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2 delays - Information on the various kernel delay / sleep mechanisms
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5 This document seeks to answer the common question: "What is the
6 RightWay (TM) to insert a delay?"
8 This question is most often faced by driver writers who have to
9 deal with hardware delays and who may not be the most intimately
10 familiar with the inner workings of the Linux Kernel.
16 The first, and most important, question you need to ask is "Is my
17 code in an atomic context?" This should be followed closely by "Does
18 it really need to delay in atomic context?" If so...
21 You must use the `*delay` family of functions. These
22 functions use the jiffie estimation of clock speed
23 and will busy wait for enough loop cycles to achieve
26 ndelay(unsigned long nsecs)
27 udelay(unsigned long usecs)
28 mdelay(unsigned long msecs)
30 udelay is the generally preferred API; ndelay-level
31 precision may not actually exist on many non-PC devices.
33 mdelay is macro wrapper around udelay, to account for
34 possible overflow when passing large arguments to udelay.
35 In general, use of mdelay is discouraged and code should
36 be refactored to allow for the use of msleep.
39 You should use the `*sleep[_range]` family of functions.
40 There are a few more options here, while any of them may
41 work correctly, using the "right" sleep function will
42 help the scheduler, power management, and just make your
45 -- Backed by busy-wait loop:
47 udelay(unsigned long usecs)
49 -- Backed by hrtimers:
51 usleep_range(unsigned long min, unsigned long max)
53 -- Backed by jiffies / legacy_timers
55 msleep(unsigned long msecs)
56 msleep_interruptible(unsigned long msecs)
58 Unlike the `*delay` family, the underlying mechanism
59 driving each of these calls varies, thus there are
60 quirks you should be aware of.
63 SLEEPING FOR "A FEW" USECS ( < ~10us? ):
67 On slower systems, (embedded, OR perhaps a speed-
68 stepped PC!) the overhead of setting up the hrtimers
69 for usleep *may* not be worth it. Such an evaluation
70 will obviously depend on your specific situation, but
71 it is something to be aware of.
73 SLEEPING FOR ~USECS OR SMALL MSECS ( 10us - 20ms):
76 - Why not msleep for (1ms - 20ms)?
77 Explained originally here:
78 https://lore.kernel.org/r/15327.1186166232@lwn.net
80 msleep(1~20) may not do what the caller intends, and
81 will often sleep longer (~20 ms actual sleep for any
82 value given in the 1~20ms range). In many cases this
83 is not the desired behavior.
85 - Why is there no "usleep" / What is a good range?
86 Since usleep_range is built on top of hrtimers, the
87 wakeup will be very precise (ish), thus a simple
88 usleep function would likely introduce a large number
89 of undesired interrupts.
91 With the introduction of a range, the scheduler is
92 free to coalesce your wakeup with any other wakeup
93 that may have happened for other reasons, or at the
94 worst case, fire an interrupt for your upper bound.
96 The larger a range you supply, the greater a chance
97 that you will not trigger an interrupt; this should
98 be balanced with what is an acceptable upper bound on
99 delay / performance for your specific code path. Exact
100 tolerances here are very situation specific, thus it
101 is left to the caller to determine a reasonable range.
103 SLEEPING FOR LARGER MSECS ( 10ms+ )
104 * Use msleep or possibly msleep_interruptible
106 - What's the difference?
107 msleep sets the current task to TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE
108 whereas msleep_interruptible sets the current task to
109 TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE before scheduling the sleep. In
110 short, the difference is whether the sleep can be ended
111 early by a signal. In general, just use msleep unless
112 you know you have a need for the interruptible variant.
114 FLEXIBLE SLEEPING (any delay, uninterruptible)