1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
2 .. include:: <isonum.txt>
4 ===========================================
5 User Interface for Resource Control feature
6 ===========================================
8 :Copyright: |copy| 2016 Intel Corporation
9 :Authors: - Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
10 - Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
11 - Vikas Shivappa <vikas.shivappa@intel.com>
14 Intel refers to this feature as Intel Resource Director Technology(Intel(R) RDT).
15 AMD refers to this feature as AMD Platform Quality of Service(AMD QoS).
17 This feature is enabled by the CONFIG_X86_CPU_RESCTRL and the x86 /proc/cpuinfo
20 ============================================= ================================
21 RDT (Resource Director Technology) Allocation "rdt_a"
22 CAT (Cache Allocation Technology) "cat_l3", "cat_l2"
23 CDP (Code and Data Prioritization) "cdp_l3", "cdp_l2"
24 CQM (Cache QoS Monitoring) "cqm_llc", "cqm_occup_llc"
25 MBM (Memory Bandwidth Monitoring) "cqm_mbm_total", "cqm_mbm_local"
26 MBA (Memory Bandwidth Allocation) "mba"
27 ============================================= ================================
29 To use the feature mount the file system::
31 # mount -t resctrl resctrl [-o cdp[,cdpl2][,mba_MBps]] /sys/fs/resctrl
36 Enable code/data prioritization in L3 cache allocations.
38 Enable code/data prioritization in L2 cache allocations.
40 Enable the MBA Software Controller(mba_sc) to specify MBA
43 L2 and L3 CDP are controlled separately.
45 RDT features are orthogonal. A particular system may support only
46 monitoring, only control, or both monitoring and control. Cache
47 pseudo-locking is a unique way of using cache control to "pin" or
48 "lock" data in the cache. Details can be found in
49 "Cache Pseudo-Locking".
52 The mount succeeds if either of allocation or monitoring is present, but
53 only those files and directories supported by the system will be created.
54 For more details on the behavior of the interface during monitoring
55 and allocation, see the "Resource alloc and monitor groups" section.
60 The 'info' directory contains information about the enabled
61 resources. Each resource has its own subdirectory. The subdirectory
62 names reflect the resource names.
64 Each subdirectory contains the following files with respect to
67 Cache resource(L3/L2) subdirectory contains the following files
68 related to allocation:
71 The number of CLOSIDs which are valid for this
72 resource. The kernel uses the smallest number of
73 CLOSIDs of all enabled resources as limit.
75 The bitmask which is valid for this resource.
76 This mask is equivalent to 100%.
78 The minimum number of consecutive bits which
79 must be set when writing a mask.
82 Bitmask of shareable resource with other executing
83 entities (e.g. I/O). User can use this when
84 setting up exclusive cache partitions. Note that
85 some platforms support devices that have their
86 own settings for cache use which can over-ride
89 Annotated capacity bitmasks showing how all
90 instances of the resource are used. The legend is:
93 Corresponding region is unused. When the system's
94 resources have been allocated and a "0" is found
95 in "bit_usage" it is a sign that resources are
99 Corresponding region is used by hardware only
100 but available for software use. If a resource
101 has bits set in "shareable_bits" but not all
102 of these bits appear in the resource groups'
103 schematas then the bits appearing in
104 "shareable_bits" but no resource group will
107 Corresponding region is available for sharing and
108 used by hardware and software. These are the
109 bits that appear in "shareable_bits" as
110 well as a resource group's allocation.
112 Corresponding region is used by software
113 and available for sharing.
115 Corresponding region is used exclusively by
116 one resource group. No sharing allowed.
118 Corresponding region is pseudo-locked. No
121 Memory bandwidth(MB) subdirectory contains the following files
122 with respect to allocation:
125 The minimum memory bandwidth percentage which
129 The granularity in which the memory bandwidth
130 percentage is allocated. The allocated
131 b/w percentage is rounded off to the next
132 control step available on the hardware. The
133 available bandwidth control steps are:
134 min_bandwidth + N * bandwidth_gran.
137 Indicates if the delay scale is linear or
138 non-linear. This field is purely informational
141 If RDT monitoring is available there will be an "L3_MON" directory
142 with the following files:
145 The number of RMIDs available. This is the
146 upper bound for how many "CTRL_MON" + "MON"
147 groups can be created.
150 Lists the monitoring events if
151 monitoring is enabled for the resource.
153 "max_threshold_occupancy":
154 Read/write file provides the largest value (in
155 bytes) at which a previously used LLC_occupancy
156 counter can be considered for re-use.
158 Finally, in the top level of the "info" directory there is a file
159 named "last_cmd_status". This is reset with every "command" issued
160 via the file system (making new directories or writing to any of the
161 control files). If the command was successful, it will read as "ok".
162 If the command failed, it will provide more information that can be
163 conveyed in the error returns from file operations. E.g.
