1 Run-time Power Management Framework for I/O Devices
3 (C) 2009 Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>, Novell Inc.
4 (C) 2010 Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
8 Support for run-time power management (run-time PM) of I/O devices is provided
9 at the power management core (PM core) level by means of:
11 * The power management workqueue pm_wq in which bus types and device drivers can
12 put their PM-related work items. It is strongly recommended that pm_wq be
13 used for queuing all work items related to run-time PM, because this allows
14 them to be synchronized with system-wide power transitions (suspend to RAM,
15 hibernation and resume from system sleep states). pm_wq is declared in
16 include/linux/pm_runtime.h and defined in kernel/power/main.c.
18 * A number of run-time PM fields in the 'power' member of 'struct device' (which
19 is of the type 'struct dev_pm_info', defined in include/linux/pm.h) that can
20 be used for synchronizing run-time PM operations with one another.
22 * Three device run-time PM callbacks in 'struct dev_pm_ops' (defined in
25 * A set of helper functions defined in drivers/base/power/runtime.c that can be
26 used for carrying out run-time PM operations in such a way that the
27 synchronization between them is taken care of by the PM core. Bus types and
28 device drivers are encouraged to use these functions.
30 The run-time PM callbacks present in 'struct dev_pm_ops', the device run-time PM
31 fields of 'struct dev_pm_info' and the core helper functions provided for
32 run-time PM are described below.
34 2. Device Run-time PM Callbacks
36 There are three device run-time PM callbacks defined in 'struct dev_pm_ops':
40 int (*runtime_suspend)(struct device *dev);
41 int (*runtime_resume)(struct device *dev);
42 int (*runtime_idle)(struct device *dev);
46 The ->runtime_suspend(), ->runtime_resume() and ->runtime_idle() callbacks are
47 executed by the PM core for either the bus type, or device type (if the bus
48 type's callback is not defined), or device class (if the bus type's and device
49 type's callbacks are not defined) of given device. The bus type, device type
50 and device class callbacks are referred to as subsystem-level callbacks in what
53 By default, the callbacks are always invoked in process context with interrupts
54 enabled. However, subsystems can use the pm_runtime_irq_safe() helper function
55 to tell the PM core that a device's ->runtime_suspend() and ->runtime_resume()
56 callbacks should be invoked in atomic context with interrupts disabled
57 (->runtime_idle() is still invoked the default way). This implies that these
58 callback routines must not block or sleep, but it also means that the
59 synchronous helper functions listed at the end of Section 4 can be used within
60 an interrupt handler or in an atomic context.
62 The subsystem-level suspend callback is _entirely_ _responsible_ for handling
63 the suspend of the device as appropriate, which may, but need not include
64 executing the device driver's own ->runtime_suspend() callback (from the
65 PM core's point of view it is not necessary to implement a ->runtime_suspend()
66 callback in a device driver as long as the subsystem-level suspend callback
67 knows what to do to handle the device).
69 * Once the subsystem-level suspend callback has completed successfully
70 for given device, the PM core regards the device as suspended, which need
71 not mean that the device has been put into a low power state. It is
72 supposed to mean, however, that the device will not process data and will
73 not communicate with the CPU(s) and RAM until the subsystem-level resume
74 callback is executed for it. The run-time PM status of a device after
75 successful execution of the subsystem-level suspend callback is 'suspended'.
77 * If the subsystem-level suspend callback returns -EBUSY or -EAGAIN,
78 the device's run-time PM status is 'active', which means that the device
79 _must_ be fully operational afterwards.
81 * If the subsystem-level suspend callback returns an error code different
82 from -EBUSY or -EAGAIN, the PM core regards this as a fatal error and will
83 refuse to run the helper functions described in Section 4 for the device,
84 until the status of it is directly set either to 'active', or to 'suspended'
85 (the PM core provides special helper functions for this purpose).
