1 THE LINUX/x86 BOOT PROTOCOL
2 ---------------------------
4 On the x86 platform, the Linux kernel uses a rather complicated boot
5 convention. This has evolved partially due to historical aspects, as
6 well as the desire in the early days to have the kernel itself be a
7 bootable image, the complicated PC memory model and due to changed
8 expectations in the PC industry caused by the effective demise of
9 real-mode DOS as a mainstream operating system.
11 Currently, the following versions of the Linux/x86 boot protocol exist.
13 Old kernels: zImage/Image support only. Some very early kernels
14 may not even support a command line.
16 Protocol 2.00: (Kernel 1.3.73) Added bzImage and initrd support, as
17 well as a formalized way to communicate between the
18 boot loader and the kernel. setup.S made relocatable,
19 although the traditional setup area still assumed
22 Protocol 2.01: (Kernel 1.3.76) Added a heap overrun warning.
24 Protocol 2.02: (Kernel 2.4.0-test3-pre3) New command line protocol.
25 Lower the conventional memory ceiling. No overwrite
26 of the traditional setup area, thus making booting
27 safe for systems which use the EBDA from SMM or 32-bit
28 BIOS entry points. zImage deprecated but still
31 Protocol 2.03: (Kernel 2.4.18-pre1) Explicitly makes the highest possible
32 initrd address available to the bootloader.
34 Protocol 2.04: (Kernel 2.6.14) Extend the syssize field to four bytes.
36 Protocol 2.05: (Kernel 2.6.20) Make protected mode kernel relocatable.
37 Introduce relocatable_kernel and kernel_alignment fields.
39 Protocol 2.06: (Kernel 2.6.22) Added a field that contains the size of
40 the boot command line.
42 Protocol 2.07: (Kernel 2.6.24) Added paravirtualised boot protocol.
43 Introduced hardware_subarch and hardware_subarch_data
44 and KEEP_SEGMENTS flag in load_flags.
46 Protocol 2.08: (Kernel 2.6.26) Added crc32 checksum and ELF format
47 payload. Introduced payload_offset and payload_length
48 fields to aid in locating the payload.
50 Protocol 2.09: (Kernel 2.6.26) Added a field of 64-bit physical
51 pointer to single linked list of struct setup_data.
53 Protocol 2.10: (Kernel 2.6.31) Added a protocol for relaxed alignment
54 beyond the kernel_alignment added, new init_size and
55 pref_address fields. Added extended boot loader IDs.
57 Protocol 2.11: (Kernel 3.6) Added a field for offset of EFI handover
62 The traditional memory map for the kernel loader, used for Image or
63 zImage kernels, typically looks like:
66 0A0000 +------------------------+
67 | Reserved for BIOS | Do not use. Reserved for BIOS EBDA.
68 09A000 +------------------------+
70 | Stack/heap | For use by the kernel real-mode code.
71 098000 +------------------------+
72 | Kernel setup | The kernel real-mode code.
73 090200 +------------------------+
74 | Kernel boot sector | The kernel legacy boot sector.
75 090000 +------------------------+
76 | Protected-mode kernel | The bulk of the kernel image.
77 010000 +------------------------+
78 | Boot loader | <- Boot sector entry point 0000:7C00
79 001000 +------------------------+
80 | Reserved for MBR/BIOS |
81 000800 +------------------------+
82 | Typically used by MBR |
83 000600 +------------------------+
85 000000 +------------------------+
88 When using bzImage, the protected-mode kernel was relocated to
89 0x100000 ("high memory"), and the kernel real-mode block (boot sector,
90 setup, and stack/heap) was made relocatable to any address between
91 0x10000 and end of low memory. Unfortunately, in protocols 2.00 and
92 2.01 the 0x90000+ memory range is still used internally by the kernel;
93 the 2.02 protocol resolves that problem.
95 It is desirable to keep the "memory ceiling" -- the highest point in
96 low memory touched by the boot loader -- as low as possible, since
97 some newer BIOSes have begun to allocate some rather large amounts of
98 memory, called the Extended BIOS Data Area, near the top of low
99 memory. The boot loader should use the "INT 12h" BIOS call to verify
100 how much low memory is available.
102 Unfortunately, if INT 12h reports that the amount of memory is too
103 low, there is usually nothing the boot loader can do but to report an
104 error to the user. The boot loader should therefore be designed to
105 take up as little space in low memory as it reasonably can. For
106 zImage or old bzImage kernels, which need data written into the
107 0x90000 segment, the boot loader should make sure not to use memory
108 above the 0x9A000 point; too many BIOSes will break above that point.