166 # echo L3:0=f7 > schemata
167 bash: echo: write error: Invalid argument
168 # cat info/last_cmd_status
169 mask f7 has non-consecutive 1-bits
171 Resource alloc and monitor groups
172 =================================
174 Resource groups are represented as directories in the resctrl file
175 system. The default group is the root directory which, immediately
176 after mounting, owns all the tasks and cpus in the system and can make
177 full use of all resources.
179 On a system with RDT control features additional directories can be
180 created in the root directory that specify different amounts of each
181 resource (see "schemata" below). The root and these additional top level
182 directories are referred to as "CTRL_MON" groups below.
184 On a system with RDT monitoring the root directory and other top level
185 directories contain a directory named "mon_groups" in which additional
186 directories can be created to monitor subsets of tasks in the CTRL_MON
187 group that is their ancestor. These are called "MON" groups in the rest
190 Removing a directory will move all tasks and cpus owned by the group it
191 represents to the parent. Removing one of the created CTRL_MON groups
192 will automatically remove all MON groups below it.
194 All groups contain the following files:
197 Reading this file shows the list of all tasks that belong to
198 this group. Writing a task id to the file will add a task to the
199 group. If the group is a CTRL_MON group the task is removed from
200 whichever previous CTRL_MON group owned the task and also from
201 any MON group that owned the task. If the group is a MON group,
202 then the task must already belong to the CTRL_MON parent of this
203 group. The task is removed from any previous MON group.
207 Reading this file shows a bitmask of the logical CPUs owned by
208 this group. Writing a mask to this file will add and remove
209 CPUs to/from this group. As with the tasks file a hierarchy is
210 maintained where MON groups may only include CPUs owned by the
211 parent CTRL_MON group.
212 When the resource group is in pseudo-locked mode this file will
213 only be readable, reflecting the CPUs associated with the
214 pseudo-locked region.
218 Just like "cpus", only using ranges of CPUs instead of bitmasks.
221 When control is enabled all CTRL_MON groups will also contain:
224 A list of all the resources available to this group.
225 Each resource has its own line and format - see below for details.
228 Mirrors the display of the "schemata" file to display the size in
229 bytes of each allocation instead of the bits representing the
233 The "mode" of the resource group dictates the sharing of its
234 allocations. A "shareable" resource group allows sharing of its
235 allocations while an "exclusive" resource group does not. A
236 cache pseudo-locked region is created by first writing
237 "pseudo-locksetup" to the "mode" file before writing the cache
238 pseudo-locked region's schemata to the resource group's "schemata"
239 file. On successful pseudo-locked region creation the mode will
240 automatically change to "pseudo-locked".
242 When monitoring is enabled all MON groups will also contain:
245 This contains a set of files organized by L3 domain and by
246 RDT event. E.g. on a system with two L3 domains there will
247 be subdirectories "mon_L3_00" and "mon_L3_01". Each of these
248 directories have one file per event (e.g. "llc_occupancy",
249 "mbm_total_bytes", and "mbm_local_bytes"). In a MON group these
250 files provide a read out of the current value of the event for
251 all tasks in the group. In CTRL_MON groups these files provide
252 the sum for all tasks in the CTRL_MON group and all tasks in
253 MON groups. Please see example section for more details on usage.
255 Resource allocation rules
256 -------------------------
258 When a task is running the following rules define which resources are
261 1) If the task is a member of a non-default group, then the schemata
262 for that group is used.
264 2) Else if the task belongs to the default group, but is running on a
265 CPU that is assigned to some specific group, then the schemata for the
268 3) Otherwise the schemata for the default group is used.
270 Resource monitoring rules
271 -------------------------
272 1) If a task is a member of a MON group, or non-default CTRL_MON group
273 then RDT events for the task will be reported in that group.
275 2) If a task is a member of the default CTRL_MON group, but is running
276 on a CPU that is assigned to some specific group, then the RDT events
277 for the task will be reported in that group.
279 3) Otherwise RDT events for the task will be reported in the root level
283 Notes on cache occupancy monitoring and control
284 ===============================================
285 When moving a task from one group to another you should remember that
286 this only affects *new* cache allocations by the task. E.g. you may have
287 a task in a monitor group showing 3 MB of cache occupancy. If you move
288 to a new group and immediately check the occupancy of the old and new
289 groups you will likely see that the old group is still showing 3 MB and
290 the new group zero. When the task accesses locations still in cache from
291 before the move, the h/w does not update any counters. On a busy system
292 you will likely see the occupancy in the old group go down as cache lines
293 are evicted and re-used while the occupancy in the new group rises as
294 the task accesses memory and loads into the cache are counted based on
295 membership in the new group.
297 The same applies to cache allocation control. Moving a task to a group
298 with a smaller cache partition will not evict any cache lines. The
299 process may continue to use them from the old partition.
301 Hardware uses CLOSid(Class of service ID) and an RMID(Resource monitoring ID)
302 to identify a control group and a monitoring group respectively. Each of
303 the resource groups are mapped to these IDs based on the kind of group. The
304 number of CLOSid and RMID are limited by the hardware and hence the creation of
305 a "CTRL_MON" directory may fail if we run out of either CLOSID or RMID
306 and creation of "MON" group may fail if we run out of RMIDs.
