5 SPI devices have a limited userspace API, supporting basic half-duplex
6 read() and write() access to SPI slave devices. Using ioctl() requests,
7 full duplex transfers and device I/O configuration are also available.
13 #include <sys/ioctl.h>
14 #include <linux/types.h>
15 #include <linux/spi/spidev.h>
17 Some reasons you might want to use this programming interface include:
19 * Prototyping in an environment that's not crash-prone; stray pointers
20 in userspace won't normally bring down any Linux system.
22 * Developing simple protocols used to talk to microcontrollers acting
23 as SPI slaves, which you may need to change quite often.
25 Of course there are drivers that can never be written in userspace, because
26 they need to access kernel interfaces (such as IRQ handlers or other layers
27 of the driver stack) that are not accessible to userspace.
30 DEVICE CREATION, DRIVER BINDING
31 ===============================
32 The simplest way to arrange to use this driver is to just list it in the
33 spi_board_info for a device as the driver it should use: the "modalias"
34 entry is "spidev", matching the name of the driver exposing this API.
35 Set up the other device characteristics (bits per word, SPI clocking,
36 chipselect polarity, etc) as usual, so you won't always need to override
39 (Sysfs also supports userspace driven binding/unbinding of drivers to
40 devices. That mechanism might be supported here in the future.)
42 When you do that, the sysfs node for the SPI device will include a child
43 device node with a "dev" attribute that will be understood by udev or mdev.
44 (Larger systems will have "udev". Smaller ones may configure "mdev" into
45 busybox; it's less featureful, but often enough.) For a SPI device with
46 chipselect C on bus B, you should see:
49 character special device, major number 153 with
50 a dynamically chosen minor device number. This is the node
51 that userspace programs will open, created by "udev" or "mdev".
53 /sys/devices/.../spiB.C ...
54 as usual, the SPI device node will
55 be a child of its SPI master controller.
57 /sys/class/spidev/spidevB.C ...
58 created when the "spidev" driver
59 binds to that device. (Directory or symlink, based on whether
60 or not you enabled the "deprecated sysfs files" Kconfig option.)
62 Do not try to manage the /dev character device special file nodes by hand.
63 That's error prone, and you'd need to pay careful attention to system
64 security issues; udev/mdev should already be configured securely.
66 If you unbind the "spidev" driver from that device, those two "spidev" nodes
67 (in sysfs and in /dev) should automatically be removed (respectively by the
68 kernel and by udev/mdev). You can unbind by removing the "spidev" driver
69 module, which will affect all devices using this driver. You can also unbind
70 by having kernel code remove the SPI device, probably by removing the driver
71 for its SPI controller (so its spi_master vanishes).
73 Since this is a standard Linux device driver -- even though it just happens
74 to expose a low level API to userspace -- it can be associated with any number
75 of devices at a time. Just provide one spi_board_info record for each such
76 SPI device, and you'll get a /dev device node for each device.
79 BASIC CHARACTER DEVICE API
80 ==========================
81 Normal open() and close() operations on /dev/spidevB.D files work as you
84 Standard read() and write() operations are obviously only half-duplex, and
85 the chipselect is deactivated between those operations. Full-duplex access,
86 and composite operation without chipselect de-activation, is available using
87 the SPI_IOC_MESSAGE(N) request.
89 Several ioctl() requests let your driver read or override the device's current
90 settings for data transfer parameters:
92 SPI_IOC_RD_MODE, SPI_IOC_WR_MODE ...
93 pass a pointer to a byte which will
94 return (RD) or assign (WR) the SPI transfer mode. Use the constants
95 SPI_MODE_0..SPI_MODE_3; or if you prefer you can combine SPI_CPOL
96 (clock polarity, idle high iff this is set) or SPI_CPHA (clock phase,
97 sample on trailing edge iff this is set) flags.
98 Note that this request is limited to SPI mode flags that fit in a
101 SPI_IOC_RD_MODE32, SPI_IOC_WR_MODE32 ...
102 pass a pointer to a uin32_t
103 which will return (RD) or assign (WR) the full SPI transfer mode,
104 not limited to the bits that fit in one byte.
106 SPI_IOC_RD_LSB_FIRST, SPI_IOC_WR_LSB_FIRST ...
107 pass a pointer to a byte
108 which will return (RD) or assign (WR) the bit justification used to
109 transfer SPI words. Zero indicates MSB-first; other values indicate
110 the less common LSB-first encoding. In both cases the specified value
111 is right-justified in each word, so that unused (TX) or undefined (RX)
112 bits are in the MSBs.
114 SPI_IOC_RD_BITS_PER_WORD, SPI_IOC_WR_BITS_PER_WORD ...
116 a byte which will return (RD) or assign (WR) the number of bits in
117 each SPI transfer word. The value zero signifies eight bits.
119 SPI_IOC_RD_MAX_SPEED_HZ, SPI_IOC_WR_MAX_SPEED_HZ ...
121 u32 which will return (RD) or assign (WR) the maximum SPI transfer
122 speed, in Hz. The controller can't necessarily assign that specific
127 - At this time there is no async I/O support; everything is purely
130 - There's currently no way to report the actual bit rate used to
131 shift data to/from a given device.
133 - From userspace, you can't currently change the chip select polarity;
134 that could corrupt transfers to other devices sharing the SPI bus.
135 Each SPI device is deselected when it's not in active use, allowing
136 other drivers to talk to other devices.
138 - There's a limit on the number of bytes each I/O request can transfer
139 to the SPI device. It defaults to one page, but that can be changed
140 using a module parameter.
142 - Because SPI has no low-level transfer acknowledgement, you usually
143 won't see any I/O errors when talking to a non-existent device.
146 FULL DUPLEX CHARACTER DEVICE API
147 ================================
149 See the spidev_fdx.c sample program for one example showing the use of the
150 full duplex programming interface. (Although it doesn't perform a full duplex
151 transfer.) The model is the same as that used in the kernel spi_sync()
152 request; the individual transfers offer the same capabilities as are
153 available to kernel drivers (except that it's not asynchronous).
155 The example shows one half-duplex RPC-style request and response message.
156 These requests commonly require that the chip not be deselected between
157 the request and response. Several such requests could be chained into
158 a single kernel request, even allowing the chip to be deselected after
159 each response. (Other protocol options include changing the word size
160 and bitrate for each transfer segment.)
162 To make a full duplex request, provide both rx_buf and tx_buf for the
163 same transfer. It's even OK if those are the same buffer.