110 For a modern bzImage kernel with boot protocol version >= 2.02, a
111 memory layout like the following is suggested:
114 | Protected-mode kernel |
115 100000 +------------------------+
117 0A0000 +------------------------+
118 | Reserved for BIOS | Leave as much as possible unused
120 | Command line | (Can also be below the X+10000 mark)
121 X+10000 +------------------------+
122 | Stack/heap | For use by the kernel real-mode code.
123 X+08000 +------------------------+
124 | Kernel setup | The kernel real-mode code.
125 | Kernel boot sector | The kernel legacy boot sector.
126 X +------------------------+
127 | Boot loader | <- Boot sector entry point 0000:7C00
128 001000 +------------------------+
129 | Reserved for MBR/BIOS |
130 000800 +------------------------+
131 | Typically used by MBR |
132 000600 +------------------------+
134 000000 +------------------------+
136 ... where the address X is as low as the design of the boot loader
140 **** THE REAL-MODE KERNEL HEADER
142 In the following text, and anywhere in the kernel boot sequence, "a
143 sector" refers to 512 bytes. It is independent of the actual sector
144 size of the underlying medium.
146 The first step in loading a Linux kernel should be to load the
147 real-mode code (boot sector and setup code) and then examine the
148 following header at offset 0x01f1. The real-mode code can total up to
149 32K, although the boot loader may choose to load only the first two
150 sectors (1K) and then examine the bootup sector size.
152 The header looks like:
154 Offset Proto Name Meaning
157 01F1/1 ALL(1 setup_sects The size of the setup in sectors
158 01F2/2 ALL root_flags If set, the root is mounted readonly
159 01F4/4 2.04+(2 syssize The size of the 32-bit code in 16-byte paras
160 01F8/2 ALL ram_size DO NOT USE - for bootsect.S use only
161 01FA/2 ALL vid_mode Video mode control
162 01FC/2 ALL root_dev Default root device number
163 01FE/2 ALL boot_flag 0xAA55 magic number
164 0200/2 2.00+ jump Jump instruction
165 0202/4 2.00+ header Magic signature "HdrS"
166 0206/2 2.00+ version Boot protocol version supported
167 0208/4 2.00+ realmode_swtch Boot loader hook (see below)
168 020C/2 2.00+ start_sys_seg The load-low segment (0x1000) (obsolete)
169 020E/2 2.00+ kernel_version Pointer to kernel version string
170 0210/1 2.00+ type_of_loader Boot loader identifier
171 0211/1 2.00+ loadflags Boot protocol option flags
172 0212/2 2.00+ setup_move_size Move to high memory size (used with hooks)
173 0214/4 2.00+ code32_start Boot loader hook (see below)
174 0218/4 2.00+ ramdisk_image initrd load address (set by boot loader)
175 021C/4 2.00+ ramdisk_size initrd size (set by boot loader)
176 0220/4 2.00+ bootsect_kludge DO NOT USE - for bootsect.S use only
177 0224/2 2.01+ heap_end_ptr Free memory after setup end
178 0226/1 2.02+(3 ext_loader_ver Extended boot loader version
179 0227/1 2.02+(3 ext_loader_type Extended boot loader ID
180 0228/4 2.02+ cmd_line_ptr 32-bit pointer to the kernel command line
181 022C/4 2.03+ ramdisk_max Highest legal initrd address
182 0230/4 2.05+ kernel_alignment Physical addr alignment required for kernel
183 0234/1 2.05+ relocatable_kernel Whether kernel is relocatable or not
184 0235/1 2.10+ min_alignment Minimum alignment, as a power of two
185 0236/2 N/A pad3 Unused
186 0238/4 2.06+ cmdline_size Maximum size of the kernel command line
187 023C/4 2.07+ hardware_subarch Hardware subarchitecture
188 0240/8 2.07+ hardware_subarch_data Subarchitecture-specific data
189 0248/4 2.08+ payload_offset Offset of kernel payload
190 024C/4 2.08+ payload_length Length of kernel payload
191 0250/8 2.09+ setup_data 64-bit physical pointer to linked list
193 0258/8 2.10+ pref_address Preferred loading address
194 0260/4 2.10+ init_size Linear memory required during initialization
195 0264/4 2.11+ handover_offset Offset of handover entry point
197 (1) For backwards compatibility, if the setup_sects field contains 0, the
200 (2) For boot protocol prior to 2.04, the upper two bytes of the syssize
201 field are unusable, which means the size of a bzImage kernel
202 cannot be determined.