308 max_threshold_occupancy - generic concepts
309 ------------------------------------------
311 Note that an RMID once freed may not be immediately available for use as
312 the RMID is still tagged the cache lines of the previous user of RMID.
313 Hence such RMIDs are placed on limbo list and checked back if the cache
314 occupancy has gone down. If there is a time when system has a lot of
315 limbo RMIDs but which are not ready to be used, user may see an -EBUSY
318 max_threshold_occupancy is a user configurable value to determine the
319 occupancy at which an RMID can be freed.
321 Schemata files - general concepts
322 ---------------------------------
323 Each line in the file describes one resource. The line starts with
324 the name of the resource, followed by specific values to be applied
325 in each of the instances of that resource on the system.
329 On current generation systems there is one L3 cache per socket and L2
330 caches are generally just shared by the hyperthreads on a core, but this
331 isn't an architectural requirement. We could have multiple separate L3
332 caches on a socket, multiple cores could share an L2 cache. So instead
333 of using "socket" or "core" to define the set of logical cpus sharing
334 a resource we use a "Cache ID". At a given cache level this will be a
335 unique number across the whole system (but it isn't guaranteed to be a
336 contiguous sequence, there may be gaps). To find the ID for each logical
337 CPU look in /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu*/cache/index*/id
339 Cache Bit Masks (CBM)
340 ---------------------
341 For cache resources we describe the portion of the cache that is available
342 for allocation using a bitmask. The maximum value of the mask is defined
343 by each cpu model (and may be different for different cache levels). It
344 is found using CPUID, but is also provided in the "info" directory of
345 the resctrl file system in "info/{resource}/cbm_mask". Intel hardware
346 requires that these masks have all the '1' bits in a contiguous block. So
347 0x3, 0x6 and 0xC are legal 4-bit masks with two bits set, but 0x5, 0x9
348 and 0xA are not. On a system with a 20-bit mask each bit represents 5%
349 of the capacity of the cache. You could partition the cache into four
350 equal parts with masks: 0x1f, 0x3e0, 0x7c00, 0xf8000.
352 Memory bandwidth Allocation and monitoring
353 ==========================================
355 For Memory bandwidth resource, by default the user controls the resource
356 by indicating the percentage of total memory bandwidth.
358 The minimum bandwidth percentage value for each cpu model is predefined
359 and can be looked up through "info/MB/min_bandwidth". The bandwidth
360 granularity that is allocated is also dependent on the cpu model and can
361 be looked up at "info/MB/bandwidth_gran". The available bandwidth
362 control steps are: min_bw + N * bw_gran. Intermediate values are rounded
363 to the next control step available on the hardware.
365 The bandwidth throttling is a core specific mechanism on some of Intel
366 SKUs. Using a high bandwidth and a low bandwidth setting on two threads
367 sharing a core will result in both threads being throttled to use the
368 low bandwidth. The fact that Memory bandwidth allocation(MBA) is a core
369 specific mechanism where as memory bandwidth monitoring(MBM) is done at
370 the package level may lead to confusion when users try to apply control
371 via the MBA and then monitor the bandwidth to see if the controls are
372 effective. Below are such scenarios:
374 1. User may *not* see increase in actual bandwidth when percentage
375 values are increased:
377 This can occur when aggregate L2 external bandwidth is more than L3
378 external bandwidth. Consider an SKL SKU with 24 cores on a package and
379 where L2 external is 10GBps (hence aggregate L2 external bandwidth is
380 240GBps) and L3 external bandwidth is 100GBps. Now a workload with '20
381 threads, having 50% bandwidth, each consuming 5GBps' consumes the max L3
382 bandwidth of 100GBps although the percentage value specified is only 50%
383 << 100%. Hence increasing the bandwidth percentage will not yield any
384 more bandwidth. This is because although the L2 external bandwidth still
385 has capacity, the L3 external bandwidth is fully used. Also note that
386 this would be dependent on number of cores the benchmark is run on.
388 2. Same bandwidth percentage may mean different actual bandwidth
389 depending on # of threads:
391 For the same SKU in #1, a 'single thread, with 10% bandwidth' and '4
392 thread, with 10% bandwidth' can consume upto 10GBps and 40GBps although
393 they have same percentage bandwidth of 10%. This is simply because as
394 threads start using more cores in an rdtgroup, the actual bandwidth may
395 increase or vary although user specified bandwidth percentage is same.
397 In order to mitigate this and make the interface more user friendly,
398 resctrl added support for specifying the bandwidth in MBps as well. The
399 kernel underneath would use a software feedback mechanism or a "Software
400 Controller(mba_sc)" which reads the actual bandwidth using MBM counters
401 and adjust the memory bandwidth percentages to ensure::
403 "actual bandwidth < user specified bandwidth".
