1 ==========================
2 Kprobe-based Event Tracing
3 ==========================
5 :Author: Masami Hiramatsu
9 These events are similar to tracepoint based events. Instead of Tracepoint,
10 this is based on kprobes (kprobe and kretprobe). So it can probe wherever
11 kprobes can probe (this means, all functions except those with
12 __kprobes/nokprobe_inline annotation and those marked NOKPROBE_SYMBOL).
13 Unlike the Tracepoint based event, this can be added and removed
14 dynamically, on the fly.
16 To enable this feature, build your kernel with CONFIG_KPROBE_EVENTS=y.
18 Similar to the events tracer, this doesn't need to be activated via
19 current_tracer. Instead of that, add probe points via
20 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/kprobe_events, and enable it via
21 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kprobes/<EVENT>/enable.
23 You can also use /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/dynamic_events instead of
24 kprobe_events. That interface will provide unified access to other
27 Synopsis of kprobe_events
28 -------------------------
31 p[:[GRP/]EVENT] [MOD:]SYM[+offs]|MEMADDR [FETCHARGS] : Set a probe
32 r[MAXACTIVE][:[GRP/]EVENT] [MOD:]SYM[+0] [FETCHARGS] : Set a return probe
33 p:[GRP/]EVENT] [MOD:]SYM[+0]%return [FETCHARGS] : Set a return probe
34 -:[GRP/]EVENT : Clear a probe
36 GRP : Group name. If omitted, use "kprobes" for it.
37 EVENT : Event name. If omitted, the event name is generated
38 based on SYM+offs or MEMADDR.
39 MOD : Module name which has given SYM.
40 SYM[+offs] : Symbol+offset where the probe is inserted.
41 SYM%return : Return address of the symbol
42 MEMADDR : Address where the probe is inserted.
43 MAXACTIVE : Maximum number of instances of the specified function that
44 can be probed simultaneously, or 0 for the default value
45 as defined in Documentation/trace/kprobes.rst section 1.3.1.
47 FETCHARGS : Arguments. Each probe can have up to 128 args.
48 %REG : Fetch register REG
49 @ADDR : Fetch memory at ADDR (ADDR should be in kernel)
50 @SYM[+|-offs] : Fetch memory at SYM +|- offs (SYM should be a data symbol)
51 $stackN : Fetch Nth entry of stack (N >= 0)
52 $stack : Fetch stack address.
53 $argN : Fetch the Nth function argument. (N >= 1) (\*1)
54 $retval : Fetch return value.(\*2)
55 $comm : Fetch current task comm.
56 +|-[u]OFFS(FETCHARG) : Fetch memory at FETCHARG +|- OFFS address.(\*3)(\*4)
57 \IMM : Store an immediate value to the argument.
58 NAME=FETCHARG : Set NAME as the argument name of FETCHARG.
59 FETCHARG:TYPE : Set TYPE as the type of FETCHARG. Currently, basic types
60 (u8/u16/u32/u64/s8/s16/s32/s64), hexadecimal types
61 (x8/x16/x32/x64), "string", "ustring" and bitfield
64 (\*1) only for the probe on function entry (offs == 0).
65 (\*2) only for return probe.
66 (\*3) this is useful for fetching a field of data structures.
67 (\*4) "u" means user-space dereference. See :ref:`user_mem_access`.
71 Several types are supported for fetch-args. Kprobe tracer will access memory
72 by given type. Prefix 's' and 'u' means those types are signed and unsigned
73 respectively. 'x' prefix implies it is unsigned. Traced arguments are shown
74 in decimal ('s' and 'u') or hexadecimal ('x'). Without type casting, 'x32'
75 or 'x64' is used depends on the architecture (e.g. x86-32 uses x32, and
77 These value types can be an array. To record array data, you can add '[N]'
78 (where N is a fixed number, less than 64) to the base type.
79 E.g. 'x16[4]' means an array of x16 (2bytes hex) with 4 elements.
80 Note that the array can be applied to memory type fetchargs, you can not
81 apply it to registers/stack-entries etc. (for example, '$stack1:x8[8]' is
82 wrong, but '+8($stack):x8[8]' is OK.)
83 String type is a special type, which fetches a "null-terminated" string from
84 kernel space. This means it will fail and store NULL if the string container
85 has been paged out. "ustring" type is an alternative of string for user-space.
86 See :ref:`user_mem_access` for more info..
87 The string array type is a bit different from other types. For other base
88 types, <base-type>[1] is equal to <base-type> (e.g. +0(%di):x32[1] is same
89 as +0(%di):x32.) But string[1] is not equal to string. The string type itself
90 represents "char array", but string array type represents "char * array".
91 So, for example, +0(%di):string[1] is equal to +0(+0(%di)):string.
92 Bitfield is another special type, which takes 3 parameters, bit-width, bit-
93 offset, and container-size (usually 32). The syntax is::
95 b<bit-width>@<bit-offset>/<container-size>
97 Symbol type('symbol') is an alias of u32 or u64 type (depends on BITS_PER_LONG)
98 which shows given pointer in "symbol+offset" style.
99 For $comm, the default type is "string"; any other type is invalid.
105 Kprobe events supports user-space memory access. For that purpose, you can use
106 either user-space dereference syntax or 'ustring' type.
