3 Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel
4 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
9 This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
10 software necessary to run the current kernel version.
12 This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
13 and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
14 Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
17 Current Minimal Requirements
18 ****************************
20 Upgrade to at **least** these software revisions before thinking you've
21 encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently
22 running, the suggested command should tell you.
24 Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally
25 running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools are necessary on all
26 systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC Card hardware, for example,
27 you probably needn't concern yourself with pcmciautils.
29 ====================== =============== ========================================
30 Program Minimal version Command to check the version
31 ====================== =============== ========================================
32 GNU C 5.1 gcc --version
33 Clang/LLVM (optional) 11.0.0 clang --version
34 Rust (optional) 1.68.2 rustc --version
35 bindgen (optional) 0.56.0 bindgen --version
36 GNU make 3.82 make --version
37 bash 4.2 bash --version
39 flex 2.5.35 flex --version
40 bison 2.0 bison --version
41 pahole 1.16 pahole --version
42 util-linux 2.10o fdformat --version
44 e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck -V
45 jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.jfs -V
46 reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiserfsck -V
47 xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db -V
48 squashfs-tools 4.0 mksquashfs -version
49 btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsck
50 pcmciautils 004 pccardctl -V
51 quota-tools 3.09 quota -V
52 PPP 2.4.0 pppd --version
53 nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmount --version
54 procps 3.2.0 ps --version
55 udev 081 udevd --version
56 grub 0.93 grub --version || grub-install --version
57 mcelog 0.6 mcelog --version
58 iptables 1.4.2 iptables -V
59 openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openssl version
60 bc 1.06.95 bc --version
61 Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 1.7 sphinx-build --version
62 cpio any cpio --version
63 GNU tar 1.28 tar --version
64 gtags (optional) 6.6.5 gtags --version
65 ====================== =============== ========================================
67 .. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Kernel documentation
75 The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
81 The latest formal release of clang and LLVM utils (according to
82 `releases.llvm.org <https://releases.llvm.org>`_) are supported for building
83 kernels. Older releases aren't guaranteed to work, and we may drop workarounds
84 from the kernel that were used to support older versions. Please see additional
85 docs on :ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM <kbuild_llvm>`.
90 A particular version of the Rust toolchain is required. Newer versions may or
91 may not work because the kernel depends on some unstable Rust features, for
94 Each Rust toolchain comes with several "components", some of which are required
95 (like ``rustc``) and some that are optional. The ``rust-src`` component (which
96 is optional) needs to be installed to build the kernel. Other components are
97 useful for developing.
99 Please see Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst for instructions on how to
100 satisfy the build requirements of Rust support. In particular, the ``Makefile``
101 target ``rustavailable`` is useful to check why the Rust toolchain may not
107 ``bindgen`` is used to generate the Rust bindings to the C side of the kernel.
108 It depends on ``libclang``.
113 You will need GNU make 3.82 or later to build the kernel.
118 Some bash scripts are used for the kernel build.
119 Bash 4.2 or newer is needed.
124 Binutils 2.25 or newer is needed to build the kernel.
129 The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-config to check for installed
130 kconfig tools and to determine flags settings for use in
131 'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was being used but not
132 verified or documented.
137 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates lexical analyzers
138 during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or later.
144 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates parsers
145 during build. This requires bison 2.0 or later.
150 Since Linux 5.2, if CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF is selected, the build system
151 generates BTF (BPF Type Format) from DWARF in vmlinux, a bit later from kernel
152 modules as well. This requires pahole v1.16 or later.
154 It is found in the 'dwarves' or 'pahole' distro packages or from
155 https://fedorapeople.org/~acme/dwarves/.
160 You will need perl 5 and the following modules: ``Getopt::Long``,
161 ``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``File::Find`` to build the kernel.
166 You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higher
172 Module signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and
173 crypto library to do key creation and signature generation.
175 You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is
176 enabled. You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3
182 GNU tar is needed if you want to enable access to the kernel headers via sysfs
185 gtags / GNU GLOBAL (optional)
186 -----------------------------
188 The kernel build requires GNU GLOBAL version 6.6.5 or later to generate
189 tag files through ``make gtags``. This is due to its use of the gtags
190 ``-C (--directory)`` flag.