204 (3) Ignored, but safe to set, for boot protocols 2.02-2.09.
206 If the "HdrS" (0x53726448) magic number is not found at offset 0x202,
207 the boot protocol version is "old". Loading an old kernel, the
208 following parameters should be assumed:
212 Real-mode kernel must be located at 0x90000.
214 Otherwise, the "version" field contains the protocol version,
215 e.g. protocol version 2.01 will contain 0x0201 in this field. When
216 setting fields in the header, you must make sure only to set fields
217 supported by the protocol version in use.
220 **** DETAILS OF HEADER FIELDS
222 For each field, some are information from the kernel to the bootloader
223 ("read"), some are expected to be filled out by the bootloader
224 ("write"), and some are expected to be read and modified by the
225 bootloader ("modify").
227 All general purpose boot loaders should write the fields marked
228 (obligatory). Boot loaders who want to load the kernel at a
229 nonstandard address should fill in the fields marked (reloc); other
230 boot loaders can ignore those fields.
232 The byte order of all fields is littleendian (this is x86, after all.)
234 Field name: setup_sects
239 The size of the setup code in 512-byte sectors. If this field is
240 0, the real value is 4. The real-mode code consists of the boot
241 sector (always one 512-byte sector) plus the setup code.
243 Field name: root_flags
244 Type: modify (optional)
248 If this field is nonzero, the root defaults to readonly. The use of
249 this field is deprecated; use the "ro" or "rw" options on the
250 command line instead.
254 Offset/size: 0x1f4/4 (protocol 2.04+) 0x1f4/2 (protocol ALL)
257 The size of the protected-mode code in units of 16-byte paragraphs.
258 For protocol versions older than 2.04 this field is only two bytes
259 wide, and therefore cannot be trusted for the size of a kernel if
260 the LOAD_HIGH flag is set.
263 Type: kernel internal
267 This field is obsolete.
270 Type: modify (obligatory)
273 Please see the section on SPECIAL COMMAND LINE OPTIONS.
276 Type: modify (optional)
280 The default root device device number. The use of this field is
281 deprecated, use the "root=" option on the command line instead.
283 Field name: boot_flag
288 Contains 0xAA55. This is the closest thing old Linux kernels have
296 Contains an x86 jump instruction, 0xEB followed by a signed offset
297 relative to byte 0x202. This can be used to determine the size of
305 Contains the magic number "HdrS" (0x53726448).
312 Contains the boot protocol version, in (major << 8)+minor format,
313 e.g. 0x0204 for version 2.04, and 0x0a11 for a hypothetical version
316 Field name: realmode_swtch
317 Type: modify (optional)
321 Boot loader hook (see ADVANCED BOOT LOADER HOOKS below.)
323 Field name: start_sys_seg
328 The load low segment (0x1000). Obsolete.
330 Field name: kernel_version
335 If set to a nonzero value, contains a pointer to a NUL-terminated
336 human-readable kernel version number string, less 0x200. This can
337 be used to display the kernel version to the user. This value
338 should be less than (0x200*setup_sects).
340 For example, if this value is set to 0x1c00, the kernel version
341 number string can be found at offset 0x1e00 in the kernel file.
342 This is a valid value if and only if the "setup_sects" field
343 contains the value 15 or higher, as:
345 0x1c00 < 15*0x200 (= 0x1e00) but
346 0x1c00 >= 14*0x200 (= 0x1c00)
348 0x1c00 >> 9 = 14, so the minimum value for setup_secs is 15.
350 Field name: type_of_loader
351 Type: write (obligatory)
355 If your boot loader has an assigned id (see table below), enter
356 0xTV here, where T is an identifier for the boot loader and V is
357 a version number. Otherwise, enter 0xFF here.
359 For boot loader IDs above T = 0xD, write T = 0xE to this field and
360 write the extended ID minus 0x10 to the ext_loader_type field.
361 Similarly, the ext_loader_ver field can be used to provide more than
362 four bits for the bootloader version.