87 In particular, if the driver requires remote wake-up capability (i.e. hardware
88 mechanism allowing the device to request a change of its power state, such as
89 PCI PME) for proper functioning and device_run_wake() returns 'false' for the
90 device, then ->runtime_suspend() should return -EBUSY. On the other hand, if
91 device_run_wake() returns 'true' for the device and the device is put into a low
92 power state during the execution of the subsystem-level suspend callback, it is
93 expected that remote wake-up will be enabled for the device. Generally, remote
94 wake-up should be enabled for all input devices put into a low power state at
97 The subsystem-level resume callback is _entirely_ _responsible_ for handling the
98 resume of the device as appropriate, which may, but need not include executing
99 the device driver's own ->runtime_resume() callback (from the PM core's point of
100 view it is not necessary to implement a ->runtime_resume() callback in a device
101 driver as long as the subsystem-level resume callback knows what to do to handle
104 * Once the subsystem-level resume callback has completed successfully, the PM
105 core regards the device as fully operational, which means that the device
106 _must_ be able to complete I/O operations as needed. The run-time PM status
107 of the device is then 'active'.
109 * If the subsystem-level resume callback returns an error code, the PM core
110 regards this as a fatal error and will refuse to run the helper functions
111 described in Section 4 for the device, until its status is directly set
112 either to 'active' or to 'suspended' (the PM core provides special helper
113 functions for this purpose).
115 The subsystem-level idle callback is executed by the PM core whenever the device
116 appears to be idle, which is indicated to the PM core by two counters, the
117 device's usage counter and the counter of 'active' children of the device.
119 * If any of these counters is decreased using a helper function provided by
120 the PM core and it turns out to be equal to zero, the other counter is
121 checked. If that counter also is equal to zero, the PM core executes the
122 subsystem-level idle callback with the device as an argument.
124 The action performed by a subsystem-level idle callback is totally dependent on
125 the subsystem in question, but the expected and recommended action is to check
126 if the device can be suspended (i.e. if all of the conditions necessary for
127 suspending the device are satisfied) and to queue up a suspend request for the
128 device in that case. The value returned by this callback is ignored by the PM
131 The helper functions provided by the PM core, described in Section 4, guarantee
132 that the following constraints are met with respect to the bus type's run-time
135 (1) The callbacks are mutually exclusive (e.g. it is forbidden to execute
136 ->runtime_suspend() in parallel with ->runtime_resume() or with another
137 instance of ->runtime_suspend() for the same device) with the exception that
138 ->runtime_suspend() or ->runtime_resume() can be executed in parallel with
139 ->runtime_idle() (although ->runtime_idle() will not be started while any
140 of the other callbacks is being executed for the same device).
142 (2) ->runtime_idle() and ->runtime_suspend() can only be executed for 'active'
143 devices (i.e. the PM core will only execute ->runtime_idle() or
144 ->runtime_suspend() for the devices the run-time PM status of which is
147 (3) ->runtime_idle() and ->runtime_suspend() can only be executed for a device
148 the usage counter of which is equal to zero _and_ either the counter of
149 'active' children of which is equal to zero, or the 'power.ignore_children'
150 flag of which is set.
152 (4) ->runtime_resume() can only be executed for 'suspended' devices (i.e. the
153 PM core will only execute ->runtime_resume() for the devices the run-time
154 PM status of which is 'suspended').
156 Additionally, the helper functions provided by the PM core obey the following
159 * If ->runtime_suspend() is about to be executed or there's a pending request
160 to execute it, ->runtime_idle() will not be executed for the same device.
162 * A request to execute or to schedule the execution of ->runtime_suspend()
163 will cancel any pending requests to execute ->runtime_idle() for the same
166 * If ->runtime_resume() is about to be executed or there's a pending request
167 to execute it, the other callbacks will not be executed for the same device.
169 * A request to execute ->runtime_resume() will cancel any pending or
170 scheduled requests to execute the other callbacks for the same device,
171 except for scheduled autosuspends.