195 Architectural changes
196 ---------------------
198 DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
199 (https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)
201 32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!
203 Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
204 documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
205 definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with ReST
206 files the Documentation/ directory to make enriched documentation, which can
207 then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, ePUB and PDF files.
208 In order to convert from ReST format to a format of your choice, you'll need
214 New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` support for larger disks,
215 support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
216 types, have a fdformat which works with 2.4 kernels, and similar goodies.
217 You'll probably want to upgrade.
222 If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
223 ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
224 It is generally preferred to build the kernel with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` so
225 that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also
226 produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel
227 is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you have no way to rebuild and
228 reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops
234 These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tree layout also require that
235 mkinitrd be upgraded.
240 The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes several bugs in fsck and
241 debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.
246 The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilities for the file system.
247 The following utilities are available:
249 - ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
250 and repair a JFS formatted partition.
252 - ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partition.
254 - other file system utilities are also available in this package.
259 The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
260 (Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
261 versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs``, ``debugreiserfs`` and
262 ``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.
267 The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains ``mkfs.xfs``, ``xfs_db``, and the
268 ``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is
269 architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
270 work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
271 later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).
276 PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properly sets up
277 PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules
278 for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug
284 Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
285 the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and
286 newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer
287 from the table above.
292 A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
293 accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using
294 udev you may need to::
297 mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
298 chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode
300 as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to
301 get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.
306 ``udev`` is a userspace application for populating ``/dev`` dynamically with
307 only entries for devices actually present. ``udev`` replaces the basic
308 functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for
314 Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
315 options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won't work.
323 If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
324 consider using the network tools from ip-route2.
328 The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
329 kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
330 for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.
335 The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
336 enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP,
337 upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.
339 If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
340 which can be made by::
342 mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0
349 In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know
350 about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This
351 information would be given to the kernel by ``mountd`` when the client
352 mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at system startup. exportfs
353 would take information about active clients from ``/var/lib/nfs/rmtab``.
355 This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
356 which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
357 fail-over. Even when the system is working well, ``rmtab`` suffers from
358 getting lots of old entries that never get removed.
360 With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd
361 when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give
362 appropriate export information to the kernel. This removes the
363 dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the kernel only needs to know about
364 currently active clients.
366 To enable this new functionality, you need to::
368 mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd
370 before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS
371 services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
377 On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to process and log machine check
378 events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Machine check events are errors
379 reported by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged.
387 Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Documentation/doc-guide/sphinx.rst <sphinxdoc>`
388 for details about Sphinx requirements.
393 ``rustdoc`` is used to generate the documentation for Rust code. Please see
394 Documentation/rust/general-information.rst for more information.
396 Getting updated software
397 ========================
405 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/>
410 - :ref:`Getting LLVM <getting_llvm>`.
415 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst.
420 - Documentation/rust/quick-start.rst.
425 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/>
430 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bash/>
435 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/>
440 - <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases>
445 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/>
450 - <https://www.openssl.org/>
458 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>
463 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/>
464 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod.git>
469 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/>
474 - <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main>
479 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/e2fsprogs/>
480 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fsprogs.git/>
485 - <http://jfs.sourceforge.net/>
490 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jeffm/reiserfsprogs.git/>
495 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfsprogs-dev.git>
496 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/xfs/xfsprogs/>
501 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/>
506 - <http://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/>
512 - <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/>
517 - <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html>
522 - <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases>
527 - <http://www.mcelog.org/>
532 - <https://www.gnu.org/software/cpio/>
540 - <https://download.samba.org/pub/ppp/>
541 - <https://git.ozlabs.org/?p=ppp.git>
542 - <https://github.com/paulusmack/ppp/>
547 - <http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14>
552 - <https://netfilter.org/projects/iptables/index.html>
557 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/>
562 - <http://oprofile.sf.net/download/>
567 - <http://nfs.sourceforge.net/>
575 - <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/>