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2 Supporting PMUs on RISC-V platforms
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5 Alan Kao <alankao@andestech.com>, Mar 2018
10 As of this writing, perf_event-related features mentioned in The RISC-V ISA
11 Privileged Version 1.10 are as follows:
12 (please check the manual for more details)
16 * minstret[h], instret[h]
17 * mhpeventx, mhpcounterx[h]
19 With such function set only, porting perf would require a lot of work, due to
20 the lack of the following general architectural performance monitoring features:
22 * Enabling/Disabling counters
23 Counters are just free-running all the time in our case.
24 * Interrupt caused by counter overflow
25 No such feature in the spec.
27 It is not possible to have many interrupt ports for all counters, so an
28 interrupt indicator is required for software to tell which counter has
31 There will be an SBI to support this since the kernel cannot modify the
32 counters [1]. Alternatively, some vendor considers to implement
33 hardware-extension for M-S-U model machines to write counters directly.
35 This document aims to provide developers a quick guide on supporting their
36 PMUs in the kernel. The following sections briefly explain perf' mechanism
39 You may check previous discussions here [1][2]. Also, it might be helpful
40 to check the appendix for related kernel structures.
46 *riscv_pmu* is a global pointer of type *struct riscv_pmu*, which contains
47 various methods according to perf's internal convention and PMU-specific
48 parameters. One should declare such instance to represent the PMU. By default,
49 *riscv_pmu* points to a constant structure *riscv_base_pmu*, which has very
50 basic support to a baseline QEMU model.
52 Then he/she can either assign the instance's pointer to *riscv_pmu* so that
53 the minimal and already-implemented logic can be leveraged, or invent his/her
54 own *riscv_init_platform_pmu* implementation.
56 In other words, existing sources of *riscv_base_pmu* merely provide a
57 reference implementation. Developers can flexibly decide how many parts they
58 can leverage, and in the most extreme case, they can customize every function
59 according to their needs.
62 2. Event Initialization
63 -----------------------
65 When a user launches a perf command to monitor some events, it is first
66 interpreted by the userspace perf tool into multiple *perf_event_open*
67 system calls, and then each of them calls to the body of *event_init*
68 member function that was assigned in the previous step. In *riscv_base_pmu*'s
69 case, it is *riscv_event_init*.
71 The main purpose of this function is to translate the event provided by user
72 into bitmap, so that HW-related control registers or counters can directly be
73 manipulated. The translation is based on the mappings and methods provided in
76 Note that some features can be done in this stage as well:
78 (1) interrupt setting, which is stated in the next section;
79 (2) privilege level setting (user space only, kernel space only, both);
80 (3) destructor setting. Normally it is sufficient to apply *riscv_destroy_event*;
81 (4) tweaks for non-sampling events, which will be utilized by functions such as
82 *perf_adjust_period*, usually something like the follows::
84 if (!is_sampling_event(event)) {
85 hwc->sample_period = x86_pmu.max_period;
86 hwc->last_period = hwc->sample_period;
87 local64_set(&hwc->period_left, hwc->sample_period);
90 In the case of *riscv_base_pmu*, only (3) is provided for now.
96 3.1. Interrupt Initialization
98 This often occurs at the beginning of the *event_init* method. In common
99 practice, this should be a code segment like::
101 int x86_reserve_hardware(void)
105 if (!atomic_inc_not_zero(&pmc_refcount)) {
106 mutex_lock(&pmc_reserve_mutex);
107 if (atomic_read(&pmc_refcount) == 0) {
108 if (!reserve_pmc_hardware())
111 reserve_ds_buffers();
114 atomic_inc(&pmc_refcount);
115 mutex_unlock(&pmc_reserve_mutex);
121 And the magic is in *reserve_pmc_hardware*, which usually does atomic
122 operations to make implemented IRQ accessible from some global function pointer.
123 *release_pmc_hardware* serves the opposite purpose, and it is used in event
124 destructors mentioned in previous section.
126 (Note: From the implementations in all the architectures, the *reserve/release*
127 pair are always IRQ settings, so the *pmc_hardware* seems somehow misleading.
128 It does NOT deal with the binding between an event and a physical counter,
129 which will be introduced in the next section.)
133 Basically, a IRQ runs the following pseudo code::
135 for each hardware counter that triggered this overflow
137 get the event of this counter
139 // following two steps are defined as *read()*,
140 // check the section Reading/Writing Counters for details.