173 3. Run-time PM Device Fields
175 The following device run-time PM fields are present in 'struct dev_pm_info', as
176 defined in include/linux/pm.h:
178 struct timer_list suspend_timer;
179 - timer used for scheduling (delayed) suspend and autosuspend requests
181 unsigned long timer_expires;
182 - timer expiration time, in jiffies (if this is different from zero, the
183 timer is running and will expire at that time, otherwise the timer is not
186 struct work_struct work;
187 - work structure used for queuing up requests (i.e. work items in pm_wq)
189 wait_queue_head_t wait_queue;
190 - wait queue used if any of the helper functions needs to wait for another
194 - lock used for synchronisation
196 atomic_t usage_count;
197 - the usage counter of the device
199 atomic_t child_count;
200 - the count of 'active' children of the device
202 unsigned int ignore_children;
203 - if set, the value of child_count is ignored (but still updated)
205 unsigned int disable_depth;
206 - used for disabling the helper funcions (they work normally if this is
207 equal to zero); the initial value of it is 1 (i.e. run-time PM is
208 initially disabled for all devices)
210 unsigned int runtime_error;
211 - if set, there was a fatal error (one of the callbacks returned error code
212 as described in Section 2), so the helper funtions will not work until
213 this flag is cleared; this is the error code returned by the failing
216 unsigned int idle_notification;
217 - if set, ->runtime_idle() is being executed
219 unsigned int request_pending;
220 - if set, there's a pending request (i.e. a work item queued up into pm_wq)
222 enum rpm_request request;
223 - type of request that's pending (valid if request_pending is set)
225 unsigned int deferred_resume;
226 - set if ->runtime_resume() is about to be run while ->runtime_suspend() is
227 being executed for that device and it is not practical to wait for the
228 suspend to complete; means "start a resume as soon as you've suspended"
230 unsigned int run_wake;
231 - set if the device is capable of generating run-time wake-up events
233 enum rpm_status runtime_status;
234 - the run-time PM status of the device; this field's initial value is
235 RPM_SUSPENDED, which means that each device is initially regarded by the
236 PM core as 'suspended', regardless of its real hardware status
238 unsigned int runtime_auto;
239 - if set, indicates that the user space has allowed the device driver to
240 power manage the device at run time via the /sys/devices/.../power/control
241 interface; it may only be modified with the help of the pm_runtime_allow()
242 and pm_runtime_forbid() helper functions
244 unsigned int no_callbacks;
245 - indicates that the device does not use the run-time PM callbacks (see
246 Section 8); it may be modified only by the pm_runtime_no_callbacks()
249 unsigned int irq_safe;
250 - indicates that the ->runtime_suspend() and ->runtime_resume() callbacks
251 will be invoked with the spinlock held and interrupts disabled
253 unsigned int use_autosuspend;
254 - indicates that the device's driver supports delayed autosuspend (see
255 Section 9); it may be modified only by the
256 pm_runtime{_dont}_use_autosuspend() helper functions
258 unsigned int timer_autosuspends;
259 - indicates that the PM core should attempt to carry out an autosuspend
260 when the timer expires rather than a normal suspend
262 int autosuspend_delay;
263 - the delay time (in milliseconds) to be used for autosuspend
265 unsigned long last_busy;