405 By default, the schemata would take the bandwidth percentage values
406 where as user can switch to the "MBA software controller" mode using
407 a mount option 'mba_MBps'. The schemata format is specified in the below
410 L3 schemata file details (code and data prioritization disabled)
411 ----------------------------------------------------------------
412 With CDP disabled the L3 schemata format is::
414 L3:<cache_id0>=<cbm>;<cache_id1>=<cbm>;...
416 L3 schemata file details (CDP enabled via mount option to resctrl)
417 ------------------------------------------------------------------
418 When CDP is enabled L3 control is split into two separate resources
419 so you can specify independent masks for code and data like this::
421 L3DATA:<cache_id0>=<cbm>;<cache_id1>=<cbm>;...
422 L3CODE:<cache_id0>=<cbm>;<cache_id1>=<cbm>;...
424 L2 schemata file details
425 ------------------------
426 CDP is supported at L2 using the 'cdpl2' mount option. The schemata
429 L2:<cache_id0>=<cbm>;<cache_id1>=<cbm>;...
433 L2DATA:<cache_id0>=<cbm>;<cache_id1>=<cbm>;...
434 L2CODE:<cache_id0>=<cbm>;<cache_id1>=<cbm>;...
437 Memory bandwidth Allocation (default mode)
438 ------------------------------------------
440 Memory b/w domain is L3 cache.
443 MB:<cache_id0>=bandwidth0;<cache_id1>=bandwidth1;...
445 Memory bandwidth Allocation specified in MBps
446 ---------------------------------------------
448 Memory bandwidth domain is L3 cache.
451 MB:<cache_id0>=bw_MBps0;<cache_id1>=bw_MBps1;...
453 Reading/writing the schemata file
454 ---------------------------------
455 Reading the schemata file will show the state of all resources
456 on all domains. When writing you only need to specify those values
457 which you wish to change. E.g.
461 L3DATA:0=fffff;1=fffff;2=fffff;3=fffff
462 L3CODE:0=fffff;1=fffff;2=fffff;3=fffff
463 # echo "L3DATA:2=3c0;" > schemata
465 L3DATA:0=fffff;1=fffff;2=3c0;3=fffff
466 L3CODE:0=fffff;1=fffff;2=fffff;3=fffff
470 CAT enables a user to specify the amount of cache space that an
471 application can fill. Cache pseudo-locking builds on the fact that a
472 CPU can still read and write data pre-allocated outside its current
473 allocated area on a cache hit. With cache pseudo-locking, data can be
474 preloaded into a reserved portion of cache that no application can
475 fill, and from that point on will only serve cache hits. The cache
476 pseudo-locked memory is made accessible to user space where an
477 application can map it into its virtual address space and thus have
478 a region of memory with reduced average read latency.
480 The creation of a cache pseudo-locked region is triggered by a request
481 from the user to do so that is accompanied by a schemata of the region
482 to be pseudo-locked. The cache pseudo-locked region is created as follows:
484 - Create a CAT allocation CLOSNEW with a CBM matching the schemata
485 from the user of the cache region that will contain the pseudo-locked
486 memory. This region must not overlap with any current CAT allocation/CLOS
487 on the system and no future overlap with this cache region is allowed
488 while the pseudo-locked region exists.
489 - Create a contiguous region of memory of the same size as the cache
491 - Flush the cache, disable hardware prefetchers, disable preemption.
492 - Make CLOSNEW the active CLOS and touch the allocated memory to load
494 - Set the previous CLOS as active.
495 - At this point the closid CLOSNEW can be released - the cache
496 pseudo-locked region is protected as long as its CBM does not appear in
497 any CAT allocation. Even though the cache pseudo-locked region will from
498 this point on not appear in any CBM of any CLOS an application running with
499 any CLOS will be able to access the memory in the pseudo-locked region since
500 the region continues to serve cache hits.
501 - The contiguous region of memory loaded into the cache is exposed to
502 user-space as a character device.
504 Cache pseudo-locking increases the probability that data will remain
505 in the cache via carefully configuring the CAT feature and controlling
506 application behavior. There is no guarantee that data is placed in
507 cache. Instructions like INVD, WBINVD, CLFLUSH, etc. can still evict
508 “locked” data from cache. Power management C-states may shrink or
509 power off cache. Deeper C-states will automatically be restricted on
510 pseudo-locked region creation.
512 It is required that an application using a pseudo-locked region runs
513 with affinity to the cores (or a subset of the cores) associated
514 with the cache on which the pseudo-locked region resides. A sanity check
515 within the code will not allow an application to map pseudo-locked memory
516 unless it runs with affinity to cores associated with the cache on which the
517 pseudo-locked region resides. The sanity check is only done during the
518 initial mmap() handling, there is no enforcement afterwards and the
519 application self needs to ensure it remains affine to the correct cores.
521 Pseudo-locking is accomplished in two stages:
523 1) During the first stage the system administrator allocates a portion
524 of cache that should be dedicated to pseudo-locking. At this time an
525 equivalent portion of memory is allocated, loaded into allocated
526 cache portion, and exposed as a character device.
527 2) During the second stage a user-space application maps (mmap()) the
528 pseudo-locked memory into its address space.