141 count the delta value since previous interrupt
142 update the event->count (# event occurs) by adding delta, and
143 event->hw.period_left by subtracting delta
145 if the event overflows
147 set the counter appropriately for the next overflow
149 if the event overflows again
150 too frequently, throttle this event
156 However as of this writing, none of the RISC-V implementations have designed an
157 interrupt for perf, so the details are to be completed in the future.
159 4. Reading/Writing Counters
160 ---------------------------
162 They seem symmetric but perf treats them quite differently. For reading, there
163 is a *read* interface in *struct pmu*, but it serves more than just reading.
164 According to the context, the *read* function not only reads the content of the
165 counter (event->count), but also updates the left period to the next interrupt
166 (event->hw.period_left).
168 But the core of perf does not need direct write to counters. Writing counters
169 is hidden behind the abstraction of 1) *pmu->start*, literally start counting so one
170 has to set the counter to a good value for the next interrupt; 2) inside the IRQ
171 it should set the counter to the same resonable value.
173 Reading is not a problem in RISC-V but writing would need some effort, since
174 counters are not allowed to be written by S-mode.
177 5. add()/del()/start()/stop()
178 -----------------------------
180 Basic idea: add()/del() adds/deletes events to/from a PMU, and start()/stop()
181 starts/stop the counter of some event in the PMU. All of them take the same
182 arguments: *struct perf_event *event* and *int flag*.
184 Consider perf as a state machine, then you will find that these functions serve
185 as the state transition process between those states.
186 Three states (event->hw.state) are defined:
188 * PERF_HES_STOPPED: the counter is stopped
189 * PERF_HES_UPTODATE: the event->count is up-to-date
190 * PERF_HES_ARCH: arch-dependent usage ... we don't need this for now
192 A normal flow of these state transitions are as follows:
194 * A user launches a perf event, resulting in calling to *event_init*.
195 * When being context-switched in, *add* is called by the perf core, with a flag
196 PERF_EF_START, which means that the event should be started after it is added.
197 At this stage, a general event is bound to a physical counter, if any.
198 The state changes to PERF_HES_STOPPED and PERF_HES_UPTODATE, because it is now
199 stopped, and the (software) event count does not need updating.
201 - *start* is then called, and the counter is enabled.
202 With flag PERF_EF_RELOAD, it writes an appropriate value to the counter (check
203 previous section for detail).
204 Nothing is written if the flag does not contain PERF_EF_RELOAD.
205 The state now is reset to none, because it is neither stopped nor updated
206 (the counting already started)
208 * When being context-switched out, *del* is called. It then checks out all the
209 events in the PMU and calls *stop* to update their counts.
211 - *stop* is called by *del*
212 and the perf core with flag PERF_EF_UPDATE, and it often shares the same
213 subroutine as *read* with the same logic.
214 The state changes to PERF_HES_STOPPED and PERF_HES_UPTODATE, again.
216 - Life cycle of these two pairs: *add* and *del* are called repeatedly as
217 tasks switch in-and-out; *start* and *stop* is also called when the perf core
218 needs a quick stop-and-start, for instance, when the interrupt period is being
221 Current implementation is sufficient for now and can be easily extended to
222 features in the future.
224 A. Related Structures
225 ---------------------
227 * struct pmu: include/linux/perf_event.h
228 * struct riscv_pmu: arch/riscv/include/asm/perf_event.h
230 Both structures are designed to be read-only.
232 *struct pmu* defines some function pointer interfaces, and most of them take
233 *struct perf_event* as a main argument, dealing with perf events according to
234 perf's internal state machine (check kernel/events/core.c for details).
236 *struct riscv_pmu* defines PMU-specific parameters. The naming follows the
237 convention of all other architectures.
239 * struct perf_event: include/linux/perf_event.h
240 * struct hw_perf_event
242 The generic structure that represents perf events, and the hardware-related
245 * struct riscv_hw_events: arch/riscv/include/asm/perf_event.h
247 The structure that holds the status of events, has two fixed members:
248 the number of events and the array of the events.
253 [1] https://github.com/riscv/riscv-linux/pull/124
255 [2] https://groups.google.com/a/groups.riscv.org/forum/#!topic/sw-dev/f19TmCNP6yA