1 ==========================
2 Kprobe-based Event Tracing
3 ==========================
5 :Author: Masami Hiramatsu
9 These events are similar to tracepoint-based events. Instead of tracepoints,
10 this is based on kprobes (kprobe and kretprobe). So it can probe wherever
11 kprobes can probe (this means, all functions except those with
12 __kprobes/nokprobe_inline annotation and those marked NOKPROBE_SYMBOL).
13 Unlike the tracepoint-based event, this can be added and removed
14 dynamically, on the fly.
16 To enable this feature, build your kernel with CONFIG_KPROBE_EVENTS=y.
18 Similar to the event tracer, this doesn't need to be activated via
19 current_tracer. Instead of that, add probe points via
20 /sys/kernel/tracing/kprobe_events, and enable it via
21 /sys/kernel/tracing/events/kprobes/<EVENT>/enable.
23 You can also use /sys/kernel/tracing/dynamic_events instead of
24 kprobe_events. That interface will provide unified access to other
27 Synopsis of kprobe_events
28 -------------------------
31 p[:[GRP/][EVENT]] [MOD:]SYM[+offs]|MEMADDR [FETCHARGS] : Set a probe
32 r[MAXACTIVE][:[GRP/][EVENT]] [MOD:]SYM[+0] [FETCHARGS] : Set a return probe
33 p[:[GRP/][EVENT]] [MOD:]SYM[+0]%return [FETCHARGS] : Set a return probe
34 -:[GRP/][EVENT] : Clear a probe
36 GRP : Group name. If omitted, use "kprobes" for it.
37 EVENT : Event name. If omitted, the event name is generated
38 based on SYM+offs or MEMADDR.
39 MOD : Module name which has given SYM.
40 SYM[+offs] : Symbol+offset where the probe is inserted.
41 SYM%return : Return address of the symbol
42 MEMADDR : Address where the probe is inserted.
43 MAXACTIVE : Maximum number of instances of the specified function that
44 can be probed simultaneously, or 0 for the default value
45 as defined in Documentation/trace/kprobes.rst section 1.3.1.
47 FETCHARGS : Arguments. Each probe can have up to 128 args.
48 %REG : Fetch register REG
49 @ADDR : Fetch memory at ADDR (ADDR should be in kernel)
50 @SYM[+|-offs] : Fetch memory at SYM +|- offs (SYM should be a data symbol)
51 $stackN : Fetch Nth entry of stack (N >= 0)
52 $stack : Fetch stack address.
53 $argN : Fetch the Nth function argument. (N >= 1) (\*1)
54 $retval : Fetch return value.(\*2)
55 $comm : Fetch current task comm.
56 +|-[u]OFFS(FETCHARG) : Fetch memory at FETCHARG +|- OFFS address.(\*3)(\*4)
57 \IMM : Store an immediate value to the argument.
58 NAME=FETCHARG : Set NAME as the argument name of FETCHARG.
59 FETCHARG:TYPE : Set TYPE as the type of FETCHARG. Currently, basic types
60 (u8/u16/u32/u64/s8/s16/s32/s64), hexadecimal types
61 (x8/x16/x32/x64), "char", "string", "ustring", "symbol", "symstr"
62 and bitfield are supported.
64 (\*1) only for the probe on function entry (offs == 0).
65 (\*2) only for return probe.
66 (\*3) this is useful for fetching a field of data structures.
67 (\*4) "u" means user-space dereference. See :ref:`user_mem_access`.
69 .. _kprobetrace_types:
73 Several types are supported for fetchargs. Kprobe tracer will access memory
74 by given type. Prefix 's' and 'u' means those types are signed and unsigned
75 respectively. 'x' prefix implies it is unsigned. Traced arguments are shown
76 in decimal ('s' and 'u') or hexadecimal ('x'). Without type casting, 'x32'
77 or 'x64' is used depends on the architecture (e.g. x86-32 uses x32, and
80 These value types can be an array. To record array data, you can add '[N]'
81 (where N is a fixed number, less than 64) to the base type.
