3 Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel
4 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
9 This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
10 software necessary to run the current kernel version.
12 This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
13 and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
14 Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
17 Current Minimal Requirements
18 ****************************
20 Upgrade to at **least** these software revisions before thinking you've
21 encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently
22 running, the suggested command should tell you.
24 Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally
25 running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools are necessary on all
26 systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC Card hardware, for example,
27 you probably needn't concern yourself with pcmciautils.
29 ====================== =============== ========================================
30 Program Minimal version Command to check the version
31 ====================== =============== ========================================
32 GNU C 5.1 gcc --version
33 Clang/LLVM (optional) 11.0.0 clang --version
34 Rust (optional) 1.68.2 rustc --version
35 bindgen (optional) 0.56.0 bindgen --version
36 GNU make 3.82 make --version
37 bash 4.2 bash --version
39 flex 2.5.35 flex --version
40 bison 2.0 bison --version
41 pahole 1.16 pahole --version
42 util-linux 2.10o fdformat --version
44 e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck -V
45 jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.jfs -V
46 reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiserfsck -V
47 xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db -V
48 squashfs-tools 4.0 mksquashfs -version
49 btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsck
50 pcmciautils 004 pccardctl -V
51 quota-tools 3.09 quota -V
52 PPP 2.4.0 pppd --version
53 nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmount --version
54 procps 3.2.0 ps --version
55 udev 081 udevd --version
56 grub 0.93 grub --version || grub-install --version
57 mcelog 0.6 mcelog --version
58 iptables 1.4.2 iptables -V
59 openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openssl version
60 bc 1.06.95 bc --version
61 Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 1.7 sphinx-build --version
62 cpio any cpio --version
63 ====================== =============== ========================================
65 .. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Kernel documentation
73 The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
79 The latest formal release of clang and LLVM utils (according to
80 `releases.llvm.org <https://releases.llvm.org>`_) are supported for building
81 kernels. Older releases aren't guaranteed to work, and we may drop workarounds
82 from the kernel that were used to support older versions. Please see additional
83 docs on :ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM <kbuild_llvm>`.
88 A particular version of the Rust toolchain is required. Newer versions may or
89 may not work because the kernel depends on some unstable Rust features, for
92 Each Rust toolchain comes with several "components", some of which are required
93 (like ``rustc``) and some that are optional. The ``rust-src`` component (which
94 is optional) needs to be installed to build the kernel. Other components are
95 useful for developing.
97 Please see Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst for instructions on how to
98 satisfy the build requirements of Rust support. In particular, the ``Makefile``
99 target ``rustavailable`` is useful to check why the Rust toolchain may not
105 ``bindgen`` is used to generate the Rust bindings to the C side of the kernel.
106 It depends on ``libclang``.
111 You will need GNU make 3.82 or later to build the kernel.
116 Some bash scripts are used for the kernel build.
117 Bash 4.2 or newer is needed.
122 Binutils 2.25 or newer is needed to build the kernel.
127 The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-config to check for installed
128 kconfig tools and to determine flags settings for use in
129 'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was being used but not
130 verified or documented.
135 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates lexical analyzers
136 during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or later.
142 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates parsers
143 during build. This requires bison 2.0 or later.
148 Since Linux 5.2, if CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF is selected, the build system
149 generates BTF (BPF Type Format) from DWARF in vmlinux, a bit later from kernel
150 modules as well. This requires pahole v1.16 or later.
152 It is found in the 'dwarves' or 'pahole' distro packages or from
153 https://fedorapeople.org/~acme/dwarves/.
158 You will need perl 5 and the following modules: ``Getopt::Long``,
159 ``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``File::Find`` to build the kernel.
164 You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higher
170 Module signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and
171 crypto library to do key creation and signature generation.
173 You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is
174 enabled. You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3
181 Architectural changes
182 ---------------------
184 DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
185 (https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)
187 32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!
189 Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
190 documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
191 definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with ReST
192 files the Documentation/ directory to make enriched documentation, which can
193 then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, ePUB and PDF files.
194 In order to convert from ReST format to a format of your choice, you'll need
200 New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` support for larger disks,
201 support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
202 types, have a fdformat which works with 2.4 kernels, and similar goodies.
203 You'll probably want to upgrade.
208 If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
209 ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
210 It is generally preferred to build the kernel with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` so
211 that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also
212 produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel
213 is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you have no way to rebuild and
214 reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops
220 These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tree layout also require that
221 mkinitrd be upgraded.
226 The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes several bugs in fsck and
227 debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.
232 The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilities for the file system.
233 The following utilities are available:
235 - ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
236 and repair a JFS formatted partition.
238 - ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partition.
240 - other file system utilities are also available in this package.
245 The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
246 (Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
247 versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs``, ``debugreiserfs`` and
248 ``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.
253 The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains ``mkfs.xfs``, ``xfs_db``, and the
254 ``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is
255 architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
256 work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
257 later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).
262 PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properly sets up
263 PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules
264 for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug
270 Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
271 the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and
272 newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer
273 from the table above.
278 A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
279 accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using
280 udev you may need to::
283 mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
284 chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode
286 as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to
287 get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.
292 ``udev`` is a userspace application for populating ``/dev`` dynamically with
293 only entries for devices actually present. ``udev`` replaces the basic
294 functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for
300 Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
301 options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won't work.
309 If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
310 consider using the network tools from ip-route2.
314 The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
315 kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
316 for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.
321 The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
322 enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP,
323 upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.
325 If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
326 which can be made by::
328 mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0
335 In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know
336 about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This
337 information would be given to the kernel by ``mountd`` when the client
338 mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at system startup. exportfs
339 would take information about active clients from ``/var/lib/nfs/rmtab``.
341 This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
342 which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
343 fail-over. Even when the system is working well, ``rmtab`` suffers from
344 getting lots of old entries that never get removed.
346 With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd
347 when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give
348 appropriate export information to the kernel. This removes the
349 dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the kernel only needs to know about
350 currently active clients.
352 To enable this new functionality, you need to::
354 mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd
356 before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS
357 services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
363 On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to process and log machine check
364 events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Machine check events are errors
365 reported by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged.
373 Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Documentation/doc-guide/sphinx.rst <sphinxdoc>`
374 for details about Sphinx requirements.
379 ``rustdoc`` is used to generate the documentation for Rust code. Please see
380 Documentation/rust/general-information.rst for more information.
382 Getting updated software
383 ========================
391 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/>
396 - :ref:`Getting LLVM <getting_llvm>`.
401 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst.
406 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst.
411 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/>
416 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/>
421 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/>
426 - <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases>
431 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/>
436 - <https://www.openssl.org/>
444 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>
449 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/>
450 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod.git>
455 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/>
460 - <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main>
465 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/e2fsprogs/>
466 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fsprogs.git/>
471 - <http://jfs.sourceforge.net/>
476 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jeffm/reiserfsprogs.git/>
481 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfsprogs-dev.git>
482 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/xfs/xfsprogs/>
487 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/>
492 - <http://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/>
498 - <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/>
503 - <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html>
508 - <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases>
513 - <http://www.mcelog.org/>
518 - <https://www.gnu.org/software/cpio/>
526 - <https://download.samba.org/pub/ppp/>
527 - <https://git.ozlabs.org/?p=ppp.git>
528 - <https://github.com/paulusmack/ppp/>
533 - <http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14>
538 - <https://netfilter.org/projects/iptables/index.html>
543 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/>
548 - <http://oprofile.sf.net/download/>
553 - <http://nfs.sourceforge.net/>
561 - <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/>