266 - the time (in jiffies) when the pm_runtime_mark_last_busy() helper
267 function was last called for this device; used in calculating inactivity
268 periods for autosuspend
270 All of the above fields are members of the 'power' member of 'struct device'.
272 4. Run-time PM Device Helper Functions
274 The following run-time PM helper functions are defined in
275 drivers/base/power/runtime.c and include/linux/pm_runtime.h:
277 void pm_runtime_init(struct device *dev);
278 - initialize the device run-time PM fields in 'struct dev_pm_info'
280 void pm_runtime_remove(struct device *dev);
281 - make sure that the run-time PM of the device will be disabled after
282 removing the device from device hierarchy
284 int pm_runtime_idle(struct device *dev);
285 - execute the subsystem-level idle callback for the device; returns 0 on
286 success or error code on failure, where -EINPROGRESS means that
287 ->runtime_idle() is already being executed
289 int pm_runtime_suspend(struct device *dev);
290 - execute the subsystem-level suspend callback for the device; returns 0 on
291 success, 1 if the device's run-time PM status was already 'suspended', or
292 error code on failure, where -EAGAIN or -EBUSY means it is safe to attempt
293 to suspend the device again in future
295 int pm_runtime_autosuspend(struct device *dev);
296 - same as pm_runtime_suspend() except that the autosuspend delay is taken
297 into account; if pm_runtime_autosuspend_expiration() says the delay has
298 not yet expired then an autosuspend is scheduled for the appropriate time
301 int pm_runtime_resume(struct device *dev);
302 - execute the subsystem-level resume callback for the device; returns 0 on
303 success, 1 if the device's run-time PM status was already 'active' or
304 error code on failure, where -EAGAIN means it may be safe to attempt to
305 resume the device again in future, but 'power.runtime_error' should be
308 int pm_request_idle(struct device *dev);
309 - submit a request to execute the subsystem-level idle callback for the
310 device (the request is represented by a work item in pm_wq); returns 0 on
311 success or error code if the request has not been queued up
313 int pm_request_autosuspend(struct device *dev);
314 - schedule the execution of the subsystem-level suspend callback for the
315 device when the autosuspend delay has expired; if the delay has already
316 expired then the work item is queued up immediately
318 int pm_schedule_suspend(struct device *dev, unsigned int delay);
319 - schedule the execution of the subsystem-level suspend callback for the
320 device in future, where 'delay' is the time to wait before queuing up a
321 suspend work item in pm_wq, in milliseconds (if 'delay' is zero, the work
322 item is queued up immediately); returns 0 on success, 1 if the device's PM
323 run-time status was already 'suspended', or error code if the request
324 hasn't been scheduled (or queued up if 'delay' is 0); if the execution of
325 ->runtime_suspend() is already scheduled and not yet expired, the new
326 value of 'delay' will be used as the time to wait
328 int pm_request_resume(struct device *dev);
329 - submit a request to execute the subsystem-level resume callback for the
330 device (the request is represented by a work item in pm_wq); returns 0 on
331 success, 1 if the device's run-time PM status was already 'active', or
332 error code if the request hasn't been queued up
334 void pm_runtime_get_noresume(struct device *dev);
335 - increment the device's usage counter
337 int pm_runtime_get(struct device *dev);
338 - increment the device's usage counter, run pm_request_resume(dev) and
341 int pm_runtime_get_sync(struct device *dev);
342 - increment the device's usage counter, run pm_runtime_resume(dev) and
345 void pm_runtime_put_noidle(struct device *dev);
346 - decrement the device's usage counter
348 int pm_runtime_put(struct device *dev);
349 - decrement the device's usage counter; if the result is 0 then run
350 pm_request_idle(dev) and return its result
352 int pm_runtime_put_autosuspend(struct device *dev);
353 - decrement the device's usage counter; if the result is 0 then run
354 pm_request_autosuspend(dev) and return its result
356 int pm_runtime_put_sync(struct device *dev);
357 - decrement the device's usage counter; if the result is 0 then run
358 pm_runtime_idle(dev) and return its result
360 int pm_runtime_put_sync_suspend(struct device *dev);
361 - decrement the device's usage counter; if the result is 0 then run
362 pm_runtime_suspend(dev) and return its result
364 int pm_runtime_put_sync_autosuspend(struct device *dev);
365 - decrement the device's usage counter; if the result is 0 then run
366 pm_runtime_autosuspend(dev) and return its result
368 void pm_runtime_enable(struct device *dev);
369 - enable the run-time PM helper functions to run the device bus type's
370 run-time PM callbacks described in Section 2
372 int pm_runtime_disable(struct device *dev);
