3 Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel
4 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
9 This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
10 software necessary to run the 4.x kernels.
12 This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
13 and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
14 Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
17 Current Minimal Requirements
18 ****************************
20 Upgrade to at **least** these software revisions before thinking you've
21 encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently
22 running, the suggested command should tell you.
24 Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally
25 running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools are necessary on all
26 systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC Card hardware, for example,
27 you probably needn't concern yourself with pcmciautils.
29 ====================== =============== ========================================
30 Program Minimal version Command to check the version
31 ====================== =============== ========================================
32 GNU C 4.9 gcc --version
33 Clang/LLVM (optional) 10.0.1 clang --version
34 GNU make 3.81 make --version
36 flex 2.5.35 flex --version
37 bison 2.0 bison --version
38 util-linux 2.10o fdformat --version
40 e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck -V
41 jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.jfs -V
42 reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiserfsck -V
43 xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db -V
44 squashfs-tools 4.0 mksquashfs -version
45 btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsck
46 pcmciautils 004 pccardctl -V
47 quota-tools 3.09 quota -V
48 PPP 2.4.0 pppd --version
49 nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmount --version
50 procps 3.2.0 ps --version
51 udev 081 udevd --version
52 grub 0.93 grub --version || grub-install --version
53 mcelog 0.6 mcelog --version
54 iptables 1.4.2 iptables -V
55 openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openssl version
56 bc 1.06.95 bc --version
57 Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 1.3 sphinx-build --version
58 ====================== =============== ========================================
60 .. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Kernel documentation
68 The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
74 The latest formal release of clang and LLVM utils (according to
75 `releases.llvm.org <https://releases.llvm.org>`_) are supported for building
76 kernels. Older releases aren't guaranteed to work, and we may drop workarounds
77 from the kernel that were used to support older versions. Please see additional
78 docs on :ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM <kbuild_llvm>`.
83 You will need GNU make 3.81 or later to build the kernel.
88 Binutils 2.23 or newer is needed to build the kernel.
93 The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-config to check for installed
94 kconfig tools and to determine flags settings for use in
95 'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was being used but not
96 verified or documented.
101 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates lexical analyzers
102 during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or later.
108 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates parsers
109 during build. This requires bison 2.0 or later.
114 You will need perl 5 and the following modules: ``Getopt::Long``,
115 ``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``File::Find`` to build the kernel.
120 You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higher
126 Module signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and
127 crypto library to do key creation and signature generation.
129 You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is
130 enabled. You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3
137 Architectural changes
138 ---------------------
140 DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
141 (https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)
143 32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!
145 Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
146 documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
147 definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with ReST
148 files the Documentation/ directory to make enriched documentation, which can
149 then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, ePUB and PDF files.
150 In order to convert from ReST format to a format of your choice, you'll need
156 New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` support for larger disks,
157 support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
158 types, have a fdformat which works with 2.4 kernels, and similar goodies.
159 You'll probably want to upgrade.
164 If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
165 ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
166 It is generally preferred to build the kernel with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` so
167 that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also
168 produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel
169 is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you have no way to rebuild and
170 reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops
176 These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tree layout also require that
177 mkinitrd be upgraded.
182 The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes several bugs in fsck and
183 debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.
188 The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilities for the file system.
189 The following utilities are available:
191 - ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
192 and repair a JFS formatted partition.
194 - ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partition.
196 - other file system utilities are also available in this package.
201 The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
202 (Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
203 versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs``, ``debugreiserfs`` and
204 ``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.
209 The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains ``mkfs.xfs``, ``xfs_db``, and the
210 ``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is
211 architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
212 work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
213 later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).
218 PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properly sets up
219 PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules
220 for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug
226 Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
227 the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and
228 newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer
229 from the table above.
234 A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
235 accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using
236 udev you may need to::
239 mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
240 chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode
242 as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to
243 get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.
248 ``udev`` is a userspace application for populating ``/dev`` dynamically with
249 only entries for devices actually present. ``udev`` replaces the basic
250 functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for
256 Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
257 options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won't work.
265 If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
266 consider using the network tools from ip-route2.
270 The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
271 kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
272 for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.
277 The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
278 enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP,
279 upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.
281 If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
282 which can be made by::
284 mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0
291 In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know
292 about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This
293 information would be given to the kernel by ``mountd`` when the client
294 mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at system startup. exportfs
295 would take information about active clients from ``/var/lib/nfs/rmtab``.
297 This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
298 which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
299 fail-over. Even when the system is working well, ``rmtab`` suffers from
300 getting lots of old entries that never get removed.
302 With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd
303 when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give
304 appropriate export information to the kernel. This removes the
305 dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the kernel only needs to know about
306 currently active clients.
308 To enable this new functionality, you need to::
310 mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd
312 before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS
313 services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
319 On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to process and log machine check
320 events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Machine check events are errors
321 reported by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged.
329 Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Documentation/doc-guide/sphinx.rst <sphinxdoc>`
330 for details about Sphinx requirements.
332 Getting updated software
333 ========================
341 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/>
346 - :ref:`Getting LLVM <getting_llvm>`.
351 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/>
356 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/>
361 - <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases>
366 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/>
371 - <https://www.openssl.org/>
379 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>
384 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/>
385 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod.git>
390 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/>
395 - <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main>
400 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/e2fsprogs/>
401 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fsprogs.git/>
406 - <http://jfs.sourceforge.net/>
411 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jeffm/reiserfsprogs.git/>
416 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfsprogs-dev.git>
417 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/xfs/xfsprogs/>
422 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/>
427 - <http://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/>
433 - <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/>
438 - <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html>
443 - <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases>
448 - <http://www.mcelog.org/>
456 - <https://download.samba.org/pub/ppp/>
457 - <https://git.ozlabs.org/?p=ppp.git>
458 - <https://github.com/paulusmack/ppp/>
463 - <http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14>
468 - <https://netfilter.org/projects/iptables/index.html>
473 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/>
478 - <http://oprofile.sf.net/download/>
483 - <http://nfs.sourceforge.net/>
491 - <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/>