530 Cache Pseudo-Locking Interface
531 ------------------------------
532 A pseudo-locked region is created using the resctrl interface as follows:
534 1) Create a new resource group by creating a new directory in /sys/fs/resctrl.
535 2) Change the new resource group's mode to "pseudo-locksetup" by writing
536 "pseudo-locksetup" to the "mode" file.
537 3) Write the schemata of the pseudo-locked region to the "schemata" file. All
538 bits within the schemata should be "unused" according to the "bit_usage"
541 On successful pseudo-locked region creation the "mode" file will contain
542 "pseudo-locked" and a new character device with the same name as the resource
543 group will exist in /dev/pseudo_lock. This character device can be mmap()'ed
544 by user space in order to obtain access to the pseudo-locked memory region.
546 An example of cache pseudo-locked region creation and usage can be found below.
548 Cache Pseudo-Locking Debugging Interface
549 ----------------------------------------
550 The pseudo-locking debugging interface is enabled by default (if
551 CONFIG_DEBUG_FS is enabled) and can be found in /sys/kernel/debug/resctrl.
553 There is no explicit way for the kernel to test if a provided memory
554 location is present in the cache. The pseudo-locking debugging interface uses
555 the tracing infrastructure to provide two ways to measure cache residency of
556 the pseudo-locked region:
558 1) Memory access latency using the pseudo_lock_mem_latency tracepoint. Data
559 from these measurements are best visualized using a hist trigger (see
560 example below). In this test the pseudo-locked region is traversed at
561 a stride of 32 bytes while hardware prefetchers and preemption
562 are disabled. This also provides a substitute visualization of cache
564 2) Cache hit and miss measurements using model specific precision counters if
565 available. Depending on the levels of cache on the system the pseudo_lock_l2
566 and pseudo_lock_l3 tracepoints are available.
568 When a pseudo-locked region is created a new debugfs directory is created for
569 it in debugfs as /sys/kernel/debug/resctrl/<newdir>. A single
570 write-only file, pseudo_lock_measure, is present in this directory. The
571 measurement of the pseudo-locked region depends on the number written to this
575 writing "1" to the pseudo_lock_measure file will trigger the latency
576 measurement captured in the pseudo_lock_mem_latency tracepoint. See
579 writing "2" to the pseudo_lock_measure file will trigger the L2 cache
580 residency (cache hits and misses) measurement captured in the
581 pseudo_lock_l2 tracepoint. See example below.
583 writing "3" to the pseudo_lock_measure file will trigger the L3 cache
584 residency (cache hits and misses) measurement captured in the
585 pseudo_lock_l3 tracepoint.
587 All measurements are recorded with the tracing infrastructure. This requires
588 the relevant tracepoints to be enabled before the measurement is triggered.
590 Example of latency debugging interface
591 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
592 In this example a pseudo-locked region named "newlock" was created. Here is
593 how we can measure the latency in cycles of reading from this region and
594 visualize this data with a histogram that is available if CONFIG_HIST_TRIGGERS
597 # :> /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace
598 # echo 'hist:keys=latency' > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/resctrl/pseudo_lock_mem_latency/trigger
599 # echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/resctrl/pseudo_lock_mem_latency/enable
600 # echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/resctrl/newlock/pseudo_lock_measure
601 # echo 0 > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/resctrl/pseudo_lock_mem_latency/enable
602 # cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/resctrl/pseudo_lock_mem_latency/hist
606 # trigger info: hist:keys=latency:vals=hitcount:sort=hitcount:size=2048 [active]
609 { latency: 456 } hitcount: 1
610 { latency: 50 } hitcount: 83
611 { latency: 36 } hitcount: 96
612 { latency: 44 } hitcount: 174
613 { latency: 48 } hitcount: 195
614 { latency: 46 } hitcount: 262
615 { latency: 42 } hitcount: 693
616 { latency: 40 } hitcount: 3204
617 { latency: 38 } hitcount: 3484
624 Example of cache hits/misses debugging
625 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
626 In this example a pseudo-locked region named "newlock" was created on the L2
627 cache of a platform. Here is how we can obtain details of the cache hits
628 and misses using the platform's precision counters.
631 # :> /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace
632 # echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/resctrl/pseudo_lock_l2/enable
633 # echo 2 > /sys/kernel/debug/resctrl/newlock/pseudo_lock_measure
634 # echo 0 > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/resctrl/pseudo_lock_l2/enable
635 # cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace
640 # / _----=> need-resched
641 # | / _---=> hardirq/softirq
642 # || / _--=> preempt-depth
644 # TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
646 pseudo_lock_mea-1672 [002] .... 3132.860500: pseudo_lock_l2: hits=4097 miss=0
649 Examples for RDT allocation usage
650 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
654 On a two socket machine (one L3 cache per socket) with just four bits
655 for cache bit masks, minimum b/w of 10% with a memory bandwidth
659 # mount -t resctrl resctrl /sys/fs/resctrl
662 # echo "L3:0=3;1=c\nMB:0=50;1=50" > /sys/fs/resctrl/p0/schemata
663 # echo "L3:0=3;1=3\nMB:0=50;1=50" > /sys/fs/resctrl/p1/schemata
665 The default resource group is unmodified, so we have access to all parts
666 of all caches (its schemata file reads "L3:0=f;1=f").
