3 Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel
4 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
9 This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
10 software necessary to run the 4.x kernels.
12 This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
13 and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
14 Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
17 Current Minimal Requirements
18 ****************************
20 Upgrade to at **least** these software revisions before thinking you've
21 encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently
22 running, the suggested command should tell you.
24 Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally
25 running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools are necessary on all
26 systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC Card hardware, for example,
27 you probably needn't concern yourself with pcmciautils.
29 ====================== =============== ========================================
30 Program Minimal version Command to check the version
31 ====================== =============== ========================================
32 GNU C 4.9 gcc --version
33 Clang/LLVM (optional) 10.0.1 clang --version
34 GNU make 3.81 make --version
36 flex 2.5.35 flex --version
37 bison 2.0 bison --version
38 util-linux 2.10o fdformat --version
40 e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck -V
41 jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.jfs -V
42 reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiserfsck -V
43 xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db -V
44 squashfs-tools 4.0 mksquashfs -version
45 btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsck
46 pcmciautils 004 pccardctl -V
47 quota-tools 3.09 quota -V
48 PPP 2.4.0 pppd --version
49 nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmount --version
50 procps 3.2.0 ps --version
51 oprofile 0.9 oprofiled --version
52 udev 081 udevd --version
53 grub 0.93 grub --version || grub-install --version
54 mcelog 0.6 mcelog --version
55 iptables 1.4.2 iptables -V
56 openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openssl version
57 bc 1.06.95 bc --version
58 Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 1.3 sphinx-build --version
59 ====================== =============== ========================================
61 .. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Kernel documentation
69 The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
75 The latest formal release of clang and LLVM utils (according to
76 `releases.llvm.org <https://releases.llvm.org>`_) are supported for building
77 kernels. Older releases aren't guaranteed to work, and we may drop workarounds
78 from the kernel that were used to support older versions. Please see additional
79 docs on :ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM <kbuild_llvm>`.
84 You will need GNU make 3.81 or later to build the kernel.
89 Binutils 2.23 or newer is needed to build the kernel.
94 The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-config to check for installed
95 kconfig tools and to determine flags settings for use in
96 'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was being used but not
97 verified or documented.
102 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates lexical analyzers
103 during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or later.
109 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates parsers
110 during build. This requires bison 2.0 or later.
115 You will need perl 5 and the following modules: ``Getopt::Long``,
116 ``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``File::Find`` to build the kernel.
121 You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higher
127 Module signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and
128 crypto library to do key creation and signature generation.
130 You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is
131 enabled. You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3
138 Architectural changes
139 ---------------------
141 DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
142 (https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)
144 32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!
146 Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
147 documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
148 definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with ReST
149 files the Documentation/ directory to make enriched documentation, which can
150 then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, ePUB and PDF files.
151 In order to convert from ReST format to a format of your choice, you'll need
157 New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` support for larger disks,
158 support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
159 types, have a fdformat which works with 2.4 kernels, and similar goodies.
160 You'll probably want to upgrade.
165 If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
166 ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
167 It is generally preferred to build the kernel with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` so
168 that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also
169 produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel
170 is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you have no way to rebuild and
171 reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops
177 These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tree layout also require that
178 mkinitrd be upgraded.
183 The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes several bugs in fsck and
184 debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.
189 The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilities for the file system.
190 The following utilities are available:
192 - ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
193 and repair a JFS formatted partition.
195 - ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partition.
197 - other file system utilities are also available in this package.
202 The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
203 (Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
204 versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs``, ``debugreiserfs`` and
205 ``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.
210 The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains ``mkfs.xfs``, ``xfs_db``, and the
211 ``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is
212 architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
213 work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
214 later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).
219 PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properly sets up
220 PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules
221 for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug
227 Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
228 the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and
229 newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer
230 from the table above.
235 A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
236 accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using
237 udev you may need to::
240 mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
241 chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode
243 as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to
244 get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.
249 ``udev`` is a userspace application for populating ``/dev`` dynamically with
250 only entries for devices actually present. ``udev`` replaces the basic
251 functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for
257 Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
258 options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won't work.
266 If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
267 consider using the network tools from ip-route2.
271 The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
272 kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
273 for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.
278 The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
279 enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP,
280 upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.
282 If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
283 which can be made by::
285 mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0
292 In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know
293 about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This
294 information would be given to the kernel by ``mountd`` when the client
295 mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at system startup. exportfs
296 would take information about active clients from ``/var/lib/nfs/rmtab``.
298 This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
299 which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
300 fail-over. Even when the system is working well, ``rmtab`` suffers from
301 getting lots of old entries that never get removed.
303 With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd
304 when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give
305 appropriate export information to the kernel. This removes the
306 dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the kernel only needs to know about
307 currently active clients.
309 To enable this new functionality, you need to::
311 mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd
313 before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS
314 services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
320 On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to process and log machine check
321 events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Machine check events are errors
322 reported by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged.
330 Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Documentation/doc-guide/sphinx.rst <sphinxdoc>`
331 for details about Sphinx requirements.
333 Getting updated software
334 ========================
342 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/>
347 - :ref:`Getting LLVM <getting_llvm>`.
352 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/>
357 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/>
362 - <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases>
367 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/>
372 - <https://www.openssl.org/>
380 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>
385 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/>
386 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod.git>
391 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/>
396 - <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main>
401 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/e2fsprogs/>
402 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fsprogs.git/>
407 - <http://jfs.sourceforge.net/>
412 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jeffm/reiserfsprogs.git/>
417 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfsprogs-dev.git>
418 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/xfs/xfsprogs/>
423 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/>
428 - <http://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/>
434 - <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/>
439 - <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html>
444 - <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases>
449 - <http://www.mcelog.org/>
457 - <https://download.samba.org/pub/ppp/>
458 - <https://git.ozlabs.org/?p=ppp.git>
459 - <https://github.com/paulusmack/ppp/>
464 - <http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14>
469 - <https://netfilter.org/projects/iptables/index.html>
474 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/>
479 - <http://oprofile.sf.net/download/>
484 - <http://nfs.sourceforge.net/>
492 - <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/>