373 - prevent the run-time PM helper functions from running subsystem-level
374 run-time PM callbacks for the device, make sure that all of the pending
375 run-time PM operations on the device are either completed or canceled;
376 returns 1 if there was a resume request pending and it was necessary to
377 execute the subsystem-level resume callback for the device to satisfy that
378 request, otherwise 0 is returned
380 void pm_suspend_ignore_children(struct device *dev, bool enable);
381 - set/unset the power.ignore_children flag of the device
383 int pm_runtime_set_active(struct device *dev);
384 - clear the device's 'power.runtime_error' flag, set the device's run-time
385 PM status to 'active' and update its parent's counter of 'active'
386 children as appropriate (it is only valid to use this function if
387 'power.runtime_error' is set or 'power.disable_depth' is greater than
388 zero); it will fail and return error code if the device has a parent
389 which is not active and the 'power.ignore_children' flag of which is unset
391 void pm_runtime_set_suspended(struct device *dev);
392 - clear the device's 'power.runtime_error' flag, set the device's run-time
393 PM status to 'suspended' and update its parent's counter of 'active'
394 children as appropriate (it is only valid to use this function if
395 'power.runtime_error' is set or 'power.disable_depth' is greater than
398 bool pm_runtime_suspended(struct device *dev);
399 - return true if the device's runtime PM status is 'suspended' and its
400 'power.disable_depth' field is equal to zero, or false otherwise
402 void pm_runtime_allow(struct device *dev);
403 - set the power.runtime_auto flag for the device and decrease its usage
404 counter (used by the /sys/devices/.../power/control interface to
405 effectively allow the device to be power managed at run time)
407 void pm_runtime_forbid(struct device *dev);
408 - unset the power.runtime_auto flag for the device and increase its usage
409 counter (used by the /sys/devices/.../power/control interface to
410 effectively prevent the device from being power managed at run time)
412 void pm_runtime_no_callbacks(struct device *dev);
413 - set the power.no_callbacks flag for the device and remove the run-time
414 PM attributes from /sys/devices/.../power (or prevent them from being
415 added when the device is registered)
417 void pm_runtime_irq_safe(struct device *dev);
418 - set the power.irq_safe flag for the device, causing the runtime-PM
419 suspend and resume callbacks (but not the idle callback) to be invoked
420 with interrupts disabled
422 void pm_runtime_mark_last_busy(struct device *dev);
423 - set the power.last_busy field to the current time
425 void pm_runtime_use_autosuspend(struct device *dev);
426 - set the power.use_autosuspend flag, enabling autosuspend delays
428 void pm_runtime_dont_use_autosuspend(struct device *dev);
429 - clear the power.use_autosuspend flag, disabling autosuspend delays
431 void pm_runtime_set_autosuspend_delay(struct device *dev, int delay);
432 - set the power.autosuspend_delay value to 'delay' (expressed in
433 milliseconds); if 'delay' is negative then run-time suspends are
436 unsigned long pm_runtime_autosuspend_expiration(struct device *dev);
437 - calculate the time when the current autosuspend delay period will expire,
438 based on power.last_busy and power.autosuspend_delay; if the delay time
439 is 1000 ms or larger then the expiration time is rounded up to the
440 nearest second; returns 0 if the delay period has already expired or
441 power.use_autosuspend isn't set, otherwise returns the expiration time
444 It is safe to execute the following helper functions from interrupt context:
447 pm_request_autosuspend()
448 pm_schedule_suspend()
450 pm_runtime_get_noresume()
452 pm_runtime_put_noidle()
454 pm_runtime_put_autosuspend()
456 pm_suspend_ignore_children()
457 pm_runtime_set_active()
458 pm_runtime_set_suspended()
459 pm_runtime_suspended()
460 pm_runtime_mark_last_busy()
461 pm_runtime_autosuspend_expiration()
463 If pm_runtime_irq_safe() has been called for a device then the following helper
464 functions may also be used in interrupt context:
467 pm_runtime_autosuspend()
469 pm_runtime_get_sync()
470 pm_runtime_put_sync_suspend()
472 5. Run-time PM Initialization, Device Probing and Removal
474 Initially, the run-time PM is disabled for all devices, which means that the
475 majority of the run-time PM helper funtions described in Section 4 will return
476 -EAGAIN until pm_runtime_enable() is called for the device.
478 In addition to that, the initial run-time PM status of all devices is
479 'suspended', but it need not reflect the actual physical state of the device.
480 Thus, if the device is initially active (i.e. it is able to process I/O), its
481 run-time PM status must be changed to 'active', with the help of
482 pm_runtime_set_active(), before pm_runtime_enable() is called for the device.
