5 The execve system call can grant a newly-started program privileges that
6 its parent did not have. The most obvious examples are setuid/setgid
7 programs and file capabilities. To prevent the parent program from
8 gaining these privileges as well, the kernel and user code must be
9 careful to prevent the parent from doing anything that could subvert the
12 - The dynamic loader handles ``LD_*`` environment variables differently if
15 - chroot is disallowed to unprivileged processes, since it would allow
16 ``/etc/passwd`` to be replaced from the point of view of a process that
19 - The exec code has special handling for ptrace.
21 These are all ad-hoc fixes. The ``no_new_privs`` bit (since Linux 3.5) is a
22 new, generic mechanism to make it safe for a process to modify its
23 execution environment in a manner that persists across execve. Any task
24 can set ``no_new_privs``. Once the bit is set, it is inherited across fork,
25 clone, and execve and cannot be unset. With ``no_new_privs`` set, ``execve()``
26 promises not to grant the privilege to do anything that could not have
27 been done without the execve call. For example, the setuid and setgid
28 bits will no longer change the uid or gid; file capabilities will not
29 add to the permitted set, and LSMs will not relax constraints after
32 To set ``no_new_privs``, use::
34 prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1, 0, 0, 0);
36 Be careful, though: LSMs might also not tighten constraints on exec
37 in ``no_new_privs`` mode. (This means that setting up a general-purpose
38 service launcher to set ``no_new_privs`` before execing daemons may
39 interfere with LSM-based sandboxing.)
41 Note that ``no_new_privs`` does not prevent privilege changes that do not
42 involve ``execve()``. An appropriately privileged task can still call
43 ``setuid(2)`` and receive SCM_RIGHTS datagrams.
45 There are two main use cases for ``no_new_privs`` so far:
47 - Filters installed for the seccomp mode 2 sandbox persist across
48 execve and can change the behavior of newly-executed programs.
49 Unprivileged users are therefore only allowed to install such filters
50 if ``no_new_privs`` is set.
52 - By itself, ``no_new_privs`` can be used to reduce the attack surface
53 available to an unprivileged user. If everything running with a
54 given uid has ``no_new_privs`` set, then that uid will be unable to
55 escalate its privileges by directly attacking setuid, setgid, and
56 fcap-using binaries; it will need to compromise something without the
57 ``no_new_privs`` bit set first.
59 In the future, other potentially dangerous kernel features could become
60 available to unprivileged tasks if ``no_new_privs`` is set. In principle,
61 several options to ``unshare(2)`` and ``clone(2)`` would be safe when
62 ``no_new_privs`` is set, and ``no_new_privs`` + ``chroot`` is considerable less
63 dangerous than chroot by itself.