364 For example, for T = 0x15, V = 0x234, write:
366 type_of_loader <- 0xE4
367 ext_loader_type <- 0x05
368 ext_loader_ver <- 0x23
370 Assigned boot loader ids (hexadecimal):
372 0 LILO (0x00 reserved for pre-2.00 bootloader)
374 2 bootsect-loader (0x20, all other values reserved)
383 C Arcturus Networks uCbootloader
384 E Extended (see ext_loader_type)
385 F Special (0xFF = undefined)
387 11 Minimal Linux Bootloader <http://sebastian-plotz.blogspot.de>
389 Please contact <hpa@zytor.com> if you need a bootloader ID
392 Field name: loadflags
393 Type: modify (obligatory)
397 This field is a bitmask.
399 Bit 0 (read): LOADED_HIGH
400 - If 0, the protected-mode code is loaded at 0x10000.
401 - If 1, the protected-mode code is loaded at 0x100000.
403 Bit 5 (write): QUIET_FLAG
404 - If 0, print early messages.
405 - If 1, suppress early messages.
406 This requests to the kernel (decompressor and early
407 kernel) to not write early messages that require
408 accessing the display hardware directly.
410 Bit 6 (write): KEEP_SEGMENTS
412 - If 0, reload the segment registers in the 32bit entry point.
413 - If 1, do not reload the segment registers in the 32bit entry point.
414 Assume that %cs %ds %ss %es are all set to flat segments with
415 a base of 0 (or the equivalent for their environment).
417 Bit 7 (write): CAN_USE_HEAP
418 Set this bit to 1 to indicate that the value entered in the
419 heap_end_ptr is valid. If this field is clear, some setup code
420 functionality will be disabled.
422 Field name: setup_move_size
423 Type: modify (obligatory)
427 When using protocol 2.00 or 2.01, if the real mode kernel is not
428 loaded at 0x90000, it gets moved there later in the loading
429 sequence. Fill in this field if you want additional data (such as
430 the kernel command line) moved in addition to the real-mode kernel
433 The unit is bytes starting with the beginning of the boot sector.
435 This field is can be ignored when the protocol is 2.02 or higher, or
436 if the real-mode code is loaded at 0x90000.
438 Field name: code32_start
439 Type: modify (optional, reloc)
443 The address to jump to in protected mode. This defaults to the load
444 address of the kernel, and can be used by the boot loader to
445 determine the proper load address.
447 This field can be modified for two purposes:
449 1. as a boot loader hook (see ADVANCED BOOT LOADER HOOKS below.)
451 2. if a bootloader which does not install a hook loads a
452 relocatable kernel at a nonstandard address it will have to modify
453 this field to point to the load address.
455 Field name: ramdisk_image
456 Type: write (obligatory)
460 The 32-bit linear address of the initial ramdisk or ramfs. Leave at
461 zero if there is no initial ramdisk/ramfs.
463 Field name: ramdisk_size
464 Type: write (obligatory)
468 Size of the initial ramdisk or ramfs. Leave at zero if there is no
469 initial ramdisk/ramfs.
471 Field name: bootsect_kludge
472 Type: kernel internal
476 This field is obsolete.
478 Field name: heap_end_ptr
479 Type: write (obligatory)
483 Set this field to the offset (from the beginning of the real-mode
484 code) of the end of the setup stack/heap, minus 0x0200.
486 Field name: ext_loader_ver
487 Type: write (optional)
491 This field is used as an extension of the version number in the
492 type_of_loader field. The total version number is considered to be
493 (type_of_loader & 0x0f) + (ext_loader_ver << 4).
495 The use of this field is boot loader specific. If not written, it
498 Kernels prior to 2.6.31 did not recognize this field, but it is safe
499 to write for protocol version 2.02 or higher.
501 Field name: ext_loader_type
502 Type: write (obligatory if (type_of_loader & 0xf0) == 0xe0)
506 This field is used as an extension of the type number in
507 type_of_loader field. If the type in type_of_loader is 0xE, then
508 the actual type is (ext_loader_type + 0x10).
510 This field is ignored if the type in type_of_loader is not 0xE.
512 Kernels prior to 2.6.31 did not recognize this field, but it is safe
513 to write for protocol version 2.02 or higher.
515 Field name: cmd_line_ptr
516 Type: write (obligatory)
520 Set this field to the linear address of the kernel command line.
521 The kernel command line can be located anywhere between the end of
522 the setup heap and 0xA0000; it does not have to be located in the
523 same 64K segment as the real-mode code itself.