484 However, if the device has a parent and the parent's run-time PM is enabled,
485 calling pm_runtime_set_active() for the device will affect the parent, unless
486 the parent's 'power.ignore_children' flag is set. Namely, in that case the
487 parent won't be able to suspend at run time, using the PM core's helper
488 functions, as long as the child's status is 'active', even if the child's
489 run-time PM is still disabled (i.e. pm_runtime_enable() hasn't been called for
490 the child yet or pm_runtime_disable() has been called for it). For this reason,
491 once pm_runtime_set_active() has been called for the device, pm_runtime_enable()
492 should be called for it too as soon as reasonably possible or its run-time PM
493 status should be changed back to 'suspended' with the help of
494 pm_runtime_set_suspended().
496 If the default initial run-time PM status of the device (i.e. 'suspended')
497 reflects the actual state of the device, its bus type's or its driver's
498 ->probe() callback will likely need to wake it up using one of the PM core's
499 helper functions described in Section 4. In that case, pm_runtime_resume()
500 should be used. Of course, for this purpose the device's run-time PM has to be
501 enabled earlier by calling pm_runtime_enable().
503 If the device bus type's or driver's ->probe() or ->remove() callback runs
504 pm_runtime_suspend() or pm_runtime_idle() or their asynchronous counterparts,
505 they will fail returning -EAGAIN, because the device's usage counter is
506 incremented by the core before executing ->probe() and ->remove(). Still, it
507 may be desirable to suspend the device as soon as ->probe() or ->remove() has
508 finished, so the PM core uses pm_runtime_idle_sync() to invoke the
509 subsystem-level idle callback for the device at that time.
511 The user space can effectively disallow the driver of the device to power manage
512 it at run time by changing the value of its /sys/devices/.../power/control
513 attribute to "on", which causes pm_runtime_forbid() to be called. In principle,
514 this mechanism may also be used by the driver to effectively turn off the
515 run-time power management of the device until the user space turns it on.
516 Namely, during the initialization the driver can make sure that the run-time PM
517 status of the device is 'active' and call pm_runtime_forbid(). It should be
518 noted, however, that if the user space has already intentionally changed the
519 value of /sys/devices/.../power/control to "auto" to allow the driver to power
520 manage the device at run time, the driver may confuse it by using
521 pm_runtime_forbid() this way.
523 6. Run-time PM and System Sleep
525 Run-time PM and system sleep (i.e., system suspend and hibernation, also known
526 as suspend-to-RAM and suspend-to-disk) interact with each other in a couple of
527 ways. If a device is active when a system sleep starts, everything is
528 straightforward. But what should happen if the device is already suspended?
530 The device may have different wake-up settings for run-time PM and system sleep.
531 For example, remote wake-up may be enabled for run-time suspend but disallowed
532 for system sleep (device_may_wakeup(dev) returns 'false'). When this happens,
533 the subsystem-level system suspend callback is responsible for changing the
534 device's wake-up setting (it may leave that to the device driver's system
535 suspend routine). It may be necessary to resume the device and suspend it again
536 in order to do so. The same is true if the driver uses different power levels
537 or other settings for run-time suspend and system sleep.
539 During system resume, devices generally should be brought back to full power,
540 even if they were suspended before the system sleep began. There are several
541 reasons for this, including:
543 * The device might need to switch power levels, wake-up settings, etc.
545 * Remote wake-up events might have been lost by the firmware.
547 * The device's children may need the device to be at full power in order
548 to resume themselves.
550 * The driver's idea of the device state may not agree with the device's
551 physical state. This can happen during resume from hibernation.
553 * The device might need to be reset.
555 * Even though the device was suspended, if its usage counter was > 0 then most
556 likely it would need a run-time resume in the near future anyway.
558 * Always going back to full power is simplest.
560 If the device was suspended before the sleep began, then its run-time PM status
561 will have to be updated to reflect the actual post-system sleep status. The way
564 pm_runtime_disable(dev);
565 pm_runtime_set_active(dev);
566 pm_runtime_enable(dev);
568 The PM core always increments the run-time usage counter before calling the
569 ->prepare() callback and decrements it after calling the ->complete() callback.
570 Hence disabling run-time PM temporarily like this will not cause any run-time
571 suspend callbacks to be lost.
