1 ==============================
2 General notification mechanism
3 ==============================
5 The general notification mechanism is built on top of the standard pipe driver
6 whereby it effectively splices notification messages from the kernel into pipes
7 opened by userspace. This can be used in conjunction with::
9 * Key/keyring notifications
12 The notifications buffers can be enabled by:
14 "General setup"/"General notification queue"
17 This document has the following sections:
25 This facility appears as a pipe that is opened in a special mode. The pipe's
26 internal ring buffer is used to hold messages that are generated by the kernel.
27 These messages are then read out by read(). Splice and similar are disabled on
28 such pipes due to them wanting to, under some circumstances, revert their
29 additions to the ring - which might end up interleaved with notification
32 The owner of the pipe has to tell the kernel which sources it would like to
33 watch through that pipe. Only sources that have been connected to a pipe will
34 insert messages into it. Note that a source may be bound to multiple pipes and
35 insert messages into all of them simultaneously.
37 Filters may also be emplaced on a pipe so that certain source types and
38 subevents can be ignored if they're not of interest.
40 A message will be discarded if there isn't a slot available in the ring or if
41 no preallocated message buffer is available. In both of these cases, read()
42 will insert a WATCH_META_LOSS_NOTIFICATION message into the output buffer after
43 the last message currently in the buffer has been read.
45 Note that when producing a notification, the kernel does not wait for the
46 consumers to collect it, but rather just continues on. This means that
47 notifications can be generated whilst spinlocks are held and also protects the
48 kernel from being held up indefinitely by a userspace malfunction.
54 Notification messages begin with a short header::
56 struct watch_notification {
62 "type" indicates the source of the notification record and "subtype" indicates
63 the type of record from that source (see the Watch Sources section below). The
64 type may also be "WATCH_TYPE_META". This is a special record type generated
65 internally by the watch queue itself. There are two subtypes:
67 * WATCH_META_REMOVAL_NOTIFICATION
68 * WATCH_META_LOSS_NOTIFICATION
70 The first indicates that an object on which a watch was installed was removed
71 or destroyed and the second indicates that some messages have been lost.
73 "info" indicates a bunch of things, including:
75 * The length of the message in bytes, including the header (mask with
76 WATCH_INFO_LENGTH and shift by WATCH_INFO_LENGTH__SHIFT). This indicates
77 the size of the record, which may be between 8 and 127 bytes.
79 * The watch ID (mask with WATCH_INFO_ID and shift by WATCH_INFO_ID__SHIFT).
80 This indicates that caller's ID of the watch, which may be between 0
81 and 255. Multiple watches may share a queue, and this provides a means to
84 * A type-specific field (WATCH_INFO_TYPE_INFO). This is set by the
85 notification producer to indicate some meaning specific to the type and
88 Everything in info apart from the length can be used for filtering.
90 The header can be followed by supplementary information. The format of this is
91 at the discretion is defined by the type and subtype.
94 Watch List (Notification Source) API
95 ====================================
97 A "watch list" is a list of watchers that are subscribed to a source of
98 notifications. A list may be attached to an object (say a key or a superblock)
99 or may be global (say for device events). From a userspace perspective, a
100 non-global watch list is typically referred to by reference to the object it
101 belongs to (such as using KEYCTL_NOTIFY and giving it a key serial number to
102 watch that specific key).
104 To manage a watch list, the following functions are provided:
106 * ``void init_watch_list(struct watch_list *wlist,
107 void (*release_watch)(struct watch *wlist));``
109 Initialise a watch list. If ``release_watch`` is not NULL, then this
110 indicates a function that should be called when the watch_list object is
111 destroyed to discard any references the watch list holds on the watched
114 * ``void remove_watch_list(struct watch_list *wlist);``
116 This removes all of the watches subscribed to a watch_list and frees them
117 and then destroys the watch_list object itself.
120 Watch Queue (Notification Output) API
121 =====================================
123 A "watch queue" is the buffer allocated by an application that notification
124 records will be written into. The workings of this are hidden entirely inside
125 of the pipe device driver, but it is necessary to gain a reference to it to set
126 a watch. These can be managed with:
128 * ``struct watch_queue *get_watch_queue(int fd);``
130 Since watch queues are indicated to the kernel by the fd of the pipe that
131 implements the buffer, userspace must hand that fd through a system call.
132 This can be used to look up an opaque pointer to the watch queue from the
135 * ``void put_watch_queue(struct watch_queue *wqueue);``
137 This discards the reference obtained from ``get_watch_queue()``.
140 Watch Subscription API
141 ======================
143 A "watch" is a subscription on a watch list, indicating the watch queue, and
144 thus the buffer, into which notification records should be written. The watch
145 queue object may also carry filtering rules for that object, as set by
146 userspace. Some parts of the watch struct can be set by the driver::
150 u32 info_id; /* ID to be OR'd in to info field */
153 void *private; /* Private data for the watched object */
154 u64 id; /* Internal identifier */
158 The ``info_id`` value should be an 8-bit number obtained from userspace and
159 shifted by WATCH_INFO_ID__SHIFT. This is OR'd into the WATCH_INFO_ID field of
160 struct watch_notification::info when and if the notification is written into
161 the associated watch queue buffer.