525 Fill in this field even if your boot loader does not support a
526 command line, in which case you can point this to an empty string
527 (or better yet, to the string "auto".) If this field is left at
528 zero, the kernel will assume that your boot loader does not support
531 Field name: ramdisk_max
536 The maximum address that may be occupied by the initial
537 ramdisk/ramfs contents. For boot protocols 2.02 or earlier, this
538 field is not present, and the maximum address is 0x37FFFFFF. (This
539 address is defined as the address of the highest safe byte, so if
540 your ramdisk is exactly 131072 bytes long and this field is
541 0x37FFFFFF, you can start your ramdisk at 0x37FE0000.)
543 Field name: kernel_alignment
544 Type: read/modify (reloc)
546 Protocol: 2.05+ (read), 2.10+ (modify)
548 Alignment unit required by the kernel (if relocatable_kernel is
549 true.) A relocatable kernel that is loaded at an alignment
550 incompatible with the value in this field will be realigned during
551 kernel initialization.
553 Starting with protocol version 2.10, this reflects the kernel
554 alignment preferred for optimal performance; it is possible for the
555 loader to modify this field to permit a lesser alignment. See the
556 min_alignment and pref_address field below.
558 Field name: relocatable_kernel
563 If this field is nonzero, the protected-mode part of the kernel can
564 be loaded at any address that satisfies the kernel_alignment field.
565 After loading, the boot loader must set the code32_start field to
566 point to the loaded code, or to a boot loader hook.
568 Field name: min_alignment
573 This field, if nonzero, indicates as a power of two the minimum
574 alignment required, as opposed to preferred, by the kernel to boot.
575 If a boot loader makes use of this field, it should update the
576 kernel_alignment field with the alignment unit desired; typically:
578 kernel_alignment = 1 << min_alignment
580 There may be a considerable performance cost with an excessively
581 misaligned kernel. Therefore, a loader should typically try each
582 power-of-two alignment from kernel_alignment down to this alignment.
584 Field name: cmdline_size
589 The maximum size of the command line without the terminating
590 zero. This means that the command line can contain at most
591 cmdline_size characters. With protocol version 2.05 and earlier, the
592 maximum size was 255.
594 Field name: hardware_subarch
595 Type: write (optional, defaults to x86/PC)
599 In a paravirtualized environment the hardware low level architectural
600 pieces such as interrupt handling, page table handling, and
601 accessing process control registers needs to be done differently.
603 This field allows the bootloader to inform the kernel we are in one
604 one of those environments.
606 0x00000000 The default x86/PC environment
609 0x00000003 Moorestown MID
610 0x00000004 CE4100 TV Platform
612 Field name: hardware_subarch_data
613 Type: write (subarch-dependent)
617 A pointer to data that is specific to hardware subarch
618 This field is currently unused for the default x86/PC environment,
621 Field name: payload_offset
626 If non-zero then this field contains the offset from the beginning
627 of the protected-mode code to the payload.
629 The payload may be compressed. The format of both the compressed and
630 uncompressed data should be determined using the standard magic
631 numbers. The currently supported compression formats are gzip
632 (magic numbers 1F 8B or 1F 9E), bzip2 (magic number 42 5A), LZMA
633 (magic number 5D 00), and XZ (magic number FD 37). The uncompressed
634 payload is currently always ELF (magic number 7F 45 4C 46).
636 Field name: payload_length
641 The length of the payload.
643 Field name: setup_data
644 Type: write (special)
648 The 64-bit physical pointer to NULL terminated single linked list of
649 struct setup_data. This is used to define a more extensible boot
650 parameters passing mechanism. The definition of struct setup_data is
660 Where, the next is a 64-bit physical pointer to the next node of
661 linked list, the next field of the last node is 0; the type is used
662 to identify the contents of data; the len is the length of data
663 field; the data holds the real payload.
665 This list may be modified at a number of points during the bootup
666 process. Therefore, when modifying this list one should always make
667 sure to consider the case where the linked list already contains
670 Field name: pref_address
675 This field, if nonzero, represents a preferred load address for the
676 kernel. A relocating bootloader should attempt to load at this
679 A non-relocatable kernel will unconditionally move itself and to run
682 Field name: init_size
686 This field indicates the amount of linear contiguous memory starting
687 at the kernel runtime start address that the kernel needs before it
688 is capable of examining its memory map. This is not the same thing
689 as the total amount of memory the kernel needs to boot, but it can
690 be used by a relocating boot loader to help select a safe load
691 address for the kernel.
