4 Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a Upper Layer Protocol (ULP) that runs over
5 TCP. TLS provides end-to-end data integrity and confidentiality.
10 Creating a TLS connection
11 -------------------------
13 First create a new TCP socket and set the TLS ULP.
15 sock = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
16 setsockopt(sock, SOL_TCP, TCP_ULP, "tls", sizeof("tls"));
18 Setting the TLS ULP allows us to set/get TLS socket options. Currently
19 only the symmetric encryption is handled in the kernel. After the TLS
20 handshake is complete, we have all the parameters required to move the
21 data-path to the kernel. There is a separate socket option for moving
22 the transmit and the receive into the kernel.
24 /* From linux/tls.h */
25 struct tls_crypto_info {
26 unsigned short version;
27 unsigned short cipher_type;
30 struct tls12_crypto_info_aes_gcm_128 {
31 struct tls_crypto_info info;
32 unsigned char iv[TLS_CIPHER_AES_GCM_128_IV_SIZE];
33 unsigned char key[TLS_CIPHER_AES_GCM_128_KEY_SIZE];
34 unsigned char salt[TLS_CIPHER_AES_GCM_128_SALT_SIZE];
35 unsigned char rec_seq[TLS_CIPHER_AES_GCM_128_REC_SEQ_SIZE];
39 struct tls12_crypto_info_aes_gcm_128 crypto_info;
41 crypto_info.info.version = TLS_1_2_VERSION;
42 crypto_info.info.cipher_type = TLS_CIPHER_AES_GCM_128;
43 memcpy(crypto_info.iv, iv_write, TLS_CIPHER_AES_GCM_128_IV_SIZE);
44 memcpy(crypto_info.rec_seq, seq_number_write,
45 TLS_CIPHER_AES_GCM_128_REC_SEQ_SIZE);
46 memcpy(crypto_info.key, cipher_key_write, TLS_CIPHER_AES_GCM_128_KEY_SIZE);
47 memcpy(crypto_info.salt, implicit_iv_write, TLS_CIPHER_AES_GCM_128_SALT_SIZE);
49 setsockopt(sock, SOL_TLS, TLS_TX, &crypto_info, sizeof(crypto_info));
51 Transmit and receive are set separately, but the setup is the same, using either
54 Sending TLS application data
55 ----------------------------
57 After setting the TLS_TX socket option all application data sent over this
58 socket is encrypted using TLS and the parameters provided in the socket option.
59 For example, we can send an encrypted hello world record as follows:
61 const char *msg = "hello world\n";
62 send(sock, msg, strlen(msg));
64 send() data is directly encrypted from the userspace buffer provided
65 to the encrypted kernel send buffer if possible.
67 The sendfile system call will send the file's data over TLS records of maximum
70 file = open(filename, O_RDONLY);
72 sendfile(sock, file, &offset, stat.st_size);
74 TLS records are created and sent after each send() call, unless
75 MSG_MORE is passed. MSG_MORE will delay creation of a record until
76 MSG_MORE is not passed, or the maximum record size is reached.
78 The kernel will need to allocate a buffer for the encrypted data.
79 This buffer is allocated at the time send() is called, such that
80 either the entire send() call will return -ENOMEM (or block waiting
81 for memory), or the encryption will always succeed. If send() returns
82 -ENOMEM and some data was left on the socket buffer from a previous
83 call using MSG_MORE, the MSG_MORE data is left on the socket buffer.
85 Receiving TLS application data
86 ------------------------------
88 After setting the TLS_RX socket option, all recv family socket calls
89 are decrypted using TLS parameters provided. A full TLS record must
90 be received before decryption can happen.
93 recv(sock, buffer, 16384);
95 Received data is decrypted directly in to the user buffer if it is
96 large enough, and no additional allocations occur. If the userspace
97 buffer is too small, data is decrypted in the kernel and copied to
100 EINVAL is returned if the TLS version in the received message does not
101 match the version passed in setsockopt.
103 EMSGSIZE is returned if the received message is too big.
105 EBADMSG is returned if decryption failed for any other reason.
107 Send TLS control messages
108 -------------------------
110 Other than application data, TLS has control messages such as alert
111 messages (record type 21) and handshake messages (record type 22), etc.
112 These messages can be sent over the socket by providing the TLS record type
113 via a CMSG. For example the following function sends @data of @length bytes
114 using a record of type @record_type.
116 /* send TLS control message using record_type */
117 static int klts_send_ctrl_message(int sock, unsigned char record_type,
118 void *data, size_t length)
120 struct msghdr msg = {0};
121 int cmsg_len = sizeof(record_type);
122 struct cmsghdr *cmsg;
123 char buf[CMSG_SPACE(cmsg_len)];
124 struct iovec msg_iov; /* Vector of data to send/receive into. */
126 msg.msg_control = buf;
127 msg.msg_controllen = sizeof(buf);
128 cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msg);
129 cmsg->cmsg_level = SOL_TLS;
130 cmsg->cmsg_type = TLS_SET_RECORD_TYPE;
131 cmsg->cmsg_len = CMSG_LEN(cmsg_len);
132 *CMSG_DATA(cmsg) = record_type;
133 msg.msg_controllen = cmsg->cmsg_len;
135 msg_iov.iov_base = data;
136 msg_iov.iov_len = length;
137 msg.msg_iov = &msg_iov;
140 return sendmsg(sock, &msg, 0);
143 Control message data should be provided unencrypted, and will be
144 encrypted by the kernel.
146 Receiving TLS control messages
147 ------------------------------
149 TLS control messages are passed in the userspace buffer, with message
150 type passed via cmsg. If no cmsg buffer is provided, an error is
151 returned if a control message is received. Data messages may be
152 received without a cmsg buffer set.
155 char cmsg[CMSG_SPACE(sizeof(unsigned char))];
156 struct msghdr msg = {0};
157 msg.msg_control = cmsg;
158 msg.msg_controllen = sizeof(cmsg);
160 struct iovec msg_iov;
161 msg_iov.iov_base = buffer;
162 msg_iov.iov_len = 16384;
164 msg.msg_iov = &msg_iov;
167 int ret = recvmsg(sock, &msg, 0 /* flags */);
169 struct cmsghdr *cmsg = CMSG_FIRSTHDR(&msg);
170 if (cmsg->cmsg_level == SOL_TLS &&
171 cmsg->cmsg_type == TLS_GET_RECORD_TYPE) {
172 int record_type = *((unsigned char *)CMSG_DATA(cmsg));
173 // Do something with record_type, and control message data in
176 // Note that record_type may be == to application data (23).
178 // Buffer contains application data.
181 recv will never return data from mixed types of TLS records.
183 Integrating in to userspace TLS library
184 ---------------------------------------
186 At a high level, the kernel TLS ULP is a replacement for the record
187 layer of a userspace TLS library.
189 A patchset to OpenSSL to use ktls as the record layer is here:
191 https://github.com/Mellanox/openssl/commits/tls_rx2
193 An example of calling send directly after a handshake using
194 gnutls. Since it doesn't implement a full record layer, control
195 messages are not supported:
197 https://github.com/ktls/af_ktls-tool/commits/RX