82 E.g. 'x16[4]' means an array of x16 (2-byte hex) with 4 elements.
83 Note that the array can be applied to memory type fetchargs, you can not
84 apply it to registers/stack-entries etc. (for example, '$stack1:x8[8]' is
85 wrong, but '+8($stack):x8[8]' is OK.)
87 Char type can be used to show the character value of traced arguments.
89 String type is a special type, which fetches a "null-terminated" string from
90 kernel space. This means it will fail and store NULL if the string container
91 has been paged out. "ustring" type is an alternative of string for user-space.
92 See :ref:`user_mem_access` for more info.
94 The string array type is a bit different from other types. For other base
95 types, <base-type>[1] is equal to <base-type> (e.g. +0(%di):x32[1] is same
96 as +0(%di):x32.) But string[1] is not equal to string. The string type itself
97 represents "char array", but string array type represents "char * array".
98 So, for example, +0(%di):string[1] is equal to +0(+0(%di)):string.
99 Bitfield is another special type, which takes 3 parameters, bit-width, bit-
100 offset, and container-size (usually 32). The syntax is::
102 b<bit-width>@<bit-offset>/<container-size>
104 Symbol type('symbol') is an alias of u32 or u64 type (depends on BITS_PER_LONG)
105 which shows given pointer in "symbol+offset" style.
106 On the other hand, symbol-string type ('symstr') converts the given address to
107 "symbol+offset/symbolsize" style and stores it as a null-terminated string.
108 With 'symstr' type, you can filter the event with wildcard pattern of the
109 symbols, and you don't need to solve symbol name by yourself.
110 For $comm, the default type is "string"; any other type is invalid.
116 Kprobe events supports user-space memory access. For that purpose, you can use
117 either user-space dereference syntax or 'ustring' type.
119 The user-space dereference syntax allows you to access a field of a data
120 structure in user-space. This is done by adding the "u" prefix to the
121 dereference syntax. For example, +u4(%si) means it will read memory from the
122 address in the register %si offset by 4, and the memory is expected to be in
123 user-space. You can use this for strings too, e.g. +u0(%si):string will read
124 a string from the address in the register %si that is expected to be in user-
125 space. 'ustring' is a shortcut way of performing the same task. That is,
126 +0(%si):ustring is equivalent to +u0(%si):string.
128 Note that kprobe-event provides the user-memory access syntax but it doesn't
129 use it transparently. This means if you use normal dereference or string type
130 for user memory, it might fail, and may always fail on some architectures. The
131 user has to carefully check if the target data is in kernel or user space.
133 Per-Probe Event Filtering
134 -------------------------
135 Per-probe event filtering feature allows you to set different filter on each
136 probe and gives you what arguments will be shown in trace buffer. If an event
137 name is specified right after 'p:' or 'r:' in kprobe_events, it adds an event
138 under tracing/events/kprobes/<EVENT>, at the directory you can see 'id',
139 'enable', 'format', 'filter' and 'trigger'.
142 You can enable/disable the probe by writing 1 or 0 on it.
145 This shows the format of this probe event.
148 You can write filtering rules of this event.
151 This shows the id of this probe event.
154 This allows to install trigger commands which are executed when the event is
155 hit (for details, see Documentation/trace/events.rst, section 6).
159 You can check the total number of probe hits and probe miss-hits via
160 /sys/kernel/tracing/kprobe_profile.
161 The first column is event name, the second is the number of probe hits,
162 the third is the number of probe miss-hits.
164 Kernel Boot Parameter
165 ---------------------
166 You can add and enable new kprobe events when booting up the kernel by
167 "kprobe_event=" parameter. The parameter accepts a semicolon-delimited
168 kprobe events, which format is similar to the kprobe_events.
