1 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
3 ==========================
4 The Linux Microcode Loader
5 ==========================
7 :Authors: - Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
8 - Borislav Petkov <bp@suse.de>
10 The kernel has a x86 microcode loading facility which is supposed to
11 provide microcode loading methods in the OS. Potential use cases are
12 updating the microcode on platforms beyond the OEM End-Of-Life support,
13 and updating the microcode on long-running systems without rebooting.
15 The loader supports three loading methods:
20 The kernel can update microcode very early during boot. Loading
21 microcode early can fix CPU issues before they are observed during
24 The microcode is stored in an initrd file. During boot, it is read from
25 it and loaded into the CPU cores.
27 The format of the combined initrd image is microcode in (uncompressed)
28 cpio format followed by the (possibly compressed) initrd image. The
29 loader parses the combined initrd image during boot.
31 The microcode files in cpio name space are:
34 kernel/x86/microcode/GenuineIntel.bin
36 kernel/x86/microcode/AuthenticAMD.bin
38 During BSP (BootStrapping Processor) boot (pre-SMP), the kernel
39 scans the microcode file in the initrd. If microcode matching the
40 CPU is found, it will be applied in the BSP and later on in all APs
41 (Application Processors).
43 The loader also saves the matching microcode for the CPU in memory.
44 Thus, the cached microcode patch is applied when CPUs resume from a
47 Here's a crude example how to prepare an initrd with microcode (this is
48 normally done automatically by the distribution, when recreating the
49 initrd, so you don't really have to do it yourself. It is documented
50 here for future reference only).
56 echo "You need to supply an initrd file"
62 DSTDIR=kernel/x86/microcode
71 if [ -d /lib/firmware/amd-ucode ]; then
72 cat /lib/firmware/amd-ucode/microcode_amd*.bin > $DSTDIR/AuthenticAMD.bin
75 if [ -d /lib/firmware/intel-ucode ]; then
76 cat /lib/firmware/intel-ucode/* > $DSTDIR/GenuineIntel.bin
79 find . | cpio -o -H newc >../ucode.cpio
81 mv $INITRD $INITRD.orig
82 cat ucode.cpio $INITRD.orig > $INITRD
87 The system needs to have the microcode packages installed into
88 /lib/firmware or you need to fixup the paths above if yours are
89 somewhere else and/or you've downloaded them directly from the processor
95 There are two legacy user space interfaces to load microcode, either through
96 /dev/cpu/microcode or through /sys/devices/system/cpu/microcode/reload file
99 The /dev/cpu/microcode method is deprecated because it needs a special
100 userspace tool for that.
102 The easier method is simply installing the microcode packages your distro
103 supplies and running::
105 # echo 1 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/microcode/reload
109 The loading mechanism looks for microcode blobs in
110 /lib/firmware/{intel-ucode,amd-ucode}. The default distro installation
111 packages already put them there.
116 The loader supports also loading of a builtin microcode supplied through
117 the regular builtin firmware method CONFIG_EXTRA_FIRMWARE. Only 64-bit is
122 CONFIG_EXTRA_FIRMWARE="intel-ucode/06-3a-09 amd-ucode/microcode_amd_fam15h.bin"
123 CONFIG_EXTRA_FIRMWARE_DIR="/lib/firmware"
125 This basically means, you have the following tree structure locally::
130 | |-- microcode_amd_fam15h.bin
137 so that the build system can find those files and integrate them into
138 the final kernel image. The early loader finds them and applies them.
140 Needless to say, this method is not the most flexible one because it
141 requires rebuilding the kernel each time updated microcode from the CPU