573 7. Generic subsystem callbacks
575 Subsystems may wish to conserve code space by using the set of generic power
576 management callbacks provided by the PM core, defined in
577 driver/base/power/generic_ops.c:
579 int pm_generic_runtime_idle(struct device *dev);
580 - invoke the ->runtime_idle() callback provided by the driver of this
581 device, if defined, and call pm_runtime_suspend() for this device if the
582 return value is 0 or the callback is not defined
584 int pm_generic_runtime_suspend(struct device *dev);
585 - invoke the ->runtime_suspend() callback provided by the driver of this
586 device and return its result, or return -EINVAL if not defined
588 int pm_generic_runtime_resume(struct device *dev);
589 - invoke the ->runtime_resume() callback provided by the driver of this
590 device and return its result, or return -EINVAL if not defined
592 int pm_generic_suspend(struct device *dev);
593 - if the device has not been suspended at run time, invoke the ->suspend()
594 callback provided by its driver and return its result, or return 0 if not
597 int pm_generic_resume(struct device *dev);
598 - invoke the ->resume() callback provided by the driver of this device and,
599 if successful, change the device's runtime PM status to 'active'
601 int pm_generic_freeze(struct device *dev);
602 - if the device has not been suspended at run time, invoke the ->freeze()
603 callback provided by its driver and return its result, or return 0 if not
606 int pm_generic_thaw(struct device *dev);
607 - if the device has not been suspended at run time, invoke the ->thaw()
608 callback provided by its driver and return its result, or return 0 if not
611 int pm_generic_poweroff(struct device *dev);
612 - if the device has not been suspended at run time, invoke the ->poweroff()
613 callback provided by its driver and return its result, or return 0 if not
616 int pm_generic_restore(struct device *dev);
617 - invoke the ->restore() callback provided by the driver of this device and,
618 if successful, change the device's runtime PM status to 'active'
620 These functions can be assigned to the ->runtime_idle(), ->runtime_suspend(),
621 ->runtime_resume(), ->suspend(), ->resume(), ->freeze(), ->thaw(), ->poweroff(),
622 or ->restore() callback pointers in the subsystem-level dev_pm_ops structures.
624 If a subsystem wishes to use all of them at the same time, it can simply assign
625 the GENERIC_SUBSYS_PM_OPS macro, defined in include/linux/pm.h, to its
626 dev_pm_ops structure pointer.
628 Device drivers that wish to use the same function as a system suspend, freeze,
629 poweroff and run-time suspend callback, and similarly for system resume, thaw,
630 restore, and run-time resume, can achieve this with the help of the
631 UNIVERSAL_DEV_PM_OPS macro defined in include/linux/pm.h (possibly setting its
632 last argument to NULL).
634 8. "No-Callback" Devices
636 Some "devices" are only logical sub-devices of their parent and cannot be
637 power-managed on their own. (The prototype example is a USB interface. Entire
638 USB devices can go into low-power mode or send wake-up requests, but neither is
639 possible for individual interfaces.) The drivers for these devices have no
640 need of run-time PM callbacks; if the callbacks did exist, ->runtime_suspend()
641 and ->runtime_resume() would always return 0 without doing anything else and
642 ->runtime_idle() would always call pm_runtime_suspend().
644 Subsystems can tell the PM core about these devices by calling
645 pm_runtime_no_callbacks(). This should be done after the device structure is
646 initialized and before it is registered (although after device registration is
647 also okay). The routine will set the device's power.no_callbacks flag and
648 prevent the non-debugging run-time PM sysfs attributes from being created.
650 When power.no_callbacks is set, the PM core will not invoke the
651 ->runtime_idle(), ->runtime_suspend(), or ->runtime_resume() callbacks.
652 Instead it will assume that suspends and resumes always succeed and that idle
653 devices should be suspended.
655 As a consequence, the PM core will never directly inform the device's subsystem
656 or driver about run-time power changes. Instead, the driver for the device's
657 parent must take responsibility for telling the device's driver when the
658 parent's power state changes.
660 9. Autosuspend, or automatically-delayed suspends
662 Changing a device's power state isn't free; it requires both time and energy.
663 A device should be put in a low-power state only when there's some reason to
664 think it will remain in that state for a substantial time. A common heuristic
665 says that a device which hasn't been used for a while is liable to remain
666 unused; following this advice, drivers should not allow devices to be suspended
667 at run-time until they have been inactive for some minimum period. Even when
668 the heuristic ends up being non-optimal, it will still prevent devices from
669 "bouncing" too rapidly between low-power and full-power states.