668 Tasks that are under the control of group "p0" may only allocate from the
669 "lower" 50% on cache ID 0, and the "upper" 50% of cache ID 1.
670 Tasks in group "p1" use the "lower" 50% of cache on both sockets.
672 Similarly, tasks that are under the control of group "p0" may use a
673 maximum memory b/w of 50% on socket0 and 50% on socket 1.
674 Tasks in group "p1" may also use 50% memory b/w on both sockets.
675 Note that unlike cache masks, memory b/w cannot specify whether these
676 allocations can overlap or not. The allocations specifies the maximum
677 b/w that the group may be able to use and the system admin can configure
680 If resctrl is using the software controller (mba_sc) then user can enter the
681 max b/w in MB rather than the percentage values.
684 # echo "L3:0=3;1=c\nMB:0=1024;1=500" > /sys/fs/resctrl/p0/schemata
685 # echo "L3:0=3;1=3\nMB:0=1024;1=500" > /sys/fs/resctrl/p1/schemata
687 In the above example the tasks in "p1" and "p0" on socket 0 would use a max b/w
688 of 1024MB where as on socket 1 they would use 500MB.
692 Again two sockets, but this time with a more realistic 20-bit mask.
694 Two real time tasks pid=1234 running on processor 0 and pid=5678 running on
695 processor 1 on socket 0 on a 2-socket and dual core machine. To avoid noisy
696 neighbors, each of the two real-time tasks exclusively occupies one quarter
697 of L3 cache on socket 0.
700 # mount -t resctrl resctrl /sys/fs/resctrl
703 First we reset the schemata for the default group so that the "upper"
704 50% of the L3 cache on socket 0 and 50% of memory b/w cannot be used by
707 # echo "L3:0=3ff;1=fffff\nMB:0=50;1=100" > schemata
709 Next we make a resource group for our first real time task and give
710 it access to the "top" 25% of the cache on socket 0.
714 # echo "L3:0=f8000;1=fffff" > p0/schemata
716 Finally we move our first real time task into this resource group. We
717 also use taskset(1) to ensure the task always runs on a dedicated CPU
718 on socket 0. Most uses of resource groups will also constrain which
719 processors tasks run on.
722 # echo 1234 > p0/tasks
725 Ditto for the second real time task (with the remaining 25% of cache)::
728 # echo "L3:0=7c00;1=fffff" > p1/schemata
729 # echo 5678 > p1/tasks
732 For the same 2 socket system with memory b/w resource and CAT L3 the
733 schemata would look like(Assume min_bandwidth 10 and bandwidth_gran is
736 For our first real time task this would request 20% memory b/w on socket 0.
739 # echo -e "L3:0=f8000;1=fffff\nMB:0=20;1=100" > p0/schemata
741 For our second real time task this would request an other 20% memory b/w
745 # echo -e "L3:0=f8000;1=fffff\nMB:0=20;1=100" > p0/schemata
749 A single socket system which has real-time tasks running on core 4-7 and
750 non real-time workload assigned to core 0-3. The real-time tasks share text
751 and data, so a per task association is not required and due to interaction
752 with the kernel it's desired that the kernel on these cores shares L3 with
756 # mount -t resctrl resctrl /sys/fs/resctrl
759 First we reset the schemata for the default group so that the "upper"
760 50% of the L3 cache on socket 0, and 50% of memory bandwidth on socket 0
761 cannot be used by ordinary tasks::
763 # echo "L3:0=3ff\nMB:0=50" > schemata
765 Next we make a resource group for our real time cores and give it access
766 to the "top" 50% of the cache on socket 0 and 50% of memory bandwidth on
771 # echo "L3:0=ffc00\nMB:0=50" > p0/schemata
773 Finally we move core 4-7 over to the new group and make sure that the
774 kernel and the tasks running there get 50% of the cache. They should
775 also get 50% of memory bandwidth assuming that the cores 4-7 are SMT
776 siblings and only the real time threads are scheduled on the cores 4-7.
783 The resource groups in previous examples were all in the default "shareable"
784 mode allowing sharing of their cache allocations. If one resource group
785 configures a cache allocation then nothing prevents another resource group
786 to overlap with that allocation.
788 In this example a new exclusive resource group will be created on a L2 CAT
789 system with two L2 cache instances that can be configured with an 8-bit
790 capacity bitmask. The new exclusive resource group will be configured to use
791 25% of each cache instance.
794 # mount -t resctrl resctrl /sys/fs/resctrl/
797 First, we observe that the default group is configured to allocate to all L2
803 We could attempt to create the new resource group at this point, but it will
804 fail because of the overlap with the schemata of the default group::
807 # echo 'L2:0=0x3;1=0x3' > p0/schemata
810 # echo exclusive > p0/mode
811 -sh: echo: write error: Invalid argument
812 # cat info/last_cmd_status
815 To ensure that there is no overlap with another resource group the default
816 resource group's schemata has to change, making it possible for the new
817 resource group to become exclusive.