693 The kernel runtime start address is determined by the following algorithm:
695 if (relocatable_kernel)
696 runtime_start = align_up(load_address, kernel_alignment)
698 runtime_start = pref_address
700 Field name: handover_offset
704 This field is the offset from the beginning of the kernel image to
705 the EFI handover protocol entry point. Boot loaders using the EFI
706 handover protocol to boot the kernel should jump to this offset.
708 See EFI HANDOVER PROTOCOL below for more details.
711 **** THE IMAGE CHECKSUM
713 From boot protocol version 2.08 onwards the CRC-32 is calculated over
714 the entire file using the characteristic polynomial 0x04C11DB7 and an
715 initial remainder of 0xffffffff. The checksum is appended to the
716 file; therefore the CRC of the file up to the limit specified in the
717 syssize field of the header is always 0.
720 **** THE KERNEL COMMAND LINE
722 The kernel command line has become an important way for the boot
723 loader to communicate with the kernel. Some of its options are also
724 relevant to the boot loader itself, see "special command line options"
727 The kernel command line is a null-terminated string. The maximum
728 length can be retrieved from the field cmdline_size. Before protocol
729 version 2.06, the maximum was 255 characters. A string that is too
730 long will be automatically truncated by the kernel.
732 If the boot protocol version is 2.02 or later, the address of the
733 kernel command line is given by the header field cmd_line_ptr (see
734 above.) This address can be anywhere between the end of the setup
737 If the protocol version is *not* 2.02 or higher, the kernel
738 command line is entered using the following protocol:
740 At offset 0x0020 (word), "cmd_line_magic", enter the magic
743 At offset 0x0022 (word), "cmd_line_offset", enter the offset
744 of the kernel command line (relative to the start of the
747 The kernel command line *must* be within the memory region
748 covered by setup_move_size, so you may need to adjust this
752 **** MEMORY LAYOUT OF THE REAL-MODE CODE
754 The real-mode code requires a stack/heap to be set up, as well as
755 memory allocated for the kernel command line. This needs to be done
756 in the real-mode accessible memory in bottom megabyte.
758 It should be noted that modern machines often have a sizable Extended
759 BIOS Data Area (EBDA). As a result, it is advisable to use as little
760 of the low megabyte as possible.
762 Unfortunately, under the following circumstances the 0x90000 memory
763 segment has to be used:
765 - When loading a zImage kernel ((loadflags & 0x01) == 0).
766 - When loading a 2.01 or earlier boot protocol kernel.
768 -> For the 2.00 and 2.01 boot protocols, the real-mode code
769 can be loaded at another address, but it is internally
770 relocated to 0x90000. For the "old" protocol, the
771 real-mode code must be loaded at 0x90000.
773 When loading at 0x90000, avoid using memory above 0x9a000.
775 For boot protocol 2.02 or higher, the command line does not have to be
776 located in the same 64K segment as the real-mode setup code; it is
777 thus permitted to give the stack/heap the full 64K segment and locate
778 the command line above it.
780 The kernel command line should not be located below the real-mode
781 code, nor should it be located in high memory.