108 The user-space dereference syntax allows you to access a field of a data
109 structure in user-space. This is done by adding the "u" prefix to the
110 dereference syntax. For example, +u4(%si) means it will read memory from the
111 address in the register %si offset by 4, and the memory is expected to be in
112 user-space. You can use this for strings too, e.g. +u0(%si):string will read
113 a string from the address in the register %si that is expected to be in user-
114 space. 'ustring' is a shortcut way of performing the same task. That is,
115 +0(%si):ustring is equivalent to +u0(%si):string.
117 Note that kprobe-event provides the user-memory access syntax but it doesn't
118 use it transparently. This means if you use normal dereference or string type
119 for user memory, it might fail, and may always fail on some archs. The user
120 has to carefully check if the target data is in kernel or user space.
122 Per-Probe Event Filtering
123 -------------------------
124 Per-probe event filtering feature allows you to set different filter on each
125 probe and gives you what arguments will be shown in trace buffer. If an event
126 name is specified right after 'p:' or 'r:' in kprobe_events, it adds an event
127 under tracing/events/kprobes/<EVENT>, at the directory you can see 'id',
128 'enable', 'format', 'filter' and 'trigger'.
131 You can enable/disable the probe by writing 1 or 0 on it.
134 This shows the format of this probe event.
137 You can write filtering rules of this event.
140 This shows the id of this probe event.
143 This allows to install trigger commands which are executed when the event is
144 hit (for details, see Documentation/trace/events.rst, section 6).
148 You can check the total number of probe hits and probe miss-hits via
149 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/kprobe_profile.
150 The first column is event name, the second is the number of probe hits,
151 the third is the number of probe miss-hits.
153 Kernel Boot Parameter
154 ---------------------
155 You can add and enable new kprobe events when booting up the kernel by
156 "kprobe_event=" parameter. The parameter accepts a semicolon-delimited
157 kprobe events, which format is similar to the kprobe_events.
158 The difference is that the probe definition parameters are comma-delimited
159 instead of space. For example, adding myprobe event on do_sys_open like below
161 p:myprobe do_sys_open dfd=%ax filename=%dx flags=%cx mode=+4($stack)
163 should be below for kernel boot parameter (just replace spaces with comma)
165 p:myprobe,do_sys_open,dfd=%ax,filename=%dx,flags=%cx,mode=+4($stack)
170 To add a probe as a new event, write a new definition to kprobe_events
173 echo 'p:myprobe do_sys_open dfd=%ax filename=%dx flags=%cx mode=+4($stack)' > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/kprobe_events
175 This sets a kprobe on the top of do_sys_open() function with recording
176 1st to 4th arguments as "myprobe" event. Note, which register/stack entry is
177 assigned to each function argument depends on arch-specific ABI. If you unsure
178 the ABI, please try to use probe subcommand of perf-tools (you can find it
180 As this example shows, users can choose more familiar names for each arguments.
183 echo 'r:myretprobe do_sys_open $retval' >> /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/kprobe_events
185 This sets a kretprobe on the return point of do_sys_open() function with
186 recording return value as "myretprobe" event.
187 You can see the format of these events via
188 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kprobes/<EVENT>/format.
191 cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kprobes/myprobe/format
195 field:unsigned short common_type; offset:0; size:2; signed:0;
196 field:unsigned char common_flags; offset:2; size:1; signed:0;
197 field:unsigned char common_preempt_count; offset:3; size:1;signed:0;
198 field:int common_pid; offset:4; size:4; signed:1;
200 field:unsigned long __probe_ip; offset:12; size:4; signed:0;
201 field:int __probe_nargs; offset:16; size:4; signed:1;
202 field:unsigned long dfd; offset:20; size:4; signed:0;
203 field:unsigned long filename; offset:24; size:4; signed:0;
204 field:unsigned long flags; offset:28; size:4; signed:0;
205 field:unsigned long mode; offset:32; size:4; signed:0;
208 print fmt: "(%lx) dfd=%lx filename=%lx flags=%lx mode=%lx", REC->__probe_ip,
209 REC->dfd, REC->filename, REC->flags, REC->mode
211 You can see that the event has 4 arguments as in the expressions you specified.
214 echo > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/kprobe_events
216 This clears all probe points.
221 echo -:myprobe >> kprobe_events
223 This clears probe points selectively.
225 Right after definition, each event is disabled by default. For tracing these
226 events, you need to enable it.
229 echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kprobes/myprobe/enable
230 echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kprobes/myretprobe/enable
232 Use the following command to start tracing in an interval.
235 # echo 1 > tracing_on
237 # echo 0 > tracing_on
239 And you can see the traced information via /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace.
242 cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace
245 # TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
247 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286875: myprobe: (do_sys_open+0x0/0xd6) dfd=3 filename=7fffd1ec4440 flags=8000 mode=0
248 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286878: myretprobe: (sys_openat+0xc/0xe <- do_sys_open) $retval=fffffffffffffffe
249 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286885: myprobe: (do_sys_open+0x0/0xd6) dfd=ffffff9c filename=40413c flags=8000 mode=1b6
250 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286915: myretprobe: (sys_open+0x1b/0x1d <- do_sys_open) $retval=3
251 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286969: myprobe: (do_sys_open+0x0/0xd6) dfd=ffffff9c filename=4041c6 flags=98800 mode=10
252 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286976: myretprobe: (sys_open+0x1b/0x1d <- do_sys_open) $retval=3
255 Each line shows when the kernel hits an event, and <- SYMBOL means kernel
256 returns from SYMBOL(e.g. "sys_open+0x1b/0x1d <- do_sys_open" means kernel
257 returns from do_sys_open to sys_open+0x1b).