820 # echo 'L2:0=0xfc;1=0xfc' > schemata
821 # echo exclusive > p0/mode
825 p0/schemata:L2:0=03;1=03
826 p0/size:L2:0=262144;1=262144
828 A new resource group will on creation not overlap with an exclusive resource
835 p1/schemata:L2:0=fc;1=fc
836 p1/size:L2:0=786432;1=786432
838 The bit_usage will reflect how the cache is used::
840 # cat info/L2/bit_usage
841 0=SSSSSSEE;1=SSSSSSEE
843 A resource group cannot be forced to overlap with an exclusive resource group::
845 # echo 'L2:0=0x1;1=0x1' > p1/schemata
846 -sh: echo: write error: Invalid argument
847 # cat info/last_cmd_status
848 overlaps with exclusive group
850 Example of Cache Pseudo-Locking
851 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
852 Lock portion of L2 cache from cache id 1 using CBM 0x3. Pseudo-locked
853 region is exposed at /dev/pseudo_lock/newlock that can be provided to
854 application for argument to mmap().
857 # mount -t resctrl resctrl /sys/fs/resctrl/
860 Ensure that there are bits available that can be pseudo-locked, since only
861 unused bits can be pseudo-locked the bits to be pseudo-locked needs to be
862 removed from the default resource group's schemata::
864 # cat info/L2/bit_usage
865 0=SSSSSSSS;1=SSSSSSSS
866 # echo 'L2:1=0xfc' > schemata
867 # cat info/L2/bit_usage
868 0=SSSSSSSS;1=SSSSSS00
870 Create a new resource group that will be associated with the pseudo-locked
871 region, indicate that it will be used for a pseudo-locked region, and
872 configure the requested pseudo-locked region capacity bitmask::
875 # echo pseudo-locksetup > newlock/mode
876 # echo 'L2:1=0x3' > newlock/schemata
878 On success the resource group's mode will change to pseudo-locked, the
879 bit_usage will reflect the pseudo-locked region, and the character device
880 exposing the pseudo-locked region will exist::
884 # cat info/L2/bit_usage
885 0=SSSSSSSS;1=SSSSSSPP
886 # ls -l /dev/pseudo_lock/newlock
887 crw------- 1 root root 243, 0 Apr 3 05:01 /dev/pseudo_lock/newlock
892 * Example code to access one page of pseudo-locked cache region
901 #include <sys/mman.h>
904 * It is required that the application runs with affinity to only
905 * cores associated with the pseudo-locked region. Here the cpu
906 * is hardcoded for convenience of example.
908 static int cpuid = 2;
910 int main(int argc, char *argv[])
918 page_size = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
921 CPU_SET(cpuid, &cpuset);
922 ret = sched_setaffinity(0, sizeof(cpuset), &cpuset);
924 perror("sched_setaffinity");
928 dev_fd = open("/dev/pseudo_lock/newlock", O_RDWR);
934 mapping = mmap(0, page_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED,
936 if (mapping == MAP_FAILED) {
942 /* Application interacts with pseudo-locked memory @mapping */
944 ret = munmap(mapping, page_size);
955 Locking between applications
956 ----------------------------
958 Certain operations on the resctrl filesystem, composed of read/writes
959 to/from multiple files, must be atomic.
961 As an example, the allocation of an exclusive reservation of L3 cache
964 1. Read the cbmmasks from each directory or the per-resource "bit_usage"
965 2. Find a contiguous set of bits in the global CBM bitmask that is clear
966 in any of the directory cbmmasks
967 3. Create a new directory
968 4. Set the bits found in step 2 to the new directory "schemata" file
970 If two applications attempt to allocate space concurrently then they can
971 end up allocating the same bits so the reservations are shared instead of
974 To coordinate atomic operations on the resctrlfs and to avoid the problem
975 above, the following locking procedure is recommended:
