -> [thread 1] -> Linux CPU 4
216 -> [core 1] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 1
217 -> [thread 1] -> Linux CPU 5
219 [package 1] -> [core 0] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 2
220 -> [thread 1] -> Linux CPU 6
221 -> [core 1] -> [thread 0] -> Linux CPU 3
222 -> [thread 1] -> Linux CPU 7
224 AMD nomenclature for CMT systems::
226 [node 0] -> [Compute Unit 0] -> [Compute Unit Core 0] -> Linux CPU 0
227 -> [Compute Unit Core 1] -> Linux CPU 1
228 -> [Compute Unit 1] -> [Compute Unit Core 0] -> Linux CPU 2
229 -> [Compute Unit Core 1] -> Linux CPU 3
231 [node 1] -> [Compute Unit 0] -> [Compute Unit Core 0] -> Linux CPU 4
232 -> [Compute Unit Core 1] -> Linux CPU 5
233 -> [Compute Unit 1] -> [Compute Unit Core 0] -> Linux CPU 6
234 -> [Compute Unit Core 1] -> Linux CPU 7