784 **** SAMPLE BOOT CONFIGURATION
786 As a sample configuration, assume the following layout of the real
789 When loading below 0x90000, use the entire segment:
791 0x0000-0x7fff Real mode kernel
792 0x8000-0xdfff Stack and heap
793 0xe000-0xffff Kernel command line
795 When loading at 0x90000 OR the protocol version is 2.01 or earlier:
797 0x0000-0x7fff Real mode kernel
798 0x8000-0x97ff Stack and heap
799 0x9800-0x9fff Kernel command line
801 Such a boot loader should enter the following fields in the header:
803 unsigned long base_ptr; /* base address for real-mode segment */
805 if ( setup_sects == 0 ) {
809 if ( protocol >= 0x0200 ) {
810 type_of_loader = <type code>;
811 if ( loading_initrd ) {
812 ramdisk_image = <initrd_address>;
813 ramdisk_size = <initrd_size>;
816 if ( protocol >= 0x0202 && loadflags & 0x01 )
821 if ( protocol >= 0x0201 ) {
822 heap_end_ptr = heap_end - 0x200;
823 loadflags |= 0x80; /* CAN_USE_HEAP */
826 if ( protocol >= 0x0202 ) {
827 cmd_line_ptr = base_ptr + heap_end;
828 strcpy(cmd_line_ptr, cmdline);
830 cmd_line_magic = 0xA33F;
831 cmd_line_offset = heap_end;
832 setup_move_size = heap_end + strlen(cmdline)+1;
833 strcpy(base_ptr+cmd_line_offset, cmdline);
836 /* Very old kernel */
840 cmd_line_magic = 0xA33F;
841 cmd_line_offset = heap_end;
843 /* A very old kernel MUST have its real-mode code
846 if ( base_ptr != 0x90000 ) {
847 /* Copy the real-mode kernel */
848 memcpy(0x90000, base_ptr, (setup_sects+1)*512);
849 base_ptr = 0x90000; /* Relocated */
852 strcpy(0x90000+cmd_line_offset, cmdline);
854 /* It is recommended to clear memory up to the 32K mark */
855 memset(0x90000 + (setup_sects+1)*512, 0,
856 (64-(setup_sects+1))*512);
860 **** LOADING THE REST OF THE KERNEL
862 The 32-bit (non-real-mode) kernel starts at offset (setup_sects+1)*512
863 in the kernel file (again, if setup_sects == 0 the real value is 4.)
864 It should be loaded at address 0x10000 for Image/zImage kernels and
865 0x100000 for bzImage kernels.
867 The kernel is a bzImage kernel if the protocol >= 2.00 and the 0x01
868 bit (LOAD_HIGH) in the loadflags field is set:
870 is_bzImage = (protocol >= 0x0200) && (loadflags & 0x01);
871 load_address = is_bzImage ? 0x100000 : 0x10000;
873 Note that Image/zImage kernels can be up to 512K in size, and thus use
874 the entire 0x10000-0x90000 range of memory. This means it is pretty
875 much a requirement for these kernels to load the real-mode part at
876 0x90000. bzImage kernels allow much more flexibility.
879 **** SPECIAL COMMAND LINE OPTIONS
881 If the command line provided by the boot loader is entered by the
882 user, the user may expect the following command line options to work.
883 They should normally not be deleted from the kernel command line even
884 though not all of them are actually meaningful to the kernel. Boot
885 loader authors who need additional command line options for the boot
886 loader itself should get them registered in
887 Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt to make sure they will not
888 conflict with actual kernel options now or in the future.
891 <mode> here is either an integer (in C notation, either
892 decimal, octal, or hexadecimal) or one of the strings
893 "normal" (meaning 0xFFFF), "ext" (meaning 0xFFFE) or "ask"
894 (meaning 0xFFFD). This value should be entered into the
895 vid_mode field, as it is used by the kernel before the command
899 <size> is an integer in C notation optionally followed by
900 (case insensitive) K, M, G, T, P or E (meaning << 10, << 20,
901 << 30, << 40, << 50 or << 60). This specifies the end of
902 memory to the kernel. This affects the possible placement of
903 an initrd, since an initrd should be placed near end of
904 memory. Note that this is an option to *both* the kernel and
908 An initrd should be loaded. The meaning of <file> is
909 obviously bootloader-dependent, and some boot loaders
910 (e.g. LILO) do not have such a command.
912 In addition, some boot loaders add the following options to the
913 user-specified command line:
916 The boot image which was loaded. Again, the meaning of <file>
917 is obviously bootloader-dependent.
920 The kernel was booted without explicit user intervention.
922 If these options are added by the boot loader, it is highly
923 recommended that they are located *first*, before the user-specified
924 or configuration-specified command line. Otherwise, "init=/bin/sh"
925 gets confused by the "auto" option.
928 **** RUNNING THE KERNEL
930 The kernel is started by jumping to the kernel entry point, which is
931 located at *segment* offset 0x20 from the start of the real mode
932 kernel. This means that if you loaded your real-mode kernel code at
933 0x90000, the kernel entry point is 9020:0000.
