1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
3 ==========================
4 PAT (Page Attribute Table)
5 ==========================
7 x86 Page Attribute Table (PAT) allows for setting the memory attribute at the
8 page level granularity. PAT is complementary to the MTRR settings which allows
9 for setting of memory types over physical address ranges. However, PAT is
10 more flexible than MTRR due to its capability to set attributes at page level
11 and also due to the fact that there are no hardware limitations on number of
12 such attribute settings allowed. Added flexibility comes with guidelines for
13 not having memory type aliasing for the same physical memory with multiple
16 PAT allows for different types of memory attributes. The most commonly used
17 ones that will be supported at this time are:
31 There are many different APIs in the kernel that allows setting of memory
32 attributes at the page level. In order to avoid aliasing, these interfaces
33 should be used thoughtfully. Below is a table of interfaces available,
34 their intended usage and their memory attribute relationships. Internally,
35 these APIs use a reserve_memtype()/free_memtype() interface on the physical
36 address range to avoid any aliasing.
38 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
39 | API | RAM | ACPI,... | Reserved/Holes |
40 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
41 | ioremap | -- | UC- | UC- |
42 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
43 | ioremap_cache | -- | WB | WB |
44 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
45 | ioremap_uc | -- | UC | UC |
46 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
47 | ioremap_wc | -- | -- | WC |
48 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
49 | ioremap_wt | -- | -- | WT |
50 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
51 | set_memory_uc, | UC- | -- | -- |
52 | set_memory_wb | | | |
53 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
54 | set_memory_wc, | WC | -- | -- |
55 | set_memory_wb | | | |
56 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
57 | set_memory_wt, | WT | -- | -- |
58 | set_memory_wb | | | |
59 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
60 | pci sysfs resource | -- | -- | UC- |
61 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
62 | pci sysfs resource_wc | -- | -- | WC |
63 | is IORESOURCE_PREFETCH | | | |
64 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
65 | pci proc | -- | -- | UC- |
66 | !PCIIOC_WRITE_COMBINE | | | |
67 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
68 | pci proc | -- | -- | WC |
69 | PCIIOC_WRITE_COMBINE | | | |
70 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
71 | /dev/mem | -- | WB/WC/UC- | WB/WC/UC- |
73 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
74 | /dev/mem | -- | UC- | UC- |
75 | mmap SYNC flag | | | |
76 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
77 | /dev/mem | -- | WB/WC/UC- | WB/WC/UC- |
78 | mmap !SYNC flag | | | |
79 | and | |(from existing| (from existing |
80 | any alias to this area | |alias) | alias) |
81 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
82 | /dev/mem | -- | WB | WB |
83 | mmap !SYNC flag | | | |
84 | no alias to this area | | | |
86 | MTRR says WB | | | |
87 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
88 | /dev/mem | -- | -- | UC- |
89 | mmap !SYNC flag | | | |
90 | no alias to this area | | | |
92 | MTRR says !WB | | | |
93 +------------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
96 Advanced APIs for drivers
97 =========================
99 A. Exporting pages to users with remap_pfn_range, io_remap_pfn_range,
102 Drivers wanting to export some pages to userspace do it by using mmap
103 interface and a combination of:
105 1) pgprot_noncached()
106 2) io_remap_pfn_range() or remap_pfn_range() or vmf_insert_pfn()
108 With PAT support, a new API pgprot_writecombine is being added. So, drivers can
109 continue to use the above sequence, with either pgprot_noncached() or
110 pgprot_writecombine() in step 1, followed by step 2.
112 In addition, step 2 internally tracks the region as UC or WC in memtype
113 list in order to ensure no conflicting mapping.
115 Note that this set of APIs only works with IO (non RAM) regions. If driver
116 wants to export a RAM region, it has to do set_memory_uc() or set_memory_wc()
117 as step 0 above and also track the usage of those pages and use set_memory_wb()
118 before the page is freed to free pool.
120 MTRR effects on PAT / non-PAT systems
121 =====================================
123 The following table provides the effects of using write-combining MTRRs when
124 using ioremap*() calls on x86 for both non-PAT and PAT systems. Ideally
125 mtrr_add() usage will be phased out in favor of arch_phys_wc_add() which will
126 be a no-op on PAT enabled systems. The region over which a arch_phys_wc_add()
127 is made, should already have been ioremapped with WC attributes or PAT entries,
128 this can be done by using ioremap_wc() / set_memory_wc(). Devices which
129 combine areas of IO memory desired to remain uncacheable with areas where
130 write-combining is desirable should consider use of ioremap_uc() followed by
131 set_memory_wc() to white-list effective write-combined areas. Such use is
132 nevertheless discouraged as the effective memory type is considered
133 implementation defined, yet this strategy can be used as last resort on devices
134 with size-constrained regions where otherwise MTRR write-combining would
135 otherwise not be effective.