169 The difference is that the probe definition parameters are comma-delimited
170 instead of space. For example, adding myprobe event on do_sys_open like below::
172 p:myprobe do_sys_open dfd=%ax filename=%dx flags=%cx mode=+4($stack)
174 should be below for kernel boot parameter (just replace spaces with comma)::
176 p:myprobe,do_sys_open,dfd=%ax,filename=%dx,flags=%cx,mode=+4($stack)
181 To add a probe as a new event, write a new definition to kprobe_events
184 echo 'p:myprobe do_sys_open dfd=%ax filename=%dx flags=%cx mode=+4($stack)' > /sys/kernel/tracing/kprobe_events
186 This sets a kprobe on the top of do_sys_open() function with recording
187 1st to 4th arguments as "myprobe" event. Note, which register/stack entry is
188 assigned to each function argument depends on arch-specific ABI. If you unsure
189 the ABI, please try to use probe subcommand of perf-tools (you can find it
191 As this example shows, users can choose more familiar names for each arguments.
194 echo 'r:myretprobe do_sys_open $retval' >> /sys/kernel/tracing/kprobe_events
196 This sets a kretprobe on the return point of do_sys_open() function with
197 recording return value as "myretprobe" event.
198 You can see the format of these events via
199 /sys/kernel/tracing/events/kprobes/<EVENT>/format.
202 cat /sys/kernel/tracing/events/kprobes/myprobe/format
206 field:unsigned short common_type; offset:0; size:2; signed:0;
207 field:unsigned char common_flags; offset:2; size:1; signed:0;
208 field:unsigned char common_preempt_count; offset:3; size:1;signed:0;
209 field:int common_pid; offset:4; size:4; signed:1;
211 field:unsigned long __probe_ip; offset:12; size:4; signed:0;
212 field:int __probe_nargs; offset:16; size:4; signed:1;
213 field:unsigned long dfd; offset:20; size:4; signed:0;
214 field:unsigned long filename; offset:24; size:4; signed:0;
215 field:unsigned long flags; offset:28; size:4; signed:0;
216 field:unsigned long mode; offset:32; size:4; signed:0;
219 print fmt: "(%lx) dfd=%lx filename=%lx flags=%lx mode=%lx", REC->__probe_ip,
220 REC->dfd, REC->filename, REC->flags, REC->mode
222 You can see that the event has 4 arguments as in the expressions you specified.
225 echo > /sys/kernel/tracing/kprobe_events
227 This clears all probe points.
232 echo -:myprobe >> kprobe_events
234 This clears probe points selectively.
236 Right after definition, each event is disabled by default. For tracing these
237 events, you need to enable it.
240 echo 1 > /sys/kernel/tracing/events/kprobes/myprobe/enable
241 echo 1 > /sys/kernel/tracing/events/kprobes/myretprobe/enable
243 Use the following command to start tracing in an interval.
246 # echo 1 > tracing_on
248 # echo 0 > tracing_on
250 And you can see the traced information via /sys/kernel/tracing/trace.
253 cat /sys/kernel/tracing/trace
256 # TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
258 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286875: myprobe: (do_sys_open+0x0/0xd6) dfd=3 filename=7fffd1ec4440 flags=8000 mode=0
259 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286878: myretprobe: (sys_openat+0xc/0xe <- do_sys_open) $retval=fffffffffffffffe
260 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286885: myprobe: (do_sys_open+0x0/0xd6) dfd=ffffff9c filename=40413c flags=8000 mode=1b6
261 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286915: myretprobe: (sys_open+0x1b/0x1d <- do_sys_open) $retval=3
262 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286969: myprobe: (do_sys_open+0x0/0xd6) dfd=ffffff9c filename=4041c6 flags=98800 mode=10
263 <...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286976: myretprobe: (sys_open+0x1b/0x1d <- do_sys_open) $retval=3
266 Each line shows when the kernel hits an event, and <- SYMBOL means kernel
267 returns from SYMBOL(e.g. "sys_open+0x1b/0x1d <- do_sys_open" means kernel
268 returns from do_sys_open to sys_open+0x1b).