163 The ``private`` field is the driver's data associated with the watch_list and
164 is cleaned up by the ``watch_list::release_watch()`` method.
166 The ``id`` field is the source's ID. Notifications that are posted with a
167 different ID are ignored.
169 The following functions are provided to manage watches:
171 * ``void init_watch(struct watch *watch, struct watch_queue *wqueue);``
173 Initialise a watch object, setting its pointer to the watch queue, using
174 appropriate barriering to avoid lockdep complaints.
176 * ``int add_watch_to_object(struct watch *watch, struct watch_list *wlist);``
178 Subscribe a watch to a watch list (notification source). The
179 driver-settable fields in the watch struct must have been set before this
182 * ``int remove_watch_from_object(struct watch_list *wlist,
183 struct watch_queue *wqueue,
186 Remove a watch from a watch list, where the watch must match the specified
187 watch queue (``wqueue``) and object identifier (``id``). A notification
188 (``WATCH_META_REMOVAL_NOTIFICATION``) is sent to the watch queue to
189 indicate that the watch got removed.
191 * ``int remove_watch_from_object(struct watch_list *wlist, NULL, 0, true);``
193 Remove all the watches from a watch list. It is expected that this will be
194 called preparatory to destruction and that the watch list will be
195 inaccessible to new watches by this point. A notification
196 (``WATCH_META_REMOVAL_NOTIFICATION``) is sent to the watch queue of each
197 subscribed watch to indicate that the watch got removed.
200 Notification Posting API
201 ========================
203 To post a notification to watch list so that the subscribed watches can see it,
204 the following function should be used::
206 void post_watch_notification(struct watch_list *wlist,
207 struct watch_notification *n,
208 const struct cred *cred,
211 The notification should be preformatted and a pointer to the header (``n``)
212 should be passed in. The notification may be larger than this and the size in
213 units of buffer slots is noted in ``n->info & WATCH_INFO_LENGTH``.
215 The ``cred`` struct indicates the credentials of the source (subject) and is
216 passed to the LSMs, such as SELinux, to allow or suppress the recording of the
217 note in each individual queue according to the credentials of that queue
220 The ``id`` is the ID of the source object (such as the serial number on a key).
221 Only watches that have the same ID set in them will see this notification.
227 Any particular buffer can be fed from multiple sources. Sources include:
229 * WATCH_TYPE_KEY_NOTIFY
231 Notifications of this type indicate changes to keys and keyrings, including
232 the changes of keyring contents or the attributes of keys.
234 See Documentation/security/keys/core.rst for more information.
240 Once a watch queue has been created, a set of filters can be applied to limit
241 the events that are received using::
243 struct watch_notification_filter filter = {
246 ioctl(fd, IOC_WATCH_QUEUE_SET_FILTER, &filter)
248 The filter description is a variable of type::
250 struct watch_notification_filter {
253 struct watch_notification_type_filter filters[];
256 Where "nr_filters" is the number of filters in filters[] and "__reserved"
257 should be 0. The "filters" array has elements of the following type::
259 struct watch_notification_type_filter {
263 __u32 subtype_filter[8];
268 * ``type`` is the event type to filter for and should be something like
269 "WATCH_TYPE_KEY_NOTIFY"
271 * ``info_filter`` and ``info_mask`` act as a filter on the info field of the
272 notification record. The notification is only written into the buffer if::
274 (watch.info & info_mask) == info_filter
276 This could be used, for example, to ignore events that are not exactly on
277 the watched point in a mount tree.
279 * ``subtype_filter`` is a bitmask indicating the subtypes that are of
280 interest. Bit 0 of subtype_filter[0] corresponds to subtype 0, bit 1 to
281 subtype 1, and so on.
283 If the argument to the ioctl() is NULL, then the filters will be removed and
284 all events from the watched sources will come through.
287 Userspace Code Example
288 ======================
290 A buffer is created with something like the following::
292 pipe2(fds, O_TMPFILE);
293 ioctl(fds[1], IOC_WATCH_QUEUE_SET_SIZE, 256);
295 It can then be set to receive keyring change notifications::
297 keyctl(KEYCTL_WATCH_KEY, KEY_SPEC_SESSION_KEYRING, fds[1], 0x01);
299 The notifications can then be consumed by something like the following::
301 static void consumer(int rfd, struct watch_queue_buffer *buf)
303 unsigned char buffer[128];
306 while (buf_len = read(rfd, buffer, sizeof(buffer)),
310 void *end = buffer + buf_len;
313 struct watch_notification n;
314 unsigned char buf1[128];
321 memcpy(&n, p, largest);
323 len = (n->info & WATCH_INFO_LENGTH) >>
324 WATCH_INFO_LENGTH__SHIFT;
325 if (len == 0 || len > largest)
329 case WATCH_TYPE_META:
331 case WATCH_TYPE_KEY_NOTIFY:
332 saw_key_change(&n.n);