138 ==== ======= === ========================= =====================
139 MTRR Non-PAT PAT Linux ioremap value Effective memory type
140 ==== ======= === ========================= =====================
145 WC 000 WB _PAGE_CACHE_MODE_WB WC | WC
146 WC 001 WC _PAGE_CACHE_MODE_WC WC* | WC
147 WC 010 UC- _PAGE_CACHE_MODE_UC_MINUS WC* | UC
148 WC 011 UC _PAGE_CACHE_MODE_UC UC | UC
149 ==== ======= === ========================= =====================
151 (*) denotes implementation defined and is discouraged
153 .. note:: -- in the above table mean "Not suggested usage for the API". Some
154 of the --'s are strictly enforced by the kernel. Some others are not really
155 enforced today, but may be enforced in future.
157 For ioremap and pci access through /sys or /proc - The actual type returned
158 can be more restrictive, in case of any existing aliasing for that address.
159 For example: If there is an existing uncached mapping, a new ioremap_wc can
160 return uncached mapping in place of write-combine requested.
162 set_memory_[uc|wc|wt] and set_memory_wb should be used in pairs, where driver
163 will first make a region uc, wc or wt and switch it back to wb after use.
165 Over time writes to /proc/mtrr will be deprecated in favor of using PAT based
166 interfaces. Users writing to /proc/mtrr are suggested to use above interfaces.
168 Drivers should use ioremap_[uc|wc] to access PCI BARs with [uc|wc] access
171 Drivers should use set_memory_[uc|wc|wt] to set access type for RAM ranges.
177 With CONFIG_DEBUG_FS enabled, PAT memtype list can be examined by::
179 # mount -t debugfs debugfs /sys/kernel/debug
180 # cat /sys/kernel/debug/x86/pat_memtype_list
182 uncached-minus @ 0x7fadf000-0x7fae0000
183 uncached-minus @ 0x7fb19000-0x7fb1a000
184 uncached-minus @ 0x7fb1a000-0x7fb1b000
185 uncached-minus @ 0x7fb1b000-0x7fb1c000
186 uncached-minus @ 0x7fb1c000-0x7fb1d000
187 uncached-minus @ 0x7fb1d000-0x7fb1e000
188 uncached-minus @ 0x7fb1e000-0x7fb25000
189 uncached-minus @ 0x7fb25000-0x7fb26000
190 uncached-minus @ 0x7fb26000-0x7fb27000
191 uncached-minus @ 0x7fb27000-0x7fb28000
192 uncached-minus @ 0x7fb28000-0x7fb2e000
193 uncached-minus @ 0x7fb2e000-0x7fb2f000
194 uncached-minus @ 0x7fb2f000-0x7fb30000
195 uncached-minus @ 0x7fb31000-0x7fb32000
196 uncached-minus @ 0x80000000-0x90000000
198 This list shows physical address ranges and various PAT settings used to
199 access those physical address ranges.
201 Another, more verbose way of getting PAT related debug messages is with
202 "debugpat" boot parameter. With this parameter, various debug messages are
203 printed to dmesg log.
208 The following table describes how PAT is initialized under various
209 configurations. The PAT MSR must be updated by Linux in order to support WC
210 and WT attributes. Otherwise, the PAT MSR has the value programmed in it
211 by the firmware. Note, Xen enables WC attribute in the PAT MSR for guests.
213 ==== ===== ========================== ========= =======
214 MTRR PAT Call Sequence PAT State PAT MSR
215 ==== ===== ========================== ========= =======
216 E E MTRR -> PAT init Enabled OS
217 E D MTRR -> PAT init Disabled -
218 D E MTRR -> PAT disable Disabled BIOS
219 D D MTRR -> PAT disable Disabled -
220 - np/E PAT -> PAT disable Disabled BIOS
221 - np/D PAT -> PAT disable Disabled -
222 E !P/E MTRR -> PAT init Disabled BIOS
223 D !P/E MTRR -> PAT disable Disabled BIOS
224 !M !P/E MTRR stub -> PAT disable Disabled BIOS
225 ==== ===== ========================== ========= =======
229 ========= =======================================
230 E Feature enabled in CPU
231 D Feature disabled/unsupported in CPU
232 np "nopat" boot option specified
233 !P CONFIG_X86_PAT option unset
234 !M CONFIG_MTRR option unset
235 Enabled PAT state set to enabled
236 Disabled PAT state set to disabled
237 OS PAT initializes PAT MSR with OS setting
238 BIOS PAT keeps PAT MSR with BIOS setting
239 ========= =======================================