977 Locking is based on flock, which is available in libc and also as a shell
982 A) Take flock(LOCK_EX) on /sys/fs/resctrl
983 B) Read/write the directory structure.
988 A) Take flock(LOCK_SH) on /sys/fs/resctrl
989 B) If success read the directory structure.
994 # Atomically read directory structure
995 $ flock -s /sys/fs/resctrl/ find /sys/fs/resctrl
997 # Read directory contents and create new subdirectory
1000 find /sys/fs/resctrl/ > output.txt
1001 mask = function-of(output.txt)
1002 mkdir /sys/fs/resctrl/newres/
1003 echo mask > /sys/fs/resctrl/newres/schemata
1005 $ flock /sys/fs/resctrl/ ./create-dir.sh
1010 * Example code do take advisory locks
1011 * before accessing resctrl filesystem
1013 #include <sys/file.h>
1016 void resctrl_take_shared_lock(int fd)
1020 /* take shared lock on resctrl filesystem */
1021 ret = flock(fd, LOCK_SH);
1028 void resctrl_take_exclusive_lock(int fd)
1032 /* release lock on resctrl filesystem */
1033 ret = flock(fd, LOCK_EX);
1040 void resctrl_release_lock(int fd)
1044 /* take shared lock on resctrl filesystem */
1045 ret = flock(fd, LOCK_UN);
1056 fd = open("/sys/fs/resctrl", O_DIRECTORY);
1061 resctrl_take_shared_lock(fd);
1062 /* code to read directory contents */
1063 resctrl_release_lock(fd);
1065 resctrl_take_exclusive_lock(fd);
1066 /* code to read and write directory contents */
1067 resctrl_release_lock(fd);
1070 Examples for RDT Monitoring along with allocation usage
1071 =======================================================
1072 Reading monitored data
1073 ----------------------
1074 Reading an event file (for ex: mon_data/mon_L3_00/llc_occupancy) would
1075 show the current snapshot of LLC occupancy of the corresponding MON
1076 group or CTRL_MON group.
1079 Example 1 (Monitor CTRL_MON group and subset of tasks in CTRL_MON group)
1080 ------------------------------------------------------------------------
1081 On a two socket machine (one L3 cache per socket) with just four bits
1082 for cache bit masks::
1084 # mount -t resctrl resctrl /sys/fs/resctrl
1085 # cd /sys/fs/resctrl
1087 # echo "L3:0=3;1=c" > /sys/fs/resctrl/p0/schemata
1088 # echo "L3:0=3;1=3" > /sys/fs/resctrl/p1/schemata
1089 # echo 5678 > p1/tasks
1090 # echo 5679 > p1/tasks
1092 The default resource group is unmodified, so we have access to all parts
1093 of all caches (its schemata file reads "L3:0=f;1=f").
1095 Tasks that are under the control of group "p0" may only allocate from the
1096 "lower" 50% on cache ID 0, and the "upper" 50% of cache ID 1.
1097 Tasks in group "p1" use the "lower" 50% of cache on both sockets.
1099 Create monitor groups and assign a subset of tasks to each monitor group.
1102 # cd /sys/fs/resctrl/p1/mon_groups
1104 # echo 5678 > m11/tasks
1105 # echo 5679 > m12/tasks
1107 fetch data (data shown in bytes)
1110 # cat m11/mon_data/mon_L3_00/llc_occupancy
1112 # cat m11/mon_data/mon_L3_01/llc_occupancy
1114 # cat m12/mon_data/mon_L3_00/llc_occupancy
1117 The parent ctrl_mon group shows the aggregated data.
1120 # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/p1/mon_data/mon_l3_00/llc_occupancy
1123 Example 2 (Monitor a task from its creation)
1124 --------------------------------------------
1125 On a two socket machine (one L3 cache per socket)::
1127 # mount -t resctrl resctrl /sys/fs/resctrl
1128 # cd /sys/fs/resctrl
1131 An RMID is allocated to the group once its created and hence the <cmd>
1132 below is monitored from its creation.
1135 # echo $$ > /sys/fs/resctrl/p1/tasks
1140 # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/p1/mon_data/mon_l3_00/llc_occupancy
1143 Example 3 (Monitor without CAT support or before creating CAT groups)
1144 ---------------------------------------------------------------------
1146 Assume a system like HSW has only CQM and no CAT support. In this case
1147 the resctrl will still mount but cannot create CTRL_MON directories.
1148 But user can create different MON groups within the root group thereby
1149 able to monitor all tasks including kernel threads.
1151 This can also be used to profile jobs cache size footprint before being
1152 able to allocate them to different allocation groups.
1155 # mount -t resctrl resctrl /sys/fs/resctrl
1156 # cd /sys/fs/resctrl
1157 # mkdir mon_groups/m01
1158 # mkdir mon_groups/m02
1160 # echo 3478 > /sys/fs/resctrl/mon_groups/m01/tasks
1161 # echo 2467 > /sys/fs/resctrl/mon_groups/m02/tasks
1163 Monitor the groups separately and also get per domain data. From the
1164 below its apparent that the tasks are mostly doing work on
1168 # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/mon_groups/m01/mon_L3_00/llc_occupancy
1170 # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/mon_groups/m01/mon_L3_01/llc_occupancy
1172 # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/mon_groups/m02/mon_L3_00/llc_occupancy
1174 # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/mon_groups/m02/mon_L3_01/llc_occupancy
1178 Example 4 (Monitor real time tasks)
1179 -----------------------------------
1181 A single socket system which has real time tasks running on cores 4-7
1182 and non real time tasks on other cpus. We want to monitor the cache
1183 occupancy of the real time threads on these cores.
1186 # mount -t resctrl resctrl /sys/fs/resctrl
1187 # cd /sys/fs/resctrl
1190 Move the cpus 4-7 over to p1::
1194 View the llc occupancy snapshot::
1196 # cat /sys/fs/resctrl/p1/mon_data/mon_L3_00/llc_occupancy