935 At entry, ds = es = ss should point to the start of the real-mode
936 kernel code (0x9000 if the code is loaded at 0x90000), sp should be
937 set up properly, normally pointing to the top of the heap, and
938 interrupts should be disabled. Furthermore, to guard against bugs in
939 the kernel, it is recommended that the boot loader sets fs = gs = ds =
942 In our example from above, we would do:
944 /* Note: in the case of the "old" kernel protocol, base_ptr must
945 be == 0x90000 at this point; see the previous sample code */
949 cli(); /* Enter with interrupts disabled! */
951 /* Set up the real-mode kernel stack */
955 _DS = _ES = _FS = _GS = seg;
956 jmp_far(seg+0x20, 0); /* Run the kernel */
958 If your boot sector accesses a floppy drive, it is recommended to
959 switch off the floppy motor before running the kernel, since the
960 kernel boot leaves interrupts off and thus the motor will not be
961 switched off, especially if the loaded kernel has the floppy driver as
962 a demand-loaded module!
965 **** ADVANCED BOOT LOADER HOOKS
967 If the boot loader runs in a particularly hostile environment (such as
968 LOADLIN, which runs under DOS) it may be impossible to follow the
969 standard memory location requirements. Such a boot loader may use the
970 following hooks that, if set, are invoked by the kernel at the
971 appropriate time. The use of these hooks should probably be
972 considered an absolutely last resort!
974 IMPORTANT: All the hooks are required to preserve %esp, %ebp, %esi and
975 %edi across invocation.
978 A 16-bit real mode far subroutine invoked immediately before
979 entering protected mode. The default routine disables NMI, so
980 your routine should probably do so, too.
983 A 32-bit flat-mode routine *jumped* to immediately after the
984 transition to protected mode, but before the kernel is
985 uncompressed. No segments, except CS, are guaranteed to be
986 set up (current kernels do, but older ones do not); you should
987 set them up to BOOT_DS (0x18) yourself.
989 After completing your hook, you should jump to the address
990 that was in this field before your boot loader overwrote it
991 (relocated, if appropriate.)
994 **** 32-bit BOOT PROTOCOL
996 For machine with some new BIOS other than legacy BIOS, such as EFI,
997 LinuxBIOS, etc, and kexec, the 16-bit real mode setup code in kernel
998 based on legacy BIOS can not be used, so a 32-bit boot protocol needs
1001 In 32-bit boot protocol, the first step in loading a Linux kernel
1002 should be to setup the boot parameters (struct boot_params,
1003 traditionally known as "zero page"). The memory for struct boot_params
1004 should be allocated and initialized to all zero. Then the setup header
1005 from offset 0x01f1 of kernel image on should be loaded into struct
1006 boot_params and examined. The end of setup header can be calculated as
1009 0x0202 + byte value at offset 0x0201
1011 In addition to read/modify/write the setup header of the struct
1012 boot_params as that of 16-bit boot protocol, the boot loader should
1013 also fill the additional fields of the struct boot_params as that
1014 described in zero-page.txt.
1016 After setupping the struct boot_params, the boot loader can load the
1017 32/64-bit kernel in the same way as that of 16-bit boot protocol.
1019 In 32-bit boot protocol, the kernel is started by jumping to the
1020 32-bit kernel entry point, which is the start address of loaded
1023 At entry, the CPU must be in 32-bit protected mode with paging
1024 disabled; a GDT must be loaded with the descriptors for selectors
1025 __BOOT_CS(0x10) and __BOOT_DS(0x18); both descriptors must be 4G flat
1026 segment; __BOOS_CS must have execute/read permission, and __BOOT_DS
1027 must have read/write permission; CS must be __BOOT_CS and DS, ES, SS
1028 must be __BOOT_DS; interrupt must be disabled; %esi must hold the base
1029 address of the struct boot_params; %ebp, %edi and %ebx must be zero.
1031 **** EFI HANDOVER PROTOCOL
1033 This protocol allows boot loaders to defer initialisation to the EFI
1034 boot stub. The boot loader is required to load the kernel/initrd(s)
1035 from the boot media and jump to the EFI handover protocol entry point
1036 which is hdr->handover_offset bytes from the beginning of
1039 The function prototype for the handover entry point looks like this,
1041 efi_main(void *handle, efi_system_table_t *table, struct boot_params *bp)
1043 'handle' is the EFI image handle passed to the boot loader by the EFI
1044 firmware, 'table' is the EFI system table - these are the first two
1045 arguments of the "handoff state" as described in section 2.3 of the
1046 UEFI specification. 'bp' is the boot loader-allocated boot params.
1048 The boot loader *must* fill out the following fields in bp,
1053 o hdr.ramdisk_image (if applicable)
1054 o hdr.ramdisk_size (if applicable)
1056 All other fields should be zero.