671 The term "autosuspend" is an historical remnant. It doesn't mean that the
672 device is automatically suspended (the subsystem or driver still has to call
673 the appropriate PM routines); rather it means that run-time suspends will
674 automatically be delayed until the desired period of inactivity has elapsed.
676 Inactivity is determined based on the power.last_busy field. Drivers should
677 call pm_runtime_mark_last_busy() to update this field after carrying out I/O,
678 typically just before calling pm_runtime_put_autosuspend(). The desired length
679 of the inactivity period is a matter of policy. Subsystems can set this length
680 initially by calling pm_runtime_set_autosuspend_delay(), but after device
681 registration the length should be controlled by user space, using the
682 /sys/devices/.../power/autosuspend_delay_ms attribute.
684 In order to use autosuspend, subsystems or drivers must call
685 pm_runtime_use_autosuspend() (preferably before registering the device), and
686 thereafter they should use the various *_autosuspend() helper functions instead
687 of the non-autosuspend counterparts:
689 Instead of: pm_runtime_suspend use: pm_runtime_autosuspend;
690 Instead of: pm_schedule_suspend use: pm_request_autosuspend;
691 Instead of: pm_runtime_put use: pm_runtime_put_autosuspend;
692 Instead of: pm_runtime_put_sync use: pm_runtime_put_sync_autosuspend.
694 Drivers may also continue to use the non-autosuspend helper functions; they
695 will behave normally, not taking the autosuspend delay into account.
696 Similarly, if the power.use_autosuspend field isn't set then the autosuspend
697 helper functions will behave just like the non-autosuspend counterparts.
699 The implementation is well suited for asynchronous use in interrupt contexts.
700 However such use inevitably involves races, because the PM core can't
701 synchronize ->runtime_suspend() callbacks with the arrival of I/O requests.
702 This synchronization must be handled by the driver, using its private lock.
703 Here is a schematic pseudo-code example:
705 foo_read_or_write(struct foo_priv *foo, void *data)
707 lock(&foo->private_lock);
708 add_request_to_io_queue(foo, data);
709 if (foo->num_pending_requests++ == 0)
710 pm_runtime_get(&foo->dev);
711 if (!foo->is_suspended)
712 foo_process_next_request(foo);
713 unlock(&foo->private_lock);
716 foo_io_completion(struct foo_priv *foo, void *req)
718 lock(&foo->private_lock);
719 if (--foo->num_pending_requests == 0) {
720 pm_runtime_mark_last_busy(&foo->dev);
721 pm_runtime_put_autosuspend(&foo->dev);
723 foo_process_next_request(foo);
725 unlock(&foo->private_lock);
726 /* Send req result back to the user ... */
729 int foo_runtime_suspend(struct device *dev)
731 struct foo_priv foo = container_of(dev, ...);
734 lock(&foo->private_lock);
735 if (foo->num_pending_requests > 0) {
738 /* ... suspend the device ... */
739 foo->is_suspended = 1;
741 unlock(&foo->private_lock);
745 int foo_runtime_resume(struct device *dev)
747 struct foo_priv foo = container_of(dev, ...);
749 lock(&foo->private_lock);
750 /* ... resume the device ... */
751 foo->is_suspended = 0;
752 pm_runtime_mark_last_busy(&foo->dev);
753 if (foo->num_pending_requests > 0)
754 foo_process_requests(foo);
755 unlock(&foo->private_lock);
759 The important point is that after foo_io_completion() asks for an autosuspend,
760 the foo_runtime_suspend() callback may race with foo_read_or_write().
761 Therefore foo_runtime_suspend() has to check whether there are any pending I/O
762 requests (while holding the private lock) before allowing the suspend to
765 In addition, the power.autosuspend_delay field can be changed by user space at
766 any time. If a driver cares about this, it can call
767 pm_runtime_autosuspend_expiration() from within the ->runtime_suspend()
768 callback while holding its private lock. If the function returns a nonzero
769 value then the delay has not yet expired and the callback should return