10 Zswap is a lightweight compressed cache for swap pages. It takes pages that are
11 in the process of being swapped out and attempts to compress them into a
12 dynamically allocated RAM-based memory pool. zswap basically trades CPU cycles
13 for potentially reduced swap I/O. This trade-off can also result in a
14 significant performance improvement if reads from the compressed cache are
15 faster than reads from a swap device.
18 Zswap is a new feature as of v3.11 and interacts heavily with memory
19 reclaim. This interaction has not been fully explored on the large set of
20 potential configurations and workloads that exist. For this reason, zswap
21 is a work in progress and should be considered experimental.
23 Some potential benefits:
25 * Desktop/laptop users with limited RAM capacities can mitigate the
26 performance impact of swapping.
27 * Overcommitted guests that share a common I/O resource can
28 dramatically reduce their swap I/O pressure, avoiding heavy handed I/O
29 throttling by the hypervisor. This allows more work to get done with less
30 impact to the guest workload and guests sharing the I/O subsystem
31 * Users with SSDs as swap devices can extend the life of the device by
32 drastically reducing life-shortening writes.
34 Zswap evicts pages from compressed cache on an LRU basis to the backing swap
35 device when the compressed pool reaches its size limit. This requirement had
36 been identified in prior community discussions.
38 Whether Zswap is enabled at the boot time depends on whether
39 the ``CONFIG_ZSWAP_DEFAULT_ON`` Kconfig option is enabled or not.
40 This setting can then be overridden by providing the kernel command line
41 ``zswap.enabled=`` option, for example ``zswap.enabled=0``.
42 Zswap can also be enabled and disabled at runtime using the sysfs interface.
43 An example command to enable zswap at runtime, assuming sysfs is mounted
46 echo 1 > /sys/module/zswap/parameters/enabled
48 When zswap is disabled at runtime it will stop storing pages that are
49 being swapped out. However, it will _not_ immediately write out or fault
50 back into memory all of the pages stored in the compressed pool. The
51 pages stored in zswap will remain in the compressed pool until they are
52 either invalidated or faulted back into memory. In order to force all
53 pages out of the compressed pool, a swapoff on the swap device(s) will
54 fault back into memory all swapped out pages, including those in the
60 Zswap receives pages for compression through the Frontswap API and is able to
61 evict pages from its own compressed pool on an LRU basis and write them back to
62 the backing swap device in the case that the compressed pool is full.
64 Zswap makes use of zpool for the managing the compressed memory pool. Each
65 allocation in zpool is not directly accessible by address. Rather, a handle is
66 returned by the allocation routine and that handle must be mapped before being
67 accessed. The compressed memory pool grows on demand and shrinks as compressed
68 pages are freed. The pool is not preallocated. By default, a zpool
69 of type selected in ``CONFIG_ZSWAP_ZPOOL_DEFAULT`` Kconfig option is created,
70 but it can be overridden at boot time by setting the ``zpool`` attribute,
71 e.g. ``zswap.zpool=zbud``. It can also be changed at runtime using the sysfs
72 ``zpool`` attribute, e.g.::
74 echo zbud > /sys/module/zswap/parameters/zpool
76 The zbud type zpool allocates exactly 1 page to store 2 compressed pages, which
77 means the compression ratio will always be 2:1 or worse (because of half-full
78 zbud pages). The zsmalloc type zpool has a more complex compressed page
79 storage method, and it can achieve greater storage densities. However,
80 zsmalloc does not implement compressed page eviction, so once zswap fills it
81 cannot evict the oldest page, it can only reject new pages.
83 When a swap page is passed from frontswap to zswap, zswap maintains a mapping
84 of the swap entry, a combination of the swap type and swap offset, to the zpool
85 handle that references that compressed swap page. This mapping is achieved
86 with a red-black tree per swap type. The swap offset is the search key for the
89 During a page fault on a PTE that is a swap entry, frontswap calls the zswap
90 load function to decompress the page into the page allocated by the page fault
93 Once there are no PTEs referencing a swap page stored in zswap (i.e. the count
94 in the swap_map goes to 0) the swap code calls the zswap invalidate function,
95 via frontswap, to free the compressed entry.
97 Zswap seeks to be simple in its policies. Sysfs attributes allow for one user
100 * max_pool_percent - The maximum percentage of memory that the compressed
103 The default compressor is selected in ``CONFIG_ZSWAP_COMPRESSOR_DEFAULT``
104 Kconfig option, but it can be overridden at boot time by setting the
105 ``compressor`` attribute, e.g. ``zswap.compressor=lzo``.
106 It can also be changed at runtime using the sysfs "compressor"
109 echo lzo > /sys/module/zswap/parameters/compressor
111 When the zpool and/or compressor parameter is changed at runtime, any existing
112 compressed pages are not modified; they are left in their own zpool. When a
113 request is made for a page in an old zpool, it is uncompressed using its
114 original compressor. Once all pages are removed from an old zpool, the zpool
115 and its compressor are freed.
117 Some of the pages in zswap are same-value filled pages (i.e. contents of the
118 page have same value or repetitive pattern). These pages include zero-filled
119 pages and they are handled differently. During store operation, a page is
120 checked if it is a same-value filled page before compressing it. If true, the
121 compressed length of the page is set to zero and the pattern or same-filled
124 Same-value filled pages identification feature is enabled by default and can be
125 disabled at boot time by setting the ``same_filled_pages_enabled`` attribute
126 to 0, e.g. ``zswap.same_filled_pages_enabled=0``. It can also be enabled and
127 disabled at runtime using the sysfs ``same_filled_pages_enabled``
130 echo 1 > /sys/module/zswap/parameters/same_filled_pages_enabled
132 When zswap same-filled page identification is disabled at runtime, it will stop
133 checking for the same-value filled pages during store operation. However, the
134 existing pages which are marked as same-value filled pages remain stored
135 unchanged in zswap until they are either loaded or invalidated.
137 To prevent zswap from shrinking pool when zswap is full and there's a high
138 pressure on swap (this will result in flipping pages in and out zswap pool
139 without any real benefit but with a performance drop for the system), a
140 special parameter has been introduced to implement a sort of hysteresis to
141 refuse taking pages into zswap pool until it has sufficient space if the limit
142 has been hit. To set the threshold at which zswap would start accepting pages
143 again after it became full, use the sysfs ``accept_threshold_percent``
146 echo 80 > /sys/module/zswap/parameters/accept_threshold_percent
148 Setting this parameter to 100 will disable the hysteresis.
150 A debugfs interface is provided for various statistic about pool size, number
151 of pages stored, same-